Educ 701-67 Final Exam (Professor: Dr. Christopher M. Ray)
EDUC 701-67 Final Exam
You may use your book and notes to take the final exam. The expectation is that you will only take the exam by yourself.
Good Luck, Dr. Ray
Questions and Answers
- 1.
In the view of Mortimer J. Adler, who believes that the curriculum should be standardized for all, the worst cultural disease in modern society is
- A.
Specialization.
- B.
Technology.
- C.
Bureaucratization.
- D.
Affluence.
Correct Answer
A. Specialization.Explanation
Mortimer J. Adler believes that the curriculum should be standardized for all, indicating that he values a well-rounded education. In this context, specialization refers to the narrowing of focus on a specific field or subject, which Adler sees as a negative cultural disease. He likely believes that specialization limits individuals' knowledge and understanding of other areas, leading to a lack of intellectual breadth and a potential disconnect between different fields of study. Therefore, specialization is considered the worst cultural disease in modern society according to Adler's perspective.Rate this question:
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- 2.
According to John Holt, who does not believe that the curriculum should be standardized for all,
- A.
Parents, rather than government, should make all educational decisions.
- B.
Parents may only exert their natural authority to influence their children's educational choices.
- C.
Children should deal directly with school authorities on all educational matters.
- D.
Public schools should be eliminated.
Correct Answer
B. Parents may only exert their natural authority to influence their children's educational choices.Explanation
According to John Holt, he believes that parents should have the authority to make all educational decisions for their children. This means that parents should be able to choose the curriculum and educational approach that best suits their child's needs. Holt does not believe that the government should standardize the curriculum for all students. Instead, he argues that parents should have the freedom to influence their children's educational choices based on their own beliefs and values. Therefore, the correct answer is that parents may only exert their natural authority to influence their children's educational choices.Rate this question:
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- 3.
B. F. Skinner, who believes that behaviorism should shape educational practices, holds a theory that puts maximum emphasis on the constructive power of
- A.
Behavioral controls.
- B.
Genetic endowment.
- C.
Inner freedom.
- D.
Positive reinforcers.
Correct Answer
D. Positive reinforcers.Explanation
B.F. Skinner, a behaviorist, believed that educational practices should be shaped by behaviorism. His theory emphasizes the constructive power of positive reinforcers. Positive reinforcers are rewards or incentives that increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. Skinner believed that by using positive reinforcers, educators can shape and reinforce desired behaviors in students, leading to effective learning and behavior change. This theory suggests that positive reinforcement is a crucial tool in educational practices to motivate and encourage desired behaviors in students.Rate this question:
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- 4.
Which one of the following is not cited by Rogers as part of the "disease of our age"?
- A.
Lack of commitment
- B.
Lack of control
- C.
Lack of purpose
- D.
Lack of meaning
Correct Answer
B. Lack of controlExplanation
Rogers does not cite lack of control as part of the "disease of our age".Rate this question:
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- 5.
David Elkind, who believes that constructivism is the best philosophy of education, states that teaching will become a true profession only when we have a genuine
- A.
Acceptance of group difference in learning styles.
- B.
Science of education.
- C.
Understanding of children.
- D.
Commitment to research.
Correct Answer
B. Science of education.Explanation
David Elkind believes that teaching will become a true profession when there is a genuine acceptance of group differences in learning styles. This implies that teachers should have a deep understanding of the science of education, which includes knowledge of how different students learn and the best instructional methods to use. By having a scientific approach to education, teachers can make informed decisions based on research and evidence, leading to more effective teaching practices and better outcomes for students.Rate this question:
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- 6.
In Carson's opinion, in the play Romeo and Juliet, if students said that the story is about an aging salesman who imagines he is a success when he is not, a constructivist teacher might reply,
- A.
"That is correct."
- B.
"That is wrong."
- C.
"That is an acceptable answer."
- D.
"Support your answer with evidence and logic."
Correct Answer
C. "That is an acceptable answer."Explanation
A constructivist teacher believes in valuing and encouraging multiple perspectives and interpretations. In this case, the student's interpretation of Romeo and Juliet as a story about an aging salesman is not the conventional interpretation, but the constructivist teacher recognizes that there can be multiple valid interpretations of a text. Therefore, the teacher acknowledges that the student's answer is acceptable, even though it may differ from the traditional understanding of the play.Rate this question:
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- 7.
