EKG Tech Cardiac Anatomy And Physiology

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1. The heart contains four chambers - two atria and two ventricles.

Explanation

The heart is divided into four chambers - two atria and two ventricles. The atria receive blood from the body and lungs, while the ventricles pump the blood out to the rest of the body. This division of chambers allows for efficient circulation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood throughout the body. Therefore, the statement that the heart contains four chambers - two atria and two ventricles - is true.

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About This Quiz
EKG Tech Cardiac Anatomy And Physiology - Quiz

Chapter 1 (Based on textbook ECG Interpretation Made Incredibly Easy, 4th Edition)

2. The heart is made up of three layers: the epicardium, myocardium and the _____

Explanation

The heart is made up of three layers: the epicardium, myocardium, and the endocardium. The endocardium is the innermost layer of the heart and lines the chambers and valves. It is composed of endothelial cells and connective tissue, providing a smooth surface for blood flow and preventing clot formation. The endocardium also plays a role in regulating the contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle.

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3. The fibrous and serous pericardium layers are seperated by a thin, clear liquid called pericardial fluid.

Explanation

The fibrous and serous pericardium layers are indeed separated by a thin, clear liquid called pericardial fluid. This fluid acts as a lubricant, reducing friction between the layers of the pericardium as the heart beats and moves. It also helps to cushion and protect the heart from external forces. Therefore, the statement is true.

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4. Bradycardia means rapid heart rate while Tachycardia indicates a resting state.

Explanation

This statement is false. Bradycardia actually means a slow heart rate, while tachycardia indicates a rapid heart rate.

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5. In the depolarization cycle, ions cross the cell membrane after a stimulus occurs, causing an 'action potential', or cell depolarization.

Explanation

During the depolarization cycle, ions move across the cell membrane following a stimulus, resulting in the generation of an action potential. This process is essential for cell depolarization, where the membrane potential becomes less negative. Therefore, the statement "True" accurately describes the relationship between the depolarization cycle, ions crossing the cell membrane, and the occurrence of an action potential.

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6. During one heartbeat. ventricular diastole and ventricular systole occur.

Explanation

During one heartbeat, both ventricular diastole and ventricular systole occur. Ventricular diastole is the relaxation phase of the ventricles, during which the ventricles fill with blood. Ventricular systole is the contraction phase of the ventricles, during which the blood is pumped out of the heart. These two phases are essential for the proper functioning of the heart and the circulation of blood throughout the body. Therefore, the statement is true.

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7. Stroke volume is the amount of blood ejected with each ventricular contraction.

Explanation

Stroke volume refers to the amount of blood that is pumped out of the ventricles of the heart with each contraction. It is a measure of the efficiency of the heart in pumping blood. Therefore, the statement that stroke volume is the amount of blood ejected with each ventricular contraction is correct.

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8. This is considered the hearts main pacemaker:

Explanation

The SA (sinoatrial) node is considered the heart's main pacemaker. It is responsible for initiating the electrical impulses that regulate the heart's rhythm. Located in the right atrium, the SA node generates electrical signals that cause the atria to contract and pump blood into the ventricles. This node sets the pace for the entire heart, determining the heart rate and coordinating the timing of contractions. The AV node, bundle branches, and internodal tracts also play important roles in the heart's electrical conduction system, but they are not considered the main pacemaker.

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9. The left coronary branches off into the left anterior descending and the left circumflex arteries.

Explanation

The statement is true because the left coronary artery does indeed branch off into two main arteries: the left anterior descending artery and the left circumflex artery. These arteries supply blood to different regions of the heart muscle.

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10. Cardiac output refers to the amount of blood pumped by the ventricles in

Explanation

Cardiac output is a measure of the volume of blood pumped by the ventricles of the heart in a given time. It is usually expressed as the amount of blood pumped per minute. Therefore, the correct answer is "1 minute" because cardiac output is measured over a period of one minute. This measurement is important in assessing the heart's ability to meet the body's demands for oxygen and nutrients.

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11. Cardiac output is measured by multiplying _____________ by stroke volume.

Explanation

Cardiac output is a measure of the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute. It is calculated by multiplying the heart rate, which is the number of times the heart beats per minute, by the stroke volume, which is the amount of blood pumped by the heart with each beat. Therefore, to measure cardiac output, one needs to multiply the heart rate by the stroke volume.

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12. Norepinephrine and epinephrine increase heart rate, automaticity, AV conduction and contractility.

Explanation

Norepinephrine and epinephrine are hormones that are released by the sympathetic nervous system in response to stress or danger. These hormones bind to receptors on the heart, causing an increase in heart rate, automaticity (the ability of the heart to generate its own electrical impulses), AV conduction (the speed at which electrical signals travel through the heart), and contractility (the force of the heart's contractions). Therefore, it is true that norepinephrine and epinephrine increase heart rate, automaticity, AV conduction, and contractility.

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13. The semilunar valves include the aortic and the _______.

Explanation

*The correct term is pulmonic however, for the purpose of this quiz, pulmonary will be accepted.*

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14. The mitral valve has two cusps and the tricuspid valve has three.

Explanation

The statement is true because the mitral valve, also known as the bicuspid valve, has two cusps, while the tricuspid valve has three cusps. The cusps are the flaps of tissue that open and close to allow blood flow through the valves.

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15. Atrial fibrillation can cause a loss of atrial kick and cardiac output.

