Dysrhythmias Pre-test (The Basics)
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Questions and Answers
- 1.
What is occurring in phase 0 of this picture?
- A.
Sudden and rapid depolarization and Na+ influx
- B.
Early incomplete repolarization slowed by plateau phase
- C.
The depolarizing effects of slow Ca++ overlaps the repolarization of the Na+ pump (plateau)
- D.
Rapid repolarization
- E.
Resting state (spontaneous depolarization)
Correct Answer
A. Sudden and rapid depolarization and Na+ influxExplanation
In phase 0 of this picture, there is a sudden and rapid depolarization occurring, which is accompanied by an influx of Na+ ions.Rate this question:
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- 2.
What is occurring in phase 1 of this picture?
- A.
Sudden and rapid depolarization and Na+ influx
- B.
Early incomplete repolarization slowed by plateau phase
- C.
The depolarizing effects of slow Ca++ overlaps the repolarization of the Na+ pump (plateau)
- D.
Rapid repolarization
- E.
Resting state (spontaneous depolarization)
Correct Answer
B. Early incomplete repolarization slowed by plateau phaseExplanation
In phase 1 of the picture, there is early incomplete repolarization that is slowed down by the plateau phase. This means that the cell is starting to repolarize, or return to its resting state, but the repolarization process is not yet complete. The plateau phase refers to a period of time during repolarization where the depolarizing effects of slow calcium influx counteract the repolarization caused by the sodium pump. This results in a slower repolarization process compared to the rapid repolarization seen in later phases.Rate this question:
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- 3.
What is occurring in phase 2 of this picture?
- A.
Sudden and rapid depolarization and Na+ influx
- B.
Early incomplete repolarization slowed by plateau phase
- C.
The depolarizing effects of slow Ca++ overlaps the repolarization of the Na+ pump (plateau)
- D.
Rapid repolarization
- E.
Resting state (spontaneous depolarization)
Correct Answer
C. The depolarizing effects of slow Ca++ overlaps the repolarization of the Na+ pump (plateau)Explanation
In phase 2 of the picture, the depolarizing effects of slow Ca++ overlaps the repolarization of the Na+ pump, resulting in a plateau phase. This means that while some repolarization is occurring, it is slowed down by the influx of slow Ca++ ions, leading to a prolonged period of depolarization.Rate this question:
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- 4.
What is occurring in phase 3 of this picture?
- A.
Sudden and rapid depolarization and Na+ influx
- B.
Early incomplete repolarization slowed by plateau phase
- C.
The depolarizing effects of slow Ca++ overlaps the repolarization of the Na+ pump (plateau)
- D.
Rapid repolarization
- E.
Resting state (spontaneous depolarization)
Correct Answer
D. Rapid repolarizationExplanation
In phase 3 of this picture, rapid repolarization is occurring. This means that the cell is returning to its resting state after depolarization. The ion channels responsible for the rapid influx of sodium ions during depolarization close, while the channels responsible for the efflux of potassium ions open, leading to the restoration of the cell's negative membrane potential. This process allows the cell to reset and prepare for the next action potential.Rate this question:
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- 5.
What is occurring in phase 4 of this picture?
- A.
Sudden and rapid depolarization and Na+ influx (depolarization)
- B.
Early incomplete repolarization slowed by plateau phase
- C.
The depolarizing effects of slow Ca++ overlaps the repolarization of the Na+ pump (plateau)
- D.
Rapid repolarization
- E.
Resting state (spontaneous depolarization)
Correct Answer
E. Resting state (spontaneous depolarization) -
- 6.
Ability to initiate an impulse
- A.
Automaticity
- B.
Contractility
- C.
Conductivity
- D.
Excitability
Correct Answer
A. AutomaticityExplanation
Automaticity refers to the ability of certain cells, such as cardiac pacemaker cells, to generate electrical impulses spontaneously without any external stimulus. These cells have a built-in mechanism that allows them to initiate and regulate the heartbeat. This characteristic is essential for the heart to function properly and maintain a regular rhythm. Therefore, the ability to initiate an impulse accurately describes the concept of automaticity.Rate this question:
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- 7.
Ability to respond mechanically to an impulse
- A.
Automaticity
- B.