In "Subtractive Education," Herb Childress refers to "additive education" as the process of:
- A.
Creating an enjoyment of numbers in students.
- B.
One specialist "screwing" on the next educational component.
- C.
Creating a desire for new "added" learning after graduation.
- D.
Using cooperate learning so that each student "adds" his or her talents to the group.
Correct Answer
B. One specialist "screwing" on the next educational component.Explanation
The correct answer is "one specialist 'screwing' on the next educational component." In the context of "Subtractive Education," Herb Childress uses the term "additive education" to describe a process where one specialist adds their expertise or knowledge to the next educational component. This implies a linear progression where each specialist builds upon the work of the previous one, resulting in a cumulative educational experience. The use of the term "screwing" suggests a connection or attachment between different educational components, further emphasizing the additive nature of the process.Rate this question:
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- 8.
According to Tucker, which of these items should NOT be part ofan incremental formula for school funding?
- A.
School performance of students
- B.
Students with disabilities
- C.
Students from non-English speaking homes
- D.
Family income of student
Correct Answer
A. School performance of studentsExplanation
An incremental formula for school funding is a method of allocating funds based on specific criteria. Tucker believes that school performance of students should not be part of this formula. This means that funding should not be determined solely based on how well students perform academically. Instead, other factors such as students with disabilities, students from non-English speaking homes, and family income should be considered when allocating funds.Rate this question:
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- 9.
In the words of Morrison, in our society, democratic education is in many ways:
- A.
The key to combating our regressive tribal behavior.
- B.
Foreign to those still stuck in a pre-industrialization mentality.
- C.
Consistent with conventional school practices.
- D.
Antithetical to conventional school practices.
Correct Answer
D. Antithetical to conventional school practices.Explanation
According to Morrison, democratic education is considered to be antithetical to conventional school practices. This means that democratic education goes against or opposes the traditional methods and approaches followed in schools. It suggests that the principles and values of democratic education are contradictory to the established norms and practices of conventional schooling.Rate this question:
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- 10.
In Clabaugh’s words, Morrison’s “Democratic Classrooms” advocates moving from:
- A.
A to B.
- B.
A to Z.
- C.
Reason to recklessness.
- D.
Almost right to completely wrong.
Correct Answer
B. A to Z.Explanation
The correct answer is "A to Z." This means moving from one extreme to another, covering the entire spectrum. In the context of Morrison's "Democratic Classrooms," it suggests a shift from one end of the educational approach to the opposite end, encompassing a wide range of teaching methods and strategies.Rate this question:
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- 11.
Gary K. Clabaugh, who does not believe that truly democratic classrooms are possible, contends that work-world values are:
- A.
Unrelated to competition and personal worth.
- B.
Not applicable to the values of school-age children.
- C.
Virtually identical to conventional school values.
- D.
As democratic as anything in life gets.
Correct Answer
C. Virtually identical to conventional school values.Explanation
Gary K. Clabaugh believes that work-world values are virtually identical to conventional school values. This suggests that the values and principles that are emphasized in the workplace are similar to those that are taught and promoted in traditional schools. Clabaugh does not believe that truly democratic classrooms are possible, indicating that the values of the work-world and conventional schools align more closely than with democratic ideals. This implies that competition and personal worth are relevant in both settings, and the values of school-age children can be influenced by the values of the work-world.Rate this question:
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- 12.
Paul E. Peterson, who does not believe that the Supreme Court has reconfigured American education, contends that for Justice Clarence Thomas and President George W. Bush, vouchers are purely
- A.
A civil rights issue.
- B.
A legal issue.
- C.
A fairness issue.
- D.
An education issue.
Correct Answer
A. A civil rights issue.Explanation
The correct answer is "a civil rights issue." According to Paul E. Peterson, both Justice Clarence Thomas and President George W. Bush view vouchers as a civil rights issue. This suggests that they believe vouchers are related to ensuring equal rights and opportunities for all students, particularly those from disadvantaged backgrounds.Rate this question:
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- 13.
According to Glenn, a 1997 Public Agenda survey revealed that it is more important for students to
- A.
Master facts.
- B.
Learn concepts like the tradition of Western culture in an entirely new way.
- C.
Experience the intellectual process of searching and struggling to learn.
