Educ 701.49 Final Exam

Robert M. Hutchins believes that the fundamental goal of schooling should be to enhance individuals as human beings. This implies that education should focus on developing the overall character, intellect, and moral values of students, rather than solely preparing them for specific occupations or emphasizing social experiences. Hutchins emphasizes the importance of education in cultivating individuals' personal growth, self-improvement, and understanding of the human condition.

John Dewey, a prominent philosopher and educator, believed that schooling should be rooted in social experiences. He argued that education should be practical and relevant to real-life situations. An empirical approach, which relies on observation, experimentation, and evidence-based reasoning, aligns with Dewey's philosophy. It emphasizes learning through direct experience and encourages students to engage with the world around them. This approach fosters critical thinking, problem-solving skills, and an understanding of the scientific method. Therefore, empirical sciences best support Dewey's vision of education as a social and experiential process.

Mortimer J. Adler believes that the curriculum should be standardized for all, indicating that he values a well-rounded education that covers a wide range of subjects. Therefore, it can be inferred that he would view specialization as a negative aspect of modern society, as it focuses on narrow areas of expertise and neglects the development of a broad knowledge base. This aligns with his belief in a standardized curriculum that promotes a comprehensive education for all individuals.

The correct answer is "A to Z." This means moving from one extreme to another, encompassing the entire range or spectrum. In the context of Clabaugh's "Democratic Classrooms," it suggests a shift from one end of a concept or approach to the opposite end, embracing a comprehensive and inclusive perspective.

The correct answer is "a civil rights issue." This is because the author mentions Paul E. Peterson, who believes that vouchers are considered a civil rights issue by Justice Clarence Thomas and President George W. Bush. This suggests that they view vouchers as a means to provide equal educational opportunities for all students, particularly those from disadvantaged backgrounds, in order to address the issue of civil rights in education.

The correct answer is health care. The statement suggests that the amount spent on education research and development at the federal level is only a fraction of what is spent on health care. This implies that health care receives significantly more funding compared to education research and development.

The correct answer is the bacteria flagellum. In Dan Peterson's article, "The Little Engine that Could . . .Undo Darwinism," he refers to the bacteria flagellum as "the little engine." This is because the flagellum is a whip-like appendage that bacteria use for movement, and it functions similarly to a rotary engine. The comparison highlights the complexity and design of the flagellum, which challenges the theory of Darwinism.

The correct answer is "one specialist 'screwing' on the next educational component." In the context of "Subtractive Education," Herb Childress is referring to the process of education where each specialist focuses on their own specific area of expertise and adds their knowledge to the educational system, building upon what has already been learned. This concept is likened to the act of "screwing" one educational component onto another, emphasizing the incremental nature of education and the accumulation of knowledge.

The school performance of students should not be part of an incremental formula for school funding according to Tucker. This means that the funding should not be based solely on how well the students perform academically. Instead, other factors such as students with disabilities, students from non-English speaking homes, and family income of students should be considered in the formula for school funding.

The correct answer is "has lately become popular." This is because the passage states that David L. Kirp believes that the time has arrived for universal preschool, implying that it has gained popularity recently.

The correct answer is "totality of the circumstances." This means that government officials must consider all relevant factors and information when determining whether there is a reasonable basis for conducting a search. They cannot solely rely on one specific factor, such as the suspect's state of mind or the polarizing effect on citizen/authority relationships. Instead, they must consider the overall context and all the circumstances surrounding the situation. This ensures a fair and objective evaluation of whether a search is justified.

Anfara and Mertens argue against the effectiveness of single-sex schools and classes. They support their argument by citing Tyack and Hansot and Hawtrey, who found that the major factors driving the increase in coeducation since the late nineteenth century were academic, economic, political, and cultural. Out of these factors, the correct answer is economic, indicating that economic considerations played a significant role in the rise of coeducation.

David Elkind believes that teaching will become a true profession only when there is a genuine science of education. This implies that for teaching to be considered a profession, it needs to be based on a solid foundation of scientific research and evidence. A science of education would provide teachers with a systematic and evidence-based approach to teaching, allowing them to make informed decisions about instructional strategies and methods that are most effective for different learners. It would also help in advancing the field of education by continuously improving teaching practices through research and experimentation.

The correct answer is "the War on Poverty." Besharov and Call argue that the idea of federally administered, community-based programs for preschool education resembles the approach taken during the War on Poverty. This suggests that they believe the current push for universal preschool is similar to the strategies employed during the War on Poverty, which they may view as ineffective or misguided.