Explanation

Atrial fibrillation is a condition characterized by irregular and rapid heartbeats, which disrupts the normal pumping action of the atria. The atrial kick refers to the contraction of the atria that helps to fill the ventricles with blood. In atrial fibrillation, this atrial kick is lost, leading to a decrease in cardiac output. This is because the irregular and rapid heartbeats prevent the atria from effectively pumping blood into the ventricles, resulting in reduced blood flow to the rest of the body. Therefore, it is true that atrial fibrillation can cause a loss of atrial kick and cardiac output.

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16. When the left ventricle pumps blood through the aortic valve into the aorta and then throughout the body, this is referred to as _________.

Explanation

When the left ventricle pumps blood through the aortic valve into the aorta and then throughout the body, it is referred to as systemic circulation. Systemic circulation involves the transportation of oxygenated blood from the heart to the various organs and tissues of the body, delivering nutrients and removing waste products. This process ensures that oxygen and nutrients are distributed to all the cells in the body and plays a crucial role in maintaining overall bodily functions.

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17. The ________ arteries supply the heart muscle with blood and oxygen.

Explanation

The answer "coronary" is correct because the coronary arteries are responsible for supplying the heart muscle with blood and oxygen. These arteries branch off from the aorta and wrap around the heart, ensuring that the heart receives the necessary nutrients and oxygen to function properly. Without the coronary arteries, the heart would not be able to receive the blood supply it needs, leading to various heart conditions and potentially a heart attack.

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18. Tachycardia is commonly caused by ____________ in the automaticity of pacemaker cells below the SA node.

Explanation

Tachycardia is a condition characterized by an abnormally fast heart rate. The correct answer, "an increase," explains that tachycardia is commonly caused by an increase in the automaticity of pacemaker cells located below the sinoatrial (SA) node. This means that these cells are firing at a faster rate than normal, leading to a rapid heart rate.

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19. The three factors that affect stroke volume are preload, afterload and myocardial contractility.

Explanation

The statement is true because preload, afterload, and myocardial contractility are indeed three factors that affect stroke volume. Preload refers to the amount of blood that fills the ventricles before contraction, afterload is the resistance the heart must overcome to eject blood from the ventricles, and myocardial contractility is the strength of the heart's contraction. These factors play a crucial role in determining the amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each beat, which is known as stroke volume.

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20. Match the branch of the nervous system with the chemicals associated with it.
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21. The bottom of the heart is known as the ____.

Explanation

The bottom of the heart is known as the apex. The apex refers to the pointed tip or lowest part of the heart, which is located at the bottom and slightly to the left. It is where the heartbeat can be felt most strongly and is an important landmark in cardiac examinations and procedures. The term "apex" is commonly used in medical terminology to describe the lowest or most inferior part of an organ or structure.

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22. The myocardium makes up the smallest portion of the hearts wall.

Explanation

The myocardium does not make up the smallest portion of the heart's wall. The myocardium is the middle layer of the heart's wall and is responsible for the contraction of the heart muscle. It is thicker than the other two layers, the epicardium and the endocardium. Therefore, the statement is false.

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23. The mitral valve is located between the 

Explanation

The mitral valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle. This valve prevents the backflow of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium during ventricular contraction. It ensures that blood flows in one direction, from the left atrium to the left ventricle, allowing for efficient oxygenation of the body's tissues.

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24. The _________ nerve carries impulses that slow heart rate and the conduction of impulses through the AV node and ventricles.

Explanation

The vagus nerve is responsible for carrying impulses that slow down the heart rate and regulate the conduction of impulses through the AV node and ventricles. This nerve plays a crucial role in maintaining heart rate and rhythm, as well as controlling the electrical signals that allow the heart to pump blood effectively.

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25. The right atria receives

Explanation

The right atria receives deoxygenated blood. This is because the right atrium receives blood from the body through the superior and inferior vena cava, which carries deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation. The deoxygenated blood then flows into the right ventricle and is pumped to the lungs to be oxygenated. Therefore, the right atrium acts as a receiving chamber for deoxygenated blood.

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26. The SA Node is located in:

Explanation

The SA Node, also known as the sinoatrial node, is responsible for initiating the electrical impulses that regulate the heartbeat. It is often referred to as the "natural pacemaker" of the heart. The SA Node is located in the upper right corner of the right atrium. This position allows it to send electrical signals to the atria, causing them to contract and pump blood into the ventricles. From there, the electrical impulses travel to the AV Node and then to the rest of the heart, coordinating the heartbeat.

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27. The AV node is responsible for delaying impulses from the SA node.

Explanation

The AV node, or atrioventricular node, is an important part of the electrical conduction system of the heart. It acts as a gatekeeper, delaying the electrical impulses that originate from the SA node, or sinoatrial node. This delay allows the atria to contract and pump blood into the ventricles before they contract. By delaying the impulses, the AV node ensures that the atria and ventricles are coordinated in their contractions, allowing for efficient blood flow throughout the heart. Therefore, the statement that the AV node is responsible for delaying impulses from the SA node is true.

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28. Match each node with the correct impulse rate.
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29. Match the cardiac cycle phase with the correct description.
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30. The __________ valves are the pulmonic and aortic valve. Their cusps resemble three half-moons.

Explanation

The explanation for the given correct answer is that the term "semilunar" refers to the shape of the cusps of the pulmonic and aortic valves, which resemble three half-moons. These valves are located between the ventricles and the arteries, and they allow blood to flow in one direction while preventing backflow. The term "semilunar" accurately describes the shape and function of these valves.