- D.
All of the above
Correct Answer
C. Experience the intellectual process of searching and struggling to learn.Explanation
The correct answer is "experience the intellectual process of searching and struggling to learn." This is supported by Glenn's statement that a 1997 Public Agenda survey revealed that it is more important for students to have this experience rather than just mastering facts or learning concepts.Rate this question:
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- 14.
With which one of the following statements would Peterson disagree?
- A.
Vouchers improve the academic performance of African Americans.
- B.
School choice seems to improve the performance of students who remain in public schools.
- C.
Money accounts for gains that black students have made by switching to private schools.
- D.
Urban minorities in Catholic schools fare much better than similar students in public schools.
Correct Answer
C. Money accounts for gains that black students have made by switching to private schools.Explanation
Peterson would disagree with the statement that money accounts for gains that black students have made by switching to private schools. This suggests that the improvement in academic performance is solely due to financial resources, which Peterson may argue is not the only factor contributing to the success of black students in private schools.Rate this question:
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- 15.
A recent study by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation cited by Nichols and Berliner found that the greatest percentage of former students claimed that they had dropped out of high school because:
- A.
They were needed to work to support their families.
- B.
The classes were too hard.
- C.
They did not feel inspired in class.
- D.
School seemed too easy.
Correct Answer
C. They did not feel inspired in class.Explanation
The correct answer is "they did not feel inspired in class." This is supported by the study conducted by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, as cited by Nichols and Berliner. The study found that the greatest percentage of former students dropped out of high school because they lacked inspiration in the classroom. This suggests that the lack of motivation and engagement in the learning environment played a significant role in their decision to leave school.Rate this question:
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- 16.
Among those who feel that NCLB is valuable legislation that should, however, be reformed, Piche notes that the main area of disagreement concerns the:
- A.
Role of the federal government.
- B.
High cost of administering the legislation.
- C.
Subjects to be covered under additional testing.
- D.
Amount of progress schools are expected to make each year.
Correct Answer
A. Role of the federal government.Explanation
The main area of disagreement among those who feel that NCLB is valuable legislation but should be reformed is the role of the federal government. This suggests that some individuals believe that the federal government should have a larger role in education and enforcing standards, while others may argue for less federal involvement and more local control over education policies.Rate this question:
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- 17.
Ruby Paine, who believes that a deficit model serves poor children well, says that teachers can help students become comfortable with the abstract representations characteristic of school by giving them:
- A.
Just 10 minutes of extra time per day.
- B.
Rewards.
- C.
Mental models.
- D.
Creative challenges.
Correct Answer
C. Mental models.Explanation
Ruby Paine believes that a deficit model, which focuses on the weaknesses and deficiencies of poor children, can benefit them. She suggests that teachers can help these students become more comfortable with the abstract representations commonly found in school by providing them with mental models. Mental models are cognitive frameworks that help individuals understand and interpret information. By giving poor children mental models, teachers can support their learning and help them navigate the abstract concepts they encounter in school.Rate this question:
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- 18.
Mistilina Sato and Timothy J. Lensmire, who do not believe that a deficit model serves poor children well, agree with an analysis by Bomer et al., in which Payne’s work is assessed as a classic example of:
- A.
An unfinished thought.
- B.
Misguided sentiment.
- C.
Retrograde ideology.
- D.
Deficit thinking.
Correct Answer
D. Deficit thinking.Explanation
Mistilina Sato and Timothy J. Lensmire, along with Bomer et al., agree that Payne's work exemplifies deficit thinking. This means that they believe Payne's work is based on the idea that poor children have inherent deficits or shortcomings that need to be fixed or overcome. They argue that this approach does not effectively serve poor children and instead perpetuates negative stereotypes and inequality.Rate this question:
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- 19.
With regard to efforts to more precisely understand "public schooling," Frederick M. Hess, who believes that "public schooling" should be redefined, would agree with all of the following statements except
- A.
Public schools are obligated to teach tolerance and diversity.
- B.
Public schools are obligated to teach respect for the constitutional order.
- C.
Schooling entails both public and private purposes.
- D.
Academic learning serves the individual and the needs of the state.