The correct answer is major tax increase. The report suggests that if the contribution of illegal immigrants to the U.S. economy were to end, it would have a significant impact similar to a major tax increase. This implies that illegal immigrants play a substantial role in the economy, and their absence would result in a loss of economic productivity and tax revenue. The comparison to a major tax increase suggests that the impact would be significant and potentially detrimental to the overall economy.

In the case of Plyler v. Doe, Justice Brennan argued in favor of equal protection. This means that he believed that all individuals, regardless of their immigration status, should be entitled to the same legal protections and rights as citizens. By referencing the right to equal protection, Justice Brennan supported the idea that denying education to undocumented children violated their constitutional rights. This case ultimately resulted in the Supreme Court ruling that it was unconstitutional to deny education to children based on their immigration status.

The Tennessee Value-Added Assessment System, according to Steven Malanga, demonstrates that teaching is important and that there is a significant variation in the effectiveness of different teachers. This suggests that some teachers are much better at their job than others.

The correct answer is "discriminate well." This is because Wade A. Carpenter believes that our society has not learned how to properly discriminate between exceptional students and average students in order to provide the necessary support and alternatives for exceptional students. Discriminating well in this context means being able to accurately identify the unique needs and abilities of exceptional students and tailor educational approaches accordingly.

The Wedge Strategy is the correct answer because it refers to the specific strategy used by Intelligent Design (ID) advocates to challenge scientific materialism and promote their own beliefs. This strategy aims to undermine the dominance of scientific naturalism and replace it with Christian science, by presenting Intelligent Design as a scientific alternative to evolution. The term "wedge" symbolizes the goal of driving a wedge between science and materialism, with the ultimate aim of promoting religious ideas in the scientific realm.

The Gates Foundation version of the three R's includes relevance, rigor, and relationships. These three components are considered essential for effective education. Readiness, however, is not included in their version. Readiness typically refers to the preparedness of students to engage in learning, but it is not explicitly mentioned as one of the key components in the Gates Foundation's approach.

The statement by Mara Sapon-Shevin suggests that the inclusive classroom model is not only present but also enduring. This implies that inclusive, diverse classrooms are not disappearing or becoming less common. Instead, they are becoming a permanent and integral part of the education system.

The correct answer is "Americans" because the question states that more than half of all undocumented immigrants have been living in the United States for at least five years. This implies that they have established their lives in the country and consider themselves as part of the American society, despite their undocumented status.

Gary K. Clabaugh believes that work-world values are virtually identical to conventional school values. This means that the values that are emphasized and promoted in the workplace are similar to the values that are taught and upheld in traditional school settings. Clabaugh does not believe that truly democratic classrooms are possible, suggesting that the values taught in schools align more closely with the values of the work-world, which may prioritize competition and personal worth.

In the given question, David Souter's belief that a zero-tolerance policy can violate students' rights indicates that there might have been an incident where a student's rights were violated. The question mentions that Savana Redding was taken to the school nurse's office to search her clothes and person. The correct answer, pills, suggests that the search was conducted to look for medication or drugs. This implies that Savana Redding's rights may have been violated by conducting a search without proper justification or reasonable suspicion.

Rogers cites lack of commitment, lack of purpose, and lack of meaning as part of the "disease of our age." However, he does not mention lack of control as one of the factors contributing to this disease. This suggests that Rogers does not view lack of control as a significant issue in our society.

Leon Botstein believes that early college programs are a crucial factor in improving schools and reducing the dropout rate. By providing students with the opportunity to enroll in college courses while still in high school, these programs expose them to a more rigorous academic environment and prepare them for the challenges of higher education. Early college programs not only give students a head start on their college education but also instill in them a sense of purpose and motivation to succeed. This approach can help transform schools by creating a college-going culture and increasing students' chances of completing their education.

Mistilina Sato and Timothy J. Lensmire, along with Bomer et al., agree that Payne's work is a classic example of deficit thinking. This means that Payne's work focuses on the perceived deficits or shortcomings of poor children, rather than recognizing and building upon their strengths and potential. Sato and Lensmire, as well as Bomer et al., argue that this deficit model does not serve poor children well, as it fails to address the systemic barriers and inequalities that contribute to their circumstances.

Frederick M. Hess believes that "public schooling" should be redefined, suggesting that he may not agree with the statement that public schools are obligated to teach tolerance and diversity. This is because he may argue that public schools should focus more on academic learning and the needs of the state, rather than prioritizing teaching tolerance and diversity.

The given correct answer is "Will this evaluation and reward system eventually reap better student test scores?" This question is not recommended by Al Ramirez because he does not believe that merit pay can accelerate school improvement. He suggests policymakers and leaders to ask other questions such as "Am I clear about whom to reward?", "Can a school district be run like a business?", and "Is this evaluation and reward system fair?".