Contractility
- C.
Conductivity
- D.
Excitability
Correct Answer
B. ContractilityExplanation
Contractility refers to the ability of muscle cells to contract or shorten in response to a stimulus. This allows muscles to generate force and produce movement. In the context of the given question, contractility is the most appropriate term as it describes the ability to respond mechanically to an impulse, indicating the ability of muscle cells to contract in response to a stimulus. Automaticity refers to the ability of certain cells to initiate their own electrical impulses, conductivity refers to the ability of cells to transmit electrical impulses, and excitability refers to the ability of cells to respond to a stimulus.Rate this question:
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- 8.
Ability to transmit an impulse along a membrane in an orderly manner
- A.
Automaticity
- B.
Contractility
- C.
Conductivity
- D.
Excitability
Correct Answer
C. ConductivityExplanation
Conductivity refers to the ability of a membrane to transmit an impulse in a systematic and organized manner. It allows for the transmission of electrical signals or impulses along the membrane, enabling communication between different parts of the body. This process is essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system, as it allows for the transmission of signals between neurons and the coordination of various bodily functions.Rate this question:
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- 9.
Ability to be electrically stimulated
- A.
Automaticity
- B.
Contractility
- C.
Conductivity
- D.
Excitability
Correct Answer
D. ExcitabilityExplanation
Excitability refers to the ability of a cell or tissue to respond to electrical or chemical stimuli. In the context of the given question, the ability to be electrically stimulated is synonymous with excitability. Therefore, excitability is the correct answer.Rate this question:
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- 10.
The time a cell requires to recover before it can be depolarized
- A.
Refractory period
- B.
Absolute refractory period
- C.
Relative refractory period
Correct Answer
A. Refractory periodExplanation
The refractory period refers to the time it takes for a cell to recover before it can be depolarized again. It is a period of reduced excitability during which the cell is unable to respond to any further stimulation. The refractory period can be further divided into two phases: the absolute refractory period, where the cell is completely unresponsive to any stimulation, and the relative refractory period, where the cell can only be depolarized by a stronger than usual stimulus.Rate this question:
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- 11.
The period in which the fiber is absolutely unresponsive, independent of the magnitude of the stimuli
- A.
Refractory period
- B.
Absolute refractory period
- C.
Relative refractory period
Correct Answer
B. Absolute refractory periodExplanation
The absolute refractory period refers to a period in which the nerve fiber is completely unresponsive to any stimuli, regardless of their strength or magnitude. During this time, the nerve fiber is unable to generate another action potential, as it is in a state of repolarization. This period is crucial for ensuring that nerve impulses are conducted in a one-way direction and prevents the occurrence of overlapping or continuous action potentials.Rate this question:
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- 12.
The period in which the fiber is relatively unexcitable but a response can be elicited if the stimuli is stronger than the normal one
- A.
Refractory period
- B.
Absolute refractory period
- C.
Relative refractory period
Correct Answer
C. Relative refractory periodExplanation
The relative refractory period refers to a specific time period in which a nerve fiber is relatively unexcitable. During this period, a response can still be elicited, but only if the stimuli is stronger than the normal one. This means that the nerve fiber is able to respond to a stimulus, but it requires a stronger or more intense stimulus than usual to generate a response.Rate this question:
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- 13.
60-100 beats
- A.
SA node fibers
- B.
AV node fibers
- C.
His-Purkinje system
- D.
Ventricles
Correct Answer
A. SA node fibersExplanation
The SA (sinoatrial) node fibers are responsible for initiating the electrical impulses that regulate the heartbeat. These fibers are located in the right atrium of the heart and generate a regular rhythm of 60-100 beats per minute. They serve as the natural pacemaker of the heart, sending electrical signals to the atria and causing them to contract. This contraction then triggers the AV (atrioventricular) node fibers, which relay the electrical impulses to the ventricles, resulting in their contraction and the pumping of blood throughout the body.Rate this question:
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- 14.
40-60 beats
- A.
SA node fibers
- B.
AV node fibers
- C.
His-Purkinje system
- D.