Correct Answer
A. Public schools are obligated to teach tolerance and diversity.Explanation
Frederick M. Hess, who believes that "public schooling" should be redefined, would agree with all of the other statements except for the idea that public schools are obligated to teach tolerance and diversity. This is because Hess argues for a redefinition of public schooling that focuses more on academic learning and the needs of the state, rather than social or cultural goals such as teaching tolerance and diversity.Rate this question:
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- 20.
According to Linda Nathan et al., who do not believe that "public schooling" should be redefined, when it comes to opening minds to a critical look at new ideas in public education, which one of the following would be the easiest to approach?
- A.
Social goals and civic priorities
- B.
Matters of ethics and values
- C.
Educational philosophies and educators' professional skills
- D.
Teaching skills and developing social cohesion in each generation
Correct Answer
D. Teaching skills and developing social cohesion in each generationExplanation
According to Linda Nathan et al., the easiest aspect to approach when it comes to opening minds to a critical look at new ideas in public education is teaching skills and developing social cohesion in each generation. This suggests that Nathan and others believe that focusing on improving teaching skills and fostering social cohesion among students is the most practical and effective way to bring about positive change in public schooling.Rate this question:
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- 21.
More than half of all undocumented immigrants have been living in the United States for at least five years and identify themselves as:
- A.
Citizens.
- B.
Americans.
- C.
Temporary visitors.
- D.
Necessary workers.
Correct Answer
B. Americans.Explanation
The correct answer is Americans because the statement mentions that more than half of all undocumented immigrants have been living in the United States for at least five years. This implies that they have established a sense of belonging and identification with the country, considering themselves as Americans despite their undocumented status.Rate this question:
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- 22.
A recent report concerning illegal immigration maintains that ending the contribution of illegal immigrants to the U.S. economy would have an impact comparable to a:
- A.
Severe natural disaster
- B.
Large-scale public works program to put unskilled U.S. workers in jobs.
- C.
Major tax increase.
- D.
Cutting of numerous social welfare programs.
Correct Answer
C. Major tax increase.Explanation
The correct answer is major tax increase. The report suggests that if the contribution of illegal immigrants to the U.S. economy were to end, it would have a similar impact as a major tax increase. This implies that illegal immigrants play a significant role in the economy, and their absence would result in a loss of revenue that would need to be compensated through higher taxes.Rate this question:
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- 23.
In the majority opinion in the case of Plyler v. Doe, Justice Brennan supported his argument with reference to the right to:
- A.
Free speech.
- B.
Free association.
- C.
Petition for citizenship.
- D.
Equal protection.
Correct Answer
D. Equal protection.Explanation
In the case of Plyler v. Doe, Justice Brennan argued that denying education to undocumented immigrant children violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. This clause guarantees that all individuals, regardless of their immigration status, are entitled to equal protection under the law. Justice Brennan believed that denying education to these children created a subclass of people who were being treated unfairly and denied the same opportunities as other children. Therefore, he supported his argument with reference to the right to equal protection.Rate this question:
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- 24.
Education research-and-development at the federal level, as presented by Chris Whittle, is 1/100th of what is spent on:
- A.
Health care.
- B.
Teacher compensation.
- C.
National defense.
- D.
Federal employee benefits.
Correct Answer
A. Health care.Explanation
The correct answer is health care. The statement suggests that the amount of money spent on education research-and-development at the federal level is significantly less (1/100th) compared to the amount spent on health care. This implies that the funding allocated for education research and development is much lower in comparison to the funding for health care.Rate this question:
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- 25.
Henry Levin disputes Chris Whittle’s claims on all of the following EXCEPT:
- A.
That economies of scale create greater economic efficiencies.
- B.
That peer tutoring can save money.
- C.
That technology in the classroom is adequate.
- D.
That additional funds on research and development are necessary.
Correct Answer
D. That additional funds on research and development are necessary.Explanation
Henry Levin disputes Chris Whittle's claims on all of the given options except for the claim that additional funds on research and development are necessary. This means that Henry Levin agrees with Chris Whittle's assertion that additional funds on research and development are necessary.Rate this question:
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- 26.
Mara Sapon-Shevin, who believes that the inclusive classroom model is working, says that it is time we understand that inclusive, diverse classrooms are:
- A.
Conspicuously absent from many school districts.
- B.
Here to stay.
- C.
An endangered species.
- D.
Based on a 250-year-old model.