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31. Isovolumetric relaxation occurs when ventricular pressure falls below pressure in the aorta and pulmonary artery causing the aortic and pulmonary valves to close.

Explanation

Isovolumetric relaxation refers to the phase of the cardiac cycle in which the ventricles are relaxed and the pressure in the ventricles falls below the pressure in the aorta and pulmonary artery. This pressure difference causes the aortic and pulmonary valves to close, preventing blood from flowing back into the ventricles. Therefore, the given statement is true.

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32. _________ are cord-like tendons that connect the papillary muscles to the tricuspid valve and mitral valve in the heart.

Explanation

Chordae tendineae are cord-like tendons that connect the papillary muscles to the tricuspid valve and mitral valve in the heart. These tendons help to anchor the valves and prevent them from prolapsing or inverting into the atria during ventricular contraction. They also help to maintain the proper closure of the valves, ensuring efficient blood flow through the heart.

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33. During ventricular ejection the ventricles eject 70% of the blood.

Explanation

During ventricular ejection, the ventricles contract and pump blood out of the heart into the arteries. This is the phase of the cardiac cycle where blood is being forcefully ejected from the ventricles into the systemic circulation. The amount of blood ejected during ventricular ejection is known as the stroke volume. On average, the stroke volume is about 70% of the total volume of blood in the ventricles, meaning that approximately 70% of the blood is ejected during this phase. Therefore, the statement that the ventricles eject 70% of the blood during ventricular ejection is true.

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34. Backflow of blood from one chamber to another is known as __________.

Explanation

The backflow of blood from one chamber to another is known as regurgitation. This occurs when the valves between the chambers do not close properly, allowing blood to flow in the wrong direction. Regurgitation can occur in various parts of the heart, such as the mitral valve or the aortic valve. It can be caused by conditions such as valve damage, congenital heart defects, or heart disease. Regurgitation can lead to symptoms like heart murmur, fatigue, and shortness of breath, and may require medical intervention depending on its severity.

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35. When a cell is fully depolarized, it attempts to return to its resting state in a process called _______________. Electrical charges in the cell reverse and return to normal.

Explanation

When a cell is fully depolarized, it means that the electrical charges inside and outside the cell have become equal. In order to return to its resting state, the cell undergoes repolarization. During repolarization, the electrical charges in the cell reverse their polarity and return to their normal state. This process is crucial for the proper functioning of cells and maintaining the balance of electrical signals in the body.

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36. The atrioventricular valves are:

Explanation

The correct answer is tricuspid and mitral. The atrioventricular valves are located between the atria and ventricles of the heart and prevent the backflow of blood. The tricuspid valve is located on the right side of the heart, between the right atrium and right ventricle. The mitral valve, also known as the bicuspid valve, is located on the left side of the heart, between the left atrium and left ventricle. Together, these valves ensure that blood flows in the correct direction through the heart.

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37. When the left ventricle contracts it pumps blood through the _______ valve.

Explanation

When the left ventricle contracts, it pumps oxygenated blood out of the heart and into the aorta, which is the largest artery in the body. The aortic valve is located between the left ventricle and the aorta, and it ensures that blood flows in one direction, preventing backflow into the heart. Therefore, when the left ventricle contracts, it pumps blood through the aortic valve into the aorta.

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38. The right ventricle pumps blood through the pulmonic valve into the pulmonary arteries and then into the lungs. From the lungs, blood flows through the pulmonary veins and empties into the left atrium. What is this cycle called?

Explanation

The cycle described in the question, where blood is pumped from the right ventricle through the pulmonic valve into the pulmonary arteries and then into the lungs, and then flows back through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium, is known as pulmonary circulation. This is the specific circulation pathway that involves the lungs, where oxygen is taken up and carbon dioxide is released. It is distinct from systemic circulation, which involves the rest of the body, and rapid circulation is not a recognized term in this context.

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39. The Purkinje fibers extend from the bundle branches into the endocardium, deep into the _________ tissue.

Explanation

The Purkinje fibers are specialized cardiac muscle fibers that conduct electrical impulses throughout the heart. They extend from the bundle branches, which are part of the electrical conduction system of the heart, into the endocardium. The endocardium is the innermost layer of the heart, consisting of a thin layer of endothelial cells. Therefore, the Purkinje fibers extend deep into the myocardial tissue, which is the middle layer of the heart and consists of cardiac muscle cells responsible for the contraction of the heart.

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40. The two branches of the autonomic nervous system are the sympathetic and the adrenergic.

Explanation

The sympathetic and the adrenergic are the same. The second branch is the parasympathetic, also known as the cholinergic.

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41. The ___________ divides the right and left atrium and helps them contract.

Explanation

The interatrial septum is the correct answer because it is the structure that divides the right and left atrium of the heart. It helps to separate the oxygenated blood in the left atrium from the deoxygenated blood in the right atrium. This division allows for more efficient contraction of the atria, ensuring that blood is properly pumped through the heart. The AV node, cardiac septum, and bundle of His are not involved in dividing the right and left atrium.

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42. Give the names of the two atrioventricular (AV) valves.

Explanation

The correct answer is tricuspid and mitral. The two atrioventricular (AV) valves in the heart are named the tricuspid valve and the mitral valve. The tricuspid valve is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle, while the mitral valve is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle. These valves prevent the backflow of blood from the ventricles into the atria during the pumping action of the heart.