Ventricles
Correct Answer
B. AV node fibersExplanation
The AV node fibers are responsible for transmitting electrical signals from the atria to the ventricles in the heart. These fibers act as a bridge between the SA node fibers, which initiate the electrical signal in the atria, and the His-Purkinje system, which distributes the signal to the ventricles. The AV node fibers help to coordinate the timing of the atrial and ventricular contractions, ensuring that the blood is effectively pumped throughout the body. The correct answer, "AV node fibers," indicates that the electrical signal is being transmitted from the atria to the ventricles.Rate this question:
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- 15.
30-40 beats
- A.
SA node fibers
- B.
AV node fibers
- C.
His-Purkinje system
- D.
Ventricles
Correct Answer
C. His-Purkinje systemExplanation
The His-Purkinje system is responsible for conducting electrical impulses through the ventricles of the heart, causing them to contract and pump blood. This system consists of specialized fibers that are capable of rapidly transmitting signals, allowing for efficient and coordinated contraction of the ventricles. The SA node and AV node fibers are involved in the initiation and regulation of the heart's electrical activity, but they do not directly cause the contraction of the ventricles. Therefore, the correct answer is the His-Purkinje system.Rate this question:
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- 16.
<30 beats
- A.
SA node fibers
- B.
AV node fibers
- C.
His-Purkinje system
- D.
Ventricles
Correct Answer
D. VentriclesExplanation
The correct answer is "Ventricles". The ventricles are the lower chambers of the heart and are responsible for pumping blood to the rest of the body. The SA node fibers, AV node fibers, and the His-Purkinje system are all part of the electrical conduction system of the heart, which helps coordinate the contraction of the atria and ventricles. However, the ventricles are the final destination of the electrical signals and are responsible for the actual pumping action.Rate this question:
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- 17.
What does this EKG show?
- A.
Normal Sinus Rhythm
- B.
Sick Sinus Syndrome
- C.
Sinus Bradycardia
- D.
Sinus Arrhythmia
Correct Answer
A. Normal Sinus RhythmExplanation
This EKG shows a normal sinus rhythm. A normal sinus rhythm is characterized by a regular heart rate, with a consistent P wave preceding each QRS complex and a normal PR interval. The QRS complexes are also normal in shape and duration. This indicates that the electrical impulses in the heart are originating from the sinus node, which is the normal pacemaker of the heart. There are no abnormalities or irregularities in this EKG that would suggest any other rhythm abnormalities or conditions such as sick sinus syndrome, sinus bradycardia, or sinus arrhythmia.Rate this question:
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- 18.
What does this EKG show?
- A.
Normal Sinus Rhythm
- B.
Sick Sinus Syndrome
- C.
Sinus Bradycardia
- D.
Sinus Arrhythmia
Correct Answer
C. Sinus BradycardiaExplanation
This EKG shows sinus bradycardia. Sinus bradycardia is a type of arrhythmia characterized by a slower than normal heart rate. In this case, the EKG tracing shows a regular rhythm with a slower heart rate, which is indicative of sinus bradycardia.Rate this question:
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- 19.
What does this EKG show?
- A.
Normal Sinus Rhythm
- B.
Sick Sinus Syndrome
- C.
Sinus Bradycardia
- D.
Sinus Arrhythmia
Correct Answer
D. Sinus ArrhythmiaExplanation
Sinus arrhythmia is a type of irregular heart rhythm that is characterized by variations in the heart rate during breathing. It is a normal and benign condition that commonly occurs in young individuals. During inspiration, the heart rate increases slightly and during expiration, it decreases slightly. This is due to the influence of the autonomic nervous system on the heart. Sinus arrhythmia can be seen on an EKG as irregular spacing between the P waves, indicating irregularity in the electrical activity of the heart. It is important to differentiate sinus arrhythmia from other more serious arrhythmias, such as sick sinus syndrome or sinus bradycardia, which may require treatment.Rate this question:
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- 20.
What does this EKG show?
- A.
Normal Sinus Rhythm
- B.
Sick Sinus Syndrome
- C.
Sinus Bradycardia
- D.