Correct Answer
B. Here to stay.Explanation
The correct answer is "here to stay." This answer is supported by the statement made by Mara Sapon-Shevin, who believes that the inclusive classroom model is working. This suggests that inclusive, diverse classrooms are not going away and will continue to be a part of the education system.Rate this question:
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- 27.
Wade A. Carpenter, who does not believe that the inclusive classroom model is working, says that our society has not yet provided enough support or alternatives for exceptional students, nor has it learned how to:
- A.
Discriminate well.
- B.
Be comfortable with them.
- C.
Make exceptional teaching an imperative.
- D.
Nurture the average student.
Correct Answer
A. Discriminate well.Explanation
The correct answer is "discriminate well." This answer aligns with Wade A. Carpenter's belief that our society has not learned how to effectively differentiate and make appropriate distinctions among exceptional students. It suggests that instead of providing necessary support or alternatives for exceptional students, society tends to overlook their unique needs and abilities. By not being able to discriminate well, society fails to address the specific requirements and challenges faced by exceptional students in the inclusive classroom model.Rate this question:
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- 28.
The Gates Foundation version of the three R’s include all of the following EXCEPT:
- A.
Readiness.
- B.
Relevance.
- C.
Rigor.
- D.
Relationships.
Correct Answer
A. Readiness.Explanation
The Gates Foundation version of the three R's includes relevance, rigor, and relationships. These three elements are considered essential for effective education. Readiness, on the other hand, is not explicitly mentioned as one of the three R's in the Gates Foundation's version. Readiness typically refers to a student's preparedness for learning, including their physical, emotional, and cognitive readiness. While readiness is important, it is not specifically included in the three R's framework proposed by the Gates Foundation.Rate this question:
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- 29.
For Leon Botstein, a key element to transforming schools and decreasing the dropout rate is:
- A.
Early college programs.
- B.
Remedial preparation programs.
- C.
Peer tutoring.
- D.
Universal early education.
Correct Answer
A. Early college programs.Explanation
Leon Botstein believes that early college programs are a crucial factor in transforming schools and reducing the dropout rate. These programs allow high school students to enroll in college-level courses and earn college credits while still in high school. By exposing students to the college experience and challenging them academically, early college programs can motivate and prepare students for higher education. This can ultimately lead to increased graduation rates and better college readiness among students.Rate this question:
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- 30.
In Dan Peterson’s article, "The Little Engine that Could . . .Undo Darwinism," what is "the little engine"?
- A.
Intelligent design
- B.
A nanotech medical device
- C.
Bacteria flagellum
- D.
A miniaturized rotary engine
Correct Answer
C. Bacteria flagellumExplanation
The correct answer is the bacteria flagellum. In Dan Peterson's article, "The Little Engine that Could . . .Undo Darwinism," the "little engine" refers to the bacteria flagellum. The article discusses how the complexity and functionality of the bacteria flagellum challenges the theory of Darwinism and supports the concept of intelligent design. The flagellum is a whip-like structure found in certain bacteria that allows them to move and swim. Its intricate design and ability to perform complex functions have been cited as evidence for intelligent design rather than random evolution.Rate this question:
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- 31.
What is the name of the strategy used by ID advocates to weaken scientific materialism and replacing it with Christian science?
- A.
The Wedge Strategy
- B.
The Complexity Strategy
- C.
The Dover Strategy
- D.
The Creationism Strategy
Correct Answer
A. The Wedge StrategyExplanation
The correct answer is the Wedge Strategy. This strategy refers to the approach used by Intelligent Design (ID) advocates to challenge the dominance of scientific materialism and promote the inclusion of Christian science in academic and public discourse. The Wedge Strategy aims to undermine the naturalistic worldview and establish Intelligent Design as a valid scientific alternative, primarily by emphasizing perceived weaknesses in evolutionary theory and promoting the idea of a purposeful designer.Rate this question:
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- 32.
In the words of Peter Meyer, who believes that single-sex schools and classes are effective, serious educators realize that single-sex schools and classrooms are not a threat, but another:
- A.
Thumbs up for students’ rights.
- B.
Footprint in the march against scholastic inequity.
- C.
Arrow in the quiver of quality education.
- D.
Voice in the chorus for equal opportunity.