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43. Because the atria collect blood, their walls are thicker than the ventricles.

Explanation

Since the atria doesn't have to pump the deoxygenated blood far, the chamber walls are thinner. Likewise, the left ventricle has a much thicker wall than the right because it pumps blood against the higher pressures in the body's arterial circulation.

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44. The entire network of specialized nervous tissue that extends through the ventricles is nown as the His-Purkinje system.

Explanation

The statement is true because the His-Purkinje system is indeed the network of specialized nervous tissue that extends through the ventricles. This system is responsible for transmitting electrical signals that regulate the contraction of the heart muscles, helping to coordinate the pumping action of the heart.

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45. These fibers conduct impulses rapidly through the muscle to assist in its depolarization and contraction.

Explanation

Purkinje fibers are specialized cardiac muscle fibers that conduct electrical impulses rapidly through the muscle. These fibers are responsible for assisting in the depolarization and contraction of the heart muscle. They play a crucial role in coordinating the contraction of the ventricles and ensuring efficient pumping of blood.

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46. Cardiac veins collect deoxygenated blood from the capillaries of the myocardium.

Explanation

The statement is true because cardiac veins do indeed collect deoxygenated blood from the capillaries of the myocardium. The myocardium is the muscular tissue of the heart, and like any other tissue, it requires a blood supply to deliver oxygen and nutrients. The capillaries in the myocardium exchange oxygen and nutrients for waste products, resulting in deoxygenated blood. This deoxygenated blood is then collected by the cardiac veins and eventually returned to the right atrium of the heart.

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47. An athlete's heart usually weighs more than that of the average person while an elderly person's weighs less.

Explanation

The statement is true because athletes often have larger hearts due to their rigorous training and exercise routines. Regular exercise increases the size and strength of the heart muscle, allowing it to pump more blood efficiently. This results in an increase in the overall weight of the heart. On the other hand, as people age, their heart muscles tend to weaken, leading to a decrease in the size and weight of the heart. Therefore, an athlete's heart usually weighs more than that of an average person, while an elderly person's heart weighs less.

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48. Pericardial effusion, a condition of having excess pericardial fluid, can _________

Explanation

Pericardial effusion is the accumulation of excess fluid in the pericardial sac surrounding the heart. This can lead to increased pressure on the heart, which in turn compromises its ability to pump blood effectively. As the fluid builds up, it compresses the heart, reducing its ability to expand and contract properly. This compromises the heart's ability to pump blood efficiently, leading to decreased cardiac output and potential complications.

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49. ______________ is a special characteristic of pacemaker cells that generates impulses automatically, without being stimulated to do so.

Explanation

Automaticity is a special characteristic of pacemaker cells that allows them to generate electrical impulses spontaneously, without any external stimulation. These cells have an intrinsic ability to initiate and regulate the heartbeat, making them essential for maintaining the regular rhythm of the heart. This automaticity is crucial for the heart to function properly and ensure a consistent and coordinated contraction of its chambers.

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50. ________ affects cardiac output by shortening diastole and allowing less time for the ventricles to fill.

Explanation

Tachycardia is a condition characterized by a rapid heart rate. In this context, tachycardia affects cardiac output by shortening diastole, which is the resting phase of the cardiac cycle when the heart chambers fill with blood. With tachycardia, the heart beats faster, reducing the duration of diastole and allowing less time for the ventricles to fill with blood. As a result, the amount of blood pumped out of the heart with each contraction, known as the stroke volume, decreases, leading to a decrease in cardiac output.

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51. The Purkinje fibers can also serve as a pacemaker and are able to discharge impulses at a rate of 40-60 times per minute.

Explanation

Purkinje fibers discharge at a rate of 20-40 times per minute.

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52. The ______________ septum seperates the left and right ventricles.

Explanation

The interventricular septum is the correct answer because it is the structure that separates the left and right ventricles of the heart. This septum plays a crucial role in preventing the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the heart, ensuring that the blood flows in the correct direction and is properly distributed to the body.

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53. A ____________, or backwards, conduction usually takes longer and can cause the atria and ventricles to beat out of sync.

Explanation

Retrograde conduction refers to the abnormal conduction of electrical signals in the heart, where the impulses travel in a reverse direction. This type of conduction is typically slower than normal conduction, leading to a delay in the transmission of signals. As a result, the atria and ventricles, which are the upper and lower chambers of the heart, may contract out of sync, causing an irregular heartbeat.

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54. Impulses from the bundle of His travel much faster down the left branch than the right branch which allows both ventricles to contract simultaneously. 

Explanation

The explanation for the given correct answer is that the bundle of His, which is responsible for transmitting electrical impulses in the heart, travels faster down the left branch compared to the right branch. This faster conduction allows for simultaneous contraction of both ventricles, ensuring efficient pumping of blood. Therefore, the statement is true.

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55. ___________ specialized myocardial fibers, located just beneath the endocardium, that conduct an electrical stimulus or impulse that enables the heart to contract in a coordinated fashion.

Explanation

Purkinje fibers are specialized myocardial fibers that are located just beneath the endocardium. These fibers are responsible for conducting electrical impulses or stimuli that enable the heart to contract in a coordinated fashion. They play a crucial role in ensuring the synchronized and efficient pumping of blood by the heart.

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56. In reentry events, where impulses cause depolarization twice in a row at a faster than normal rate, impulses are delayed long enough that cells have time to repolarize.