Peterson would disagree with the statement that money accounts for gains that black students have made by switching to private schools. This suggests that the improvement in academic performance is solely due to the financial resources available in private schools, which Peterson would not agree with. He may argue that factors such as school choice and the overall environment of the school are more influential in improving academic performance.

The main area of disagreement among those who feel that NCLB is valuable legislation that should be reformed is the role of the federal government. This means that there are differing opinions on how involved the federal government should be in education policy and implementation. Some may argue for a more centralized approach, while others may advocate for more local control and decision-making.

The given answer, "antithetical to conventional school practices," means that democratic education goes against or is opposite to traditional school practices. This implies that democratic education challenges the traditional methods and beliefs of education, which may be more authoritarian or hierarchical in nature. Instead, democratic education promotes a more inclusive and participatory approach, where students have a say in decision-making and are actively engaged in their own learning process.

Ruby Paine believes that a deficit model, which focuses on the deficits and disadvantages of poor children, can be beneficial for them. She suggests that teachers can help these students become comfortable with the abstract representations in school by providing them with mental models. Mental models are cognitive frameworks or representations that help individuals understand and navigate complex concepts or ideas. By using mental models, teachers can support students in grasping abstract concepts and bridging the gap between their prior knowledge and the academic content. This approach can enhance their learning experience and improve their academic performance.

Frederick M. Hess believes that the use of technology in education is different from its use in business and government because in business and government, technology is used as a tool for self-improvement. This suggests that technology is utilized in these sectors to enhance productivity, efficiency, and performance. In the context of education, however, Hess argues that computers negatively affect student growth. Therefore, the use of technology in education should focus on self-improvement rather than solely relying on technology as an end in itself.

A constructivist teacher believes in the importance of student-centered learning and encourages students to construct their own understanding of concepts. By saying "That is an acceptable answer," the teacher acknowledges that there can be multiple interpretations or perspectives in analyzing a play. The teacher values the student's effort in providing an explanation, even if it may differ from the traditional interpretation of Romeo and Juliet. This response promotes critical thinking and encourages students to explore different viewpoints.

The correct answer, "arrow in the quiver of quality education," suggests that Peter Meyer believes that single-sex schools and classes contribute positively to the overall quality of education. This phrase implies that single-sex schools and classrooms are seen as a valuable tool or resource in providing high-quality education. It suggests that they can offer unique benefits and enhance the educational experience for students.

Lowell Monke argues that the necessary computer skills for students to succeed in the workplace or college can be acquired in one year of instruction during high school. This suggests that Monke believes that a focused and intensive period of instruction during high school is sufficient for students to develop the computer skills they need. Monke's viewpoint contradicts the options of a few weeks or the years between kindergarten and fourth grade, indicating that he does not believe that computer skills can be acquired quickly or at a young age.

B.F. Skinner, a proponent of behaviorism, believed that educational practices should be shaped by behaviorism. His theory emphasizes the constructive power of positive reinforcers. Positive reinforcers are rewards or stimuli that increase the likelihood of a behavior being repeated. Skinner believed that by using positive reinforcers, educators could shape and reinforce desired behaviors in students. This theory suggests that by providing positive reinforcement for desired behaviors, educators can effectively influence and shape students' behavior in a constructive manner.

The correct answer is "they did not feel inspired in class." This is supported by the findings of a recent study by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation cited by Nichols and Berliner. The study revealed that the greatest percentage of former students cited a lack of inspiration as the reason for dropping out of high school. This suggests that students may not have found the classroom environment engaging or motivating, leading to a lack of interest and ultimately dropping out.

Glenn believes that the 1997 Public Agenda survey found that it is more important for students to experience the intellectual process of searching and struggling to learn. This suggests that Glenn values the active engagement and critical thinking skills that come from this process, rather than simply memorizing facts or learning concepts in a traditional way.

Henry Levin disputes Chris Whittle's claims on all of the mentioned points except for the claim that additional funds on research and development are necessary. This means that Henry Levin agrees with Chris Whittle's assertion that additional funds on research and development are necessary.

According to Linda Nathan et al., they do not believe that "public schooling" should be redefined. Therefore, the easiest approach to opening minds to a critical look at new ideas in public education would be to focus on teaching skills and developing social cohesion in each generation. This suggests that Nathan and her colleagues believe that improving teaching methods and fostering a sense of unity among students would be more readily accepted and implemented than attempting to redefine social goals, ethics, values, or educational philosophies.

According to John Holt, he believes that parents should have the ultimate authority to make educational decisions for their children. He argues against standardized curriculum for all and instead advocates for parents to exert their natural authority in influencing their children's educational choices. This suggests that Holt believes in empowering parents to have control over their children's education, rather than relying on government or school authorities.