Sinus Arrhythmia
Correct Answer
B. Sick Sinus SyndromeExplanation
The EKG shows characteristics of Sick Sinus Syndrome, which is a condition where the sinus node, the natural pacemaker of the heart, does not function properly. This can result in a variety of rhythm abnormalities, including bradycardia (slow heart rate) and arrhythmias (abnormal heart rhythms). Sinus Bradycardia and Sinus Arrhythmia are both specific types of rhythm abnormalities that can be seen in Sick Sinus Syndrome, but they do not encompass the full range of possible abnormalities seen in this condition. Normal Sinus Rhythm refers to a normal, healthy heart rhythm, which is not present in this EKG.Rate this question:
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- 21.
Heart rate less than 60 with a regular rhythm can be considered:
- A.
Sinus Bradycardia
- B.
Sinus Rhythm
- C.
Sinus Tachycardia
- D.
Wandering Atrial Pacemaker
- E.
Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia
- F.
Supraventricular Tachycardia
- G.
Atrial Flutter
- H.
Atrial Fibrillation
Correct Answer
A. Sinus BradycardiaExplanation
Sinus Bradycardia is the correct answer because it is characterized by a heart rate less than 60 beats per minute with a regular rhythm. In this condition, the electrical signals in the heart originate from the sinus node, which is the natural pacemaker of the heart. Sinus Bradycardia can be a normal finding in athletes or during sleep, but it can also be caused by certain medications, heart diseases, or other underlying conditions.Rate this question:
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- 22.
Regular rhythm with a heart rate of 60-100 with normal visible P waves and QRS can be considered:
- A.
Sinus Bradycardia
- B.
Sinus Rhythm
- C.
Sinus Tachycardia
- D.
Wandering Atrial Pacemaker
- E.
Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia
- F.
Supraventricular Tachycardia
- G.
Atrial Flutter
- H.
Atrial Fibrillation
Correct Answer
B. Sinus RhythmExplanation
Sinus rhythm refers to the normal electrical activity of the heart, where the heart rate falls within the range of 60-100 beats per minute. In sinus rhythm, the P waves, which represent the electrical activity of the atria, are normal and visible, and the QRS complexes, which represent the electrical activity of the ventricles, are also normal. Therefore, a regular rhythm with a heart rate of 60-100 with normal visible P waves and QRS complexes can be considered as sinus rhythm.Rate this question:
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- 23.
Regular rhythm with a heart rate ranging from 100 to about 180 with normal PQRS can be considered:
- A.
Sinus Bradycardia
- B.
Sinus Rhythm
- C.
Sinus Tachycardia
- D.
Wandering Atrial Pacemaker
- E.
Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia
- F.
Supraventricular Tachycardia
- G.
Atrial Flutter
- H.
Atrial Fibrillation
Correct Answer
C. Sinus TachycardiaExplanation
Sinus tachycardia is the correct answer because it is characterized by a regular rhythm with a heart rate ranging from 100 to about 180 beats per minute. In sinus tachycardia, the electrical impulses that control the heart's rhythm originate from the sinus node, which is the natural pacemaker of the heart. This condition can be caused by various factors such as exercise, stress, fever, or certain medications. It is important to note that sinus tachycardia is a normal physiological response to certain situations and is not considered a serious condition in most cases.Rate this question:
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- 24.
Heart rate of 60-100 with different P waves with a regular or irregular rhythm can be considered:
- A.
Sinus Bradycardia
- B.
Sinus Rhythm
- C.
Sinus Tachycardia
- D.
Wandering Atrial Pacemaker
- E.
Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia
- F.
Supraventricular Tachycardia
- G.
Atrial Flutter
- H.
Atrial Fibrillation
Correct Answer
D. Wandering Atrial PacemakerExplanation
A wandering atrial pacemaker is characterized by a heart rate of 60-100 with different P waves and a regular or irregular rhythm. In this condition, the pacemaker site in the atria shifts, resulting in different P wave morphologies. This can be distinguished from other conditions such as sinus bradycardia, sinus rhythm, sinus tachycardia, multifocal atrial tachycardia, supraventricular tachycardia, atrial flutter, and atrial fibrillation, which have different characteristics in terms of heart rate, rhythm, and P wave morphology.Rate this question:
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- 25.
Heart rate over 100 with at least 2 different P waves can be considered:
- A.
Sinus Bradycardia
- B.
Sinus Rhythm
- C.
Sinus Tachycardia
- D.
Wandering Atrial Pacemaker
- E.
Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia
- F.
Supraventricular Tachycardia
- G.
Atrial Flutter
- H.
Atrial Fibrillation
Correct Answer
E. Multifocal Atrial TachycardiaExplanation
Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia is characterized by a heart rate over 100 beats per minute and the presence of at least 2 different P waves. In this condition, the electrical signals in the atria are originating from multiple locations, resulting in irregular and chaotic atrial activity. This leads to an irregular ventricular response and an increased heart rate.Rate this question:
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- 26.
Heart rate in the range of 160-250 can incline you to believe a patient may have:
- A.
Sinus Bradycardia
- B.
Sinus Rhythm
- C.
Sinus Tachycardia
- D.
Wandering Atrial Pacemaker
- E.
Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia
- F.
Supraventricular Tachycardia
- G.
Atrial Flutter
- H.
Atrial Fibrillation
Correct Answer
F. Supraventricular TachycardiaExplanation
A heart rate in the range of 160-250 is considered abnormally fast, which is characteristic of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). SVT is a condition where the electrical signals controlling the heart's rhythm become disrupted, causing the heart to beat rapidly. This can lead to symptoms such as palpitations, dizziness, and shortness of breath. It is important to note that SVT is a broad term that encompasses various subtypes, including atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter, which are also listed as answer choices. However, without further information, it is not possible to determine the specific subtype of SVT.Rate this question:
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- 27.
Heart rate ranging from 250-450 with a "sawtooth" pattern and no visible P waves can be considered:
- A.
Sinus Bradycardia
- B.
Sinus Rhythm
- C.
Sinus Tachycardia
- D.
Wandering Atrial Pacemaker
- E.
Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia
- F.
Supraventricular Tachycardia
- G.
Atrial Flutter
- H.
Atrial Fibrillation
Correct Answer
G. Atrial FlutterExplanation
A heart rate ranging from 250-450 with a "sawtooth" pattern and no visible P waves is characteristic of Atrial Flutter. Atrial Flutter is a type of abnormal heart rhythm where the atria (upper chambers of the heart) beat very fast and in a regular pattern. This results in a rapid heart rate and a distinct "sawtooth" pattern on an EKG. The absence of visible P waves is due to the rapid and disorganized electrical activity in the atria.Rate this question:
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- 28.
Irregular rhythm with an atrial heart rate over 350, narrow QRS, and no defined P waves can be considered:
- A.
Sinus Bradycardia
- B.
Sinus Rhythm
- C.
Sinus Tachycardia
- D.
Wandering Atrial Pacemaker
- E.
Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia
- F.
Supraventricular Tachycardia
- G.
Atrial Flutter
- H.
Atrial Fibrillation
Correct Answer
H. Atrial FibrillationExplanation
Atrial fibrillation is characterized by an irregular rhythm with an atrial heart rate over 350, narrow QRS complexes, and no defined P waves. In atrial fibrillation, the atria quiver instead of contracting effectively, leading to a chaotic electrical activity. This results in an irregular ventricular response and can cause symptoms such as palpitations, shortness of breath, and fatigue. Treatment options for atrial fibrillation include medications to control heart rate and rhythm, as well as procedures like cardioversion or catheter ablation.Rate this question:
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- 29.
Sinus bradycardia can be normal in a well-conditioned athlete
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Sinus bradycardia refers to a slower than normal heart rate, but it can be considered normal in well-conditioned athletes. Regular exercise and physical fitness can lead to a lower resting heart rate, which is a sign of cardiovascular efficiency. Therefore, it is true that sinus bradycardia can be normal in a well-conditioned athlete.Rate this question:
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- 30.
Always ask a sinus tachycardia patient if he/she has ingested or experienced any stimulants such as anxiety, drugs, caffeine, etc.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
It is important to ask a sinus tachycardia patient if they have ingested or experienced any stimulants because these substances can cause an increase in heart rate. Anxiety, drugs, and caffeine are all examples of stimulants that can lead to sinus tachycardia. By identifying and addressing the underlying cause of the increased heart rate, appropriate treatment can be provided to the patient. Therefore, it is true that asking about stimulant ingestion or experiences is necessary in the case of sinus tachycardia.Rate this question:
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