Explanation

In reentry events, impulses cause depolarization twice in a row at a faster than normal rate. This rapid depolarization can lead to a delay in the impulses, allowing the cells to repolarize before the next depolarization occurs. This delay helps to regulate the electrical activity in the heart and prevent abnormal rhythms or arrhythmias. Therefore, the statement that impulses are delayed long enough for cells to repolarize in reentry events is true.

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57. The heart is supplied by the two branches of the _______ nervous system.

Explanation

The heart is supplied by the two branches of the autonomic nervous system. The autonomic nervous system is responsible for regulating involuntary body functions, including the functioning of the heart. It consists of two branches, the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, which work in opposition to maintain a balance in heart rate and other cardiovascular functions. The sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate and blood pressure, while the parasympathetic nervous system slows down heart rate and promotes relaxation. Therefore, the autonomic nervous system plays a crucial role in regulating the functioning of the heart.

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58. An EKG/ECG represents the pumping of the heart.

Explanation

An ECG/EKG represents only the electrical activity of the heart.

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59. This phase of the cardiac cycle is in response to ventricular depolarization which causes the tension in the ventricles to increase.

Explanation

During isovolumetric ventricular contraction, the ventricles contract without any change in volume. This phase occurs in response to ventricular depolarization, which is the electrical activation of the ventricles. As the ventricles contract, the tension in the ventricular walls increases, leading to an increase in pressure. However, since the semilunar valves are still closed, no blood is ejected from the ventricles and the volume remains constant. Once the pressure in the ventricles exceeds the pressure in the arteries, the semilunar valves open and ventricular ejection begins.

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60. After depolarization-repolarization occur, the resulting electrical impulse travels through the heart along a pathway called the _________________.

Explanation

After depolarization-repolarization occur, the resulting electrical impulse needs to be transmitted efficiently through the heart to ensure proper contraction. This is achieved through a specialized network of cells known as the conduction system. The conduction system consists of various components, including the sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node, bundle of His, and Purkinje fibers. These structures work together to coordinate the sequential contraction of the heart chambers, ensuring effective blood pumping. Thus, the conduction system is responsible for the propagation of the electrical impulse and the coordinated contraction of the heart.

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61. Normal cardiac output is 

Explanation

Normal cardiac output refers to the amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute. The average range for normal cardiac output is between 4 to 8 liters per minute. This range ensures that the body's organs and tissues receive an adequate supply of oxygenated blood. Cardiac output can vary depending on factors such as physical activity, stress, and overall health.

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62. The action potential is represented by a curve that shows ___________ during the five phases.

Explanation

The action potential is represented by a curve that shows voltage changes during the five phases. This is because an action potential is an electrical event that occurs in the cell membrane of a neuron or muscle cell. It involves a rapid change in voltage, where the cell membrane becomes depolarized and then repolarized. These voltage changes are essential for the transmission of signals within the nervous system and the contraction of muscles.

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63. The top of the heart, or its base, lies just below the _____ rib.

Explanation

The top of the heart, or its base, lies just below the second rib.

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64. Cardiac cells at rest are considered ________, meaning that no electrical activity takes place.

Explanation

Cardiac cells at rest are considered polarized because they are in a state where there is a difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of the cell. This difference in charge is maintained by the distribution of ions across the cell membrane. In this polarized state, no electrical activity occurs, and the cell is in a resting phase, ready to depolarize and generate an electrical impulse when stimulated.

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65. The coronary ostium is _________

Explanation

The coronary ostium refers to an opening in the aorta. This opening allows blood to flow into the coronary arteries, which supply oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle. It is an essential pathway for the circulation of blood to the heart.

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66. What is another name for the cholinergic branch of the autonomic nervous system?

Explanation

The correct answer is parasympathetic. The cholinergic branch of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for rest and digest functions, which include activities such as slowing heart rate, constricting pupils, and increasing digestion. This branch primarily uses the neurotransmitter acetylcholine to transmit signals. The other options, adrenergic, sympathetic, and barosympathetic, are not synonymous with the cholinergic branch and refer to different branches or aspects of the autonomic nervous system.

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67. Specialized nerve cells in the aorta and the internal carotid arteries that stimulate the vagus nerve.

Explanation

Baroreceptors are specialized nerve cells located in the aorta and internal carotid arteries that are responsible for detecting changes in blood pressure. When blood pressure increases, these baroreceptors send signals to the vagus nerve, which helps regulate and control blood pressure by causing the heart rate to decrease. Therefore, baroreceptors play a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and ensuring that blood pressure remains within a normal range.

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68. _______________ is/ are the bundle of cardiac muscle fibers that pass from the atrioventricular node to the interventricular septum and then the ventricles. It conducts the electrical impulses that regulate the heartbeat from the right atrium to the left and right ventricles. 

Explanation

The correct answer is Bundle of His. The Bundle of His is a group of specialized cardiac muscle fibers that transmit electrical impulses from the atrioventricular node to the interventricular septum and then to the ventricles. These fibers play a crucial role in coordinating and regulating the heartbeat by ensuring the synchronized contraction of the left and right ventricles.

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69. When cell membranes separate different concentrations of ions, such as sodium and potassium, and create a more negative charge inside the cell, it is called the ________.

Explanation

Resting potential refers to the state of a cell membrane when it is at rest and not transmitting signals. In this state, there is a separation of different concentrations of ions, such as sodium and potassium, across the membrane, creating a more negative charge inside the cell. This electrical potential difference is essential for the proper functioning of cells and allows them to generate and transmit electrical signals when needed.