Correct Answer
C. Arrow in the quiver of quality education.Explanation
The correct answer, "arrow in the quiver of quality education," suggests that single-sex schools and classes are seen as a valuable tool or resource in providing high-quality education. This implies that they can contribute to enhancing the overall educational experience and outcomes for students. The use of the metaphor "arrow in the quiver" implies that single-sex schools and classes are an effective and beneficial addition to the range of educational options available.Rate this question:
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- 33.
Vincent A. Anfara, Jr., and Steven B. Mertens, who do not believe that single-sex schools and classes are effective, provide some background by citing Tyack and Hansot and also Hawtrey, who found that, since the late nineteenth century, the factors of major impetus for the rising “tide of coeducation” were:
- A.
Academic.
- B.
Economic.
- C.
Political.
- D.
Cultural.
Correct Answer
B. Economic.Explanation
Anfara and Mertens argue against the effectiveness of single-sex schools and classes, and they support their argument by referencing Tyack and Hansot and Hawtrey. These sources found that the main driving factors behind the increase in coeducation since the late nineteenth century were academic, economic, political, and cultural. Therefore, the correct answer is economic, as it is one of the factors mentioned in the sources provided by Anfara and Mertens.Rate this question:
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- 34.
In the opinion of Frederick M. Hess, who believes that computers negatively affect student growth, the use of technology in education is different from its use in business and government because in business and government, technology is used as
- A.
An end in itself.
- B.
Cost-cutting tool.
- C.
A tool for self-improvement.
- D.
A diagnostic tool.
Correct Answer
C. A tool for self-improvement.Explanation
Frederick M. Hess believes that computers negatively affect student growth, suggesting that the use of technology in education is different from its use in business and government. In business and government, technology is used as a tool for self-improvement. This implies that technology is utilized to enhance productivity, efficiency, and overall performance in these sectors. However, in the context of education, Hess argues that technology does not contribute to student growth and development. Therefore, the correct answer is "a tool for self-improvement."Rate this question:
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- 35.
Lowell Monke, who does not believe that computers negatively affect student growth, contends that the general computer skills that a youth needs to enter the workplace or college can be learned in
- A.
A few weeks.
- B.
One year of instruction during high school.
- C.
The years between kindergarten and fourth grade.
- D.
None of the above
Correct Answer
B. One year of instruction during high school.Explanation
According to Lowell Monke, the general computer skills necessary for entering the workplace or college can be acquired in one year of instruction during high school. This suggests that Monke believes that a focused and intensive period of computer instruction during high school is sufficient to equip students with the necessary computer skills. This viewpoint implies that the earlier years of education, such as kindergarten to fourth grade, may not be the most crucial time for computer skill development.Rate this question:
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- 36.
The Tennessee Value-Added Assessment System, says Steven Malanga, who believes that merit pay can accelerate school improvement, proved that
- A.
Good teaching can be accurately quantified.
- B.
Not only does teaching matter, but some teachers are lots better than others.
- C.
Student performance is more closely tied to school system quality rather than teacher quality.
- D.
Teachers perform better with the incentive of merit pay.
Correct Answer
B. Not only does teaching matter, but some teachers are lots better than others.Explanation
The Tennessee Value-Added Assessment System, according to Steven Malanga, provides evidence that some teachers are significantly better than others. This implies that teaching does matter and that the quality of teaching can vary greatly among educators. The system's ability to accurately quantify good teaching suggests that merit pay, which provides incentives for teachers to perform better, can lead to school improvement. This answer captures the idea that teaching is important and that there is a range of effectiveness among teachers.Rate this question:
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- 37.
Al Ramirez, who does not believe that merit pay can accelerate school improvement, recommends that policymakers, leaders, and deliberative bodies investigating the value of merit pay systems ask all of the following questions except
- A.
Am I clear about whom to reward?
- B.
Can a school district be run like a business?
- C.
Will this evaluation and reward system eventually reap better student test scores?
- D.
Is this evaluation and reward system fair?
Correct Answer
C. Will this evaluation and reward system eventually reap better student test scores?Explanation
The given correct answer is "Will this evaluation and reward system eventually reap better student test scores?" This question is not recommended by Al Ramirez because he does not believe that merit pay can accelerate school improvement. He suggests asking questions about clarity on whom to reward, the possibility of running a school district like a business, and the fairness of the evaluation and reward system. However, he does not recommend asking about the potential impact of the system on student test scores.Rate this question:
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