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70. The cardiac veins join to form an enlarged vessel called the ________, which returns blood to the right atrium where it continues through the circulation.

Explanation

The cardiac veins collect deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle and merge together to form a larger vessel known as the coronary sinus. The coronary sinus then transports this blood back to the right atrium of the heart, where it can be pumped into the pulmonary circulation to receive oxygen and continue its journey throughout the body.

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71. Circulation of blood through a network of minor vessels that become enlarged and joined with adjacent vessels when a major vein or artery is impaired is called: _____________

Explanation

Collateral circulation refers to the circulation of blood through a network of minor vessels that become enlarged and joined with adjacent vessels when a major vein or artery is impaired. This allows for an alternative route for blood flow, bypassing the blocked or damaged vessel and ensuring that tissues receive adequate blood supply.

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72. The heart is located in the  ___________ cavity.

Explanation

The heart is located in the mediastinal cavity. The mediastinal cavity is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity, which is located between the lungs. It contains various structures including the heart, thymus gland, esophagus, and major blood vessels. The heart is specifically situated in the mediastinum, which is the central part of the mediastinal cavity.

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73. What age does a child have to reach before his/ her heart is located in the same position as an adults?

Explanation

As a child grows, their organs gradually shift into their adult positions. The heart is located in the same position as an adult's by the time they reach the age of 7.

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74. An action potential curve shows the electrical changes in a _________ cell during the depolarization-repolarization cycle.

Explanation

An action potential curve shows the electrical changes in a myocardial cell during the depolarization-repolarization cycle. The term "myocardial" refers to the heart muscle, specifically the cells that make up the myocardium. These cells are responsible for generating and conducting electrical signals that coordinate the contraction and relaxation of the heart. Therefore, an action potential curve would depict the changes in electrical activity within the myocardial cells as they go through the process of depolarization and repolarization.

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75. A network of anastomoses is called __________.

Explanation

A network of anastomoses refers to a system of interconnected blood vessels that provide alternate pathways for blood flow in the event of a blockage or restriction in a main vessel. This network is known as collateral circulation. It helps to maintain blood supply to tissues and organs, ensuring their proper functioning even when there is a disruption in the normal blood flow. The other options, such as cardiac byways, cluster veins, and arterial webs, do not accurately describe this specific network of interconnected vessels.

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76. The parasympathetic branch serves as the hearts:

Explanation

The parasympathetic branch serves as the "brakes" for the heart. This means that it slows down the heart rate and decreases the force of contractions. The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for conserving energy and promoting relaxation, so it counteracts the effects of the sympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for the "fight or flight" response. By acting as the "brakes," the parasympathetic branch helps to maintain a steady and balanced heart rate.

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77. Impulses that begin below the AV node can ____________ This is referred to as retrograde conduction.

Explanation

Impulses that begin below the AV node can be transmitted back towards the atria. This is known as retrograde conduction. Retrograde conduction occurs when electrical signals travel in the opposite direction than normal, from the ventricles back towards the atria. This can happen when there is an abnormal electrical pathway or when the normal conduction system is disrupted. Retrograde conduction can lead to various cardiac arrhythmias and can affect the coordination of the heart's electrical activity.

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78. The layer of connective tissue that surrounds the heart is called _______

Explanation

The correct answer is Myocardium. The myocardium is the middle layer of the heart wall and is composed of cardiac muscle tissue. It is responsible for the contraction and relaxation of the heart, allowing it to pump blood throughout the body. The myocardium is surrounded by other layers, including the epicardium (visceral layer) and the endocardium. Adipose refers to fatty tissue, while the ventricular septum is a wall that separates the two ventricles of the heart.

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79. ____________ refers to blood flow that reaches the upper and lower extremities of the body and the surface of the skin. 

Explanation

Peripheral circulation refers to blood flow that reaches the upper and lower extremities of the body and the surface of the skin. It is responsible for delivering oxygen and nutrients to these areas, as well as removing waste products. This circulation is essential for maintaining the health and function of the extremities and skin.

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80. During diastole, the ventricles contract and the atria relaxes.

Explanation

During diastole, the ventricles actually relax and fill with blood, while the atria contract and push blood into the ventricles. This is an important phase of the cardiac cycle that allows for the efficient pumping of blood throughout the body.

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81. ____________ is the reconnection of two streams that previously branched out, such as blood vessels.

Explanation

Anastomoses refers to the reconnection of two streams or pathways that had previously branched out. In the context of blood vessels, anastomoses occur when two or more blood vessels merge or join together, allowing for blood flow to be redirected or shared between them. This can happen naturally in the body or can be surgically created to bypass blockages or restore blood flow in certain conditions. Anastomoses are important for maintaining proper circulation and ensuring that vital organs receive an adequate blood supply.

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82. This ability depends on how much the muscle fibers are stretched at the end of diastole.

Explanation

Contractility refers to the inherent strength and ability of the muscle fibers to contract forcefully. It is independent of the initial length of the muscle fibers and is determined by factors such as the number of actin and myosin filaments, the availability of ATP, and the sensitivity of the muscle fibers to calcium ions. Therefore, contractility is not affected by how much the muscle fibers are stretched at the end of diastole, unlike preload, which is determined by the degree of stretching of the ventricular muscle fibers at the end of diastole. Afterload, on the other hand, refers to the resistance that the ventricle must overcome to eject blood during systole and is not related to the stretching of muscle fibers at the end of diastole.

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83. Depolarization-repolarization consists of four cycles.

Explanation

The statement is false because depolarization-repolarization consists of two cycles, not four. During depolarization, the cell's membrane potential becomes more positive, while during repolarization, it returns to its resting state. These two cycles are essential for the proper functioning of excitable cells, such as neurons and muscle cells.

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84. Partial depolarization due to an injured pacemaker cell can lead to spontaneous or secondary depolarization which involves repetitive ectopic firings called __________.

Explanation

Triggered activity refers to the repetitive ectopic firings that occur due to partial depolarization of an injured pacemaker cell. This occurs when the depolarization reaches a critical threshold, causing the cell to fire an action potential. These abnormal impulses can lead to arrhythmias and are often seen in conditions such as long QT syndrome or after cardiac injury.

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85. The tissue surrounding the AV node is called __________ tissue

Explanation

The tissue surrounding the AV node is called junctional tissue because it is located at the junction between the atria and the ventricles in the heart. This tissue is responsible for conducting electrical signals from the atria to the ventricles, allowing for coordinated contraction and pumping of blood. The AV node acts as a gatekeeper, controlling the timing and intensity of the electrical signals that pass through it. Therefore, it is appropriate to refer to the tissue surrounding the AV node as junctional tissue.

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86. The __________ artery supplies oxygenated blood to the lateral walls of the left ventricle, left atrium and sometimes the SA node.

Explanation

The circumflex artery is responsible for supplying oxygenated blood to the lateral walls of the left ventricle, left atrium, and sometimes the SA node. This artery plays a crucial role in delivering the necessary nutrients and oxygen to these areas of the heart, ensuring their proper functioning.

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87. When triggered activity occurs, the resultant depolarization is called __________________.

Explanation

The correct answer is "afterdepolarization", "after depolarization", and "after-depolarization". When triggered activity occurs, the depolarization that follows is referred to as afterdepolarization. The term "after depolarization" is also commonly used to describe this phenomenon. The hyphenated form "after-depolarization" is another acceptable way to refer to the resultant depolarization that occurs after triggered activity.

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88. The coronary arteries fill with blood during:

Explanation

During ventricular diastole, the ventricles of the heart are relaxed and filling with blood. This is the phase of the cardiac cycle where the atria contract to push blood into the ventricles. As the ventricles relax, the pressure in the ventricles drops, allowing blood to flow from the atria into the ventricles. This is when the coronary arteries, which supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscle, fill with blood. Therefore, the correct answer is ventricular diastole.

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89. Match the depolarization-repolarization phases to the correct action taking place in the cycle.
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90. Match the description to the correct term.
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91. The heart can't pump unless an _________________ occurs first.

Explanation

The heart is a muscular organ that relies on electrical impulses to contract and pump blood effectively. These electrical impulses are generated by specialized cells in the heart called pacemaker cells. Without an electrical stimulus, the pacemaker cells would not be able to initiate the contraction of the heart muscles, leading to a lack of pumping action. Therefore, an electrical stimulus is necessary for the heart to pump blood.

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92. Generation and transmission of electrical impulses depend on four characteristics of cardiac cells. Match each characteristic  to it's definition.
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93. Which is the correct path that impulses travel after depolarization-repolarization occurs?

Explanation

After depolarization-repolarization occurs, the correct path that impulses travel is from the SA Node to the Internodal tracts, then to Bachmann's bundle, and finally to the AV Node.

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94. During which sequence of phases is the cardiac cell said to be in its absolute refractory period?

Explanation

During phases 1, 2, and the beginning of phase 3, the cardiac cell is said to be in its absolute refractory period. This is because during phase 0, the cell is depolarizing and generating an action potential. In phase 1, there is a brief repolarization due to the inactivation of sodium channels. In phase 2, there is a plateau phase caused by the balance between calcium influx and potassium efflux. Finally, at the beginning of phase 3, there is a repolarization as potassium channels open and allow potassium efflux. During this entire sequence of phases, the cardiac cell is unable to respond to any additional stimuli, making it in its absolute refractory period.

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95. Match the stroke volume factors with the correct description.
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96. Phases of the Curve: Match the depolarization-repolarization cycle phases to the correct description.
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97. MI is the abreviation for Mycardial Infraction which is another name for:
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98. Depolarization-repolarization Cycle: Phase 0, 1, 2, and 3 will show up in what sequence on and EKG read?

Explanation

In an EKG read, the depolarization-repolarization cycle appears in the sequence of P wave, QRS wave, and S wave. The P wave represents atrial depolarization, which is the contraction of the atria. The QRS wave represents ventricular depolarization, which is the contraction of the ventricles. The S wave represents ventricular repolarization, which is the relaxation of the ventricles. Therefore, the correct sequence is P wave, QRS wave, and S wave. The ST wave is not part of the depolarization-repolarization cycle and does not appear in this sequence.

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99. A tract of tissue extending into the ventricles next to the interventricular septum that resumes the rapid conduction of the impulse through the ventricles.

Explanation

The correct answer is Bundle of His. The Bundle of His is a specialized tract of tissue located next to the interventricular septum. It plays a crucial role in the electrical conduction system of the heart by rapidly transmitting the electrical impulses from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles. This allows for coordinated and efficient contraction of the ventricles, ensuring proper pumping of blood throughout the body.

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100. Match the phases of the cardiac cycle with the order of which they occur.
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The heart contains four chambers - two atria and two ventricles.
The heart is made up of three layers: the epicardium, myocardium and...
The fibrous and serous pericardium layers are seperated by a thin,...
Bradycardia means rapid heart rate while Tachycardia indicates a...
In the depolarization cycle, ions cross the cell membrane after a...
During one heartbeat. ventricular diastole and ventricular systole...
Stroke volume is the amount of blood ejected with each ventricular...
This is considered the hearts main pacemaker:
The left coronary branches off into the left anterior descending and...
Cardiac output refers to the amount of blood pumped by the ventricles...
Cardiac output is measured by multiplying _____________ by stroke...
Norepinephrine and epinephrine increase heart rate, automaticity, AV...
The semilunar valves include the aortic and the _______.
The mitral valve has two cusps and the tricuspid valve has three.
Atrial fibrillation can cause a loss of atrial kick and cardiac...
When the left ventricle pumps blood through the aortic valve into the...
The ________ arteries supply the heart muscle with blood and oxygen.
Tachycardia is commonly caused by ____________ in the automaticity of...
The three factors that affect stroke volume are preload, afterload and...
Match the branch of the nervous system with the chemicals associated...
The bottom of the heart is known as the ____.
The myocardium makes up the smallest portion of the hearts wall.
The mitral valve is located between the 
The _________ nerve carries impulses that slow heart rate and the...
The right atria receives
The SA Node is located in:
The AV node is responsible for delaying impulses from the SA node.
Match each node with the correct impulse rate.
Match the cardiac cycle phase with the correct description.
The __________ valves are the pulmonic and aortic valve. Their cusps...
Isovolumetric relaxation occurs when ventricular pressure falls below...
_________ are cord-like tendons that connect the papillary muscles to...
During ventricular ejection the ventricles eject 70% of the blood.
Backflow of blood from one chamber to another is known as __________.
When a cell is fully depolarized, it attempts to return to its resting...
The atrioventricular valves are:
When the left ventricle contracts it pumps blood through the _______...
The right ventricle pumps blood through the pulmonic valve into the...
The Purkinje fibers extend from the bundle branches into the...
The two branches of the autonomic nervous system are the sympathetic...
The ___________ divides the right and left atrium and helps them...
Give the names of the two atrioventricular (AV) valves.
Because the atria collect blood, their walls are thicker than the...
The entire network of specialized nervous tissue that extends through...
These fibers conduct impulses rapidly through the muscle to assist in...
Cardiac veins collect deoxygenated blood from the capillaries of the...
An athlete's heart usually weighs more than that of the average...
Pericardial effusion, a condition of having excess pericardial...
______________ is a special characteristic of pacemaker cells that...
________ affects cardiac output by shortening diastole and allowing...
The Purkinje fibers can also serve as a pacemaker and are able to...
The ______________ septum seperates the left and right ventricles.
A ____________, or backwards, conduction usually takes longer and can...
Impulses from the bundle of His travel much faster down the left...
___________ specialized myocardial fibers, located just beneath...
In reentry events, where impulses cause depolarization twice in a row...
The heart is supplied by the two branches of the _______ nervous...
An EKG/ECG represents the pumping of the heart.
This phase of the cardiac cycle is in response to ventricular...
After depolarization-repolarization occur, the resulting electrical...
Normal cardiac output is 
The action potential is represented by a curve that shows ___________...
The top of the heart, or its base, lies just below the _____ rib.
Cardiac cells at rest are considered ________, meaning that no...
The coronary ostium is _________
What is another name for the cholinergic branch of the autonomic...
Specialized nerve cells in the aorta and the internal carotid arteries...
_______________ is/ are the bundle of cardiac muscle fibers that pass...
When cell membranes separate different concentrations of ions, such as...
The cardiac veins join to form an enlarged vessel called the ________,...
Circulation of blood through a network of minor vessels that become...
The heart is located in the  ___________ cavity.
What age does a child have to reach before his/ her heart is located...
An action potential curve shows the electrical changes in a _________...
A network of anastomoses is called __________.
The parasympathetic branch serves as the hearts:
Impulses that begin below the AV node can ____________ This is...
The layer of connective tissue that surrounds the heart is called...
____________ refers to blood flow that reaches the upper and...
During diastole, the ventricles contract and the atria relaxes.
____________ is the reconnection of two streams that previously...
This ability depends on how much the muscle fibers are stretched at...
Depolarization-repolarization consists of four cycles.
Partial depolarization due to an injured pacemaker cell can lead to...
The tissue surrounding the AV node is called __________ tissue
The __________ artery supplies oxygenated blood to the lateral walls...
When triggered activity occurs, the resultant depolarization is called...
The coronary arteries fill with blood during:
Match the depolarization-repolarization phases to the correct action...
Match the description to the correct term.
The heart can't pump unless an _________________ occurs first.
Generation and transmission of electrical impulses depend on four...
Which is the correct path that impulses travel after...
During which sequence of phases is the cardiac cell said to be in its...
Match the stroke volume factors with the correct description.
Phases of the Curve: Match the depolarization-repolarization cycle...
MI is the abreviation for Mycardial Infraction which is another name...
Depolarization-repolarization Cycle: Phase 0, 1, 2, and 3 will show up...
A tract of tissue extending into the ventricles next to the...
Match the phases of the cardiac cycle with the order of which they...
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