Cytology: Acid-base Balance, Metabolic Alkalosis/Acidosis
Slide 17-end
Questions and Answers
- 1.
Which statement about metabolic acidosis is correct?
- A.
It's the most common acid-base abnormality in dogs and cats
- B.
It's the least common acid-base abnormality in dogs and cats
- C.
It affects most dairy cattle
- D.
Horses are never affected by this disorder
Correct Answer
A. It's the most common acid-base abnormality in dogs and catsExplanation
Metabolic acidosis is the most common acid-base abnormality in dogs and cats. Metabolic acidosis occurs when there is an excess of acid in the body, or when the body is unable to effectively remove acid. This can be caused by various factors such as kidney disease, diabetes, or certain medications. Dogs and cats are particularly prone to developing metabolic acidosis due to their unique metabolic processes. Therefore, it is important for veterinarians to consider metabolic acidosis as a potential diagnosis when evaluating dogs and cats with acid-base abnormalities.Rate this question:
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- 2.
What on earth is ABE?
- A.
Adjusted Base Excess
- B.
Arterial Bloodgas Excretion
- C.
The attractive hokey player neighbor you awkwardly stare at every morning while waiting for the bus.....
- D.
Adequate Base Excess
Correct Answer
A. Adjusted Base ExcessExplanation
Oh when will Abe finally give you his number ?Rate this question:
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- 3.
In metabolic acidosis, blood gas shows ____ ABE or low ______.
- A.
Low, HCO3-
- B.
High, HCO3-
- C.
Low, CO2
- D.
High, CO2
Correct Answer
A. Low, HCO3-Explanation
In metabolic acidosis, the blood gas shows a low level of bicarbonate (HCO3-). This is because metabolic acidosis is characterized by an excess of acid or a loss of bicarbonate, leading to a decrease in the bicarbonate concentration in the blood. The low bicarbonate level helps to compensate for the increased acidity in the body.Rate this question:
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- 4.
Select the causes of metabolic acidosis.
- A.
Renal failure
- B.
Ethylene glycol toxicity
- C.
DKA
- D.
Hypoadrenocorticism
- E.
Diarrhea
- F.
Lactic acid gain
- G.
Diabetes mellitus
- H.
Diabetes insipidus
Correct Answer(s)
A. Renal failure
B. Ethylene glycol toxicity
C. DKA
D. Hypoadrenocorticism
E. Diarrhea
F. Lactic acid gainExplanation
Metabolic acidosis is a condition characterized by an imbalance in the body's acid-base balance, resulting in an accumulation of acid or a loss of bicarbonate. Renal failure can cause metabolic acidosis as the kidneys are responsible for excreting acid and regulating bicarbonate levels. Ethylene glycol toxicity can lead to metabolic acidosis due to the production of toxic metabolites. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a common cause of metabolic acidosis in individuals with uncontrolled diabetes. Hypoadrenocorticism, also known as Addison's disease, can cause metabolic acidosis due to a deficiency in adrenal hormones. Diarrhea can lead to metabolic acidosis as it can result in the loss of bicarbonate-rich fluids. Lactic acid gain occurs in conditions such as sepsis or tissue hypoxia, leading to metabolic acidosis. Diabetes mellitus, a chronic condition characterized by high blood sugar levels, can cause metabolic acidosis. Diabetes insipidus, a disorder affecting water balance, is not a cause of metabolic acidosis.Rate this question:
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- 5.
The body's rapid response to metabolic acidosis involves the natural compensation by hyperventilating.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
The body's rapid response to metabolic acidosis involves hyperventilating as a natural compensation mechanism. When the body is experiencing metabolic acidosis, which is an increase in acid levels in the blood, the respiratory system responds by increasing the rate and depth of breathing. This increased ventilation helps to eliminate carbon dioxide, which is an acid, from the body and restore the acid-base balance. Therefore, the statement is true.Rate this question:
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- 6.
Treatment of metabolic acidosis involves....
- A.
Alkalinizing IV solution, and in severe cases, sodium bicarbonate
- B.
Alkalinizing IV solution
- C.
Immediate administration of sodium bicarbonate
- D.
It resolves on its own
Correct Answer
A. Alkalinizing IV solution, and in severe cases, sodium bicarbonateExplanation
Alkalinizing solutions: Lactate, gluconate, acetate.Rate this question:
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- 7.
Why should we avoid administering fast infusions of sodium bicarbonate to dehydrated patients with metabolic acidosis?
- A.
They could die
- B.
The treatment will cause alkalosis
- C.
The treatment won't affect the patient
- D.
Sodium bicarbonate is not a treatment option for metabolic acidosis.
Correct Answer
A. They could dieExplanation
Administering fast infusions of sodium bicarbonate to dehydrated patients with metabolic acidosis can be life-threatening. This is because rapid correction of acidosis can lead to a sudden shift in electrolyte balance, causing complications such as metabolic alkalosis and hypernatremia. These imbalances can have serious consequences and potentially result in death. Therefore, it is crucial to avoid administering sodium bicarbonate rapidly in this patient population.Rate this question:
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- 8.
Select the complications that could occur with bicarbonate therapy.
- A.
Volume overload
- B.
Tetany (decreased serum calcium)
- C.
Decreased O2 delivery to tissues
- D.
Decreased CO2 levels
- E.
Alkalosis
Correct Answer(s)
A. Volume overload
B. Tetany (decreased serum calcium)
C. Decreased O2 delivery to tissuesExplanation
Bicarbonate therapy can lead to volume overload because it increases the amount of fluid in the body. This can cause swelling and edema in various organs and tissues. Tetany, or decreased serum calcium, can occur because bicarbonate therapy can lead to increased pH levels in the blood, which can decrease the availability of ionized calcium. Decreased O2 delivery to tissues can occur because bicarbonate therapy can cause vasoconstriction, reducing blood flow and oxygen delivery. Decreased CO2 levels and alkalosis can also occur as a result of bicarbonate therapy, but these options were not selected as complications in the given answer.Rate this question:
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- 9.
In metabolic Alkalosis, blood gas shows increased _____ or high _____/
- A.
ABE, HCO3-
- B.
HCO3-, CO2
- C.
ABE, CO2
- D.
O2, CO2
Correct Answer
A. ABE, HCO3-Explanation
In metabolic alkalosis, the blood gas shows increased ABE (Anion Gap) and high HCO3- (bicarbonate). This is because metabolic alkalosis is characterized by an excess of bicarbonate in the blood, leading to an increase in the anion gap. The anion gap represents the difference between the measured cations (sodium) and the measured anions (chloride and bicarbonate) in the blood. Therefore, an increased ABE and high HCO3- levels are indicative of metabolic alkalosis.Rate this question:
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- 10.
The body's response to metabolic alkalosis is a natural ____ through the respiratory system by _______.
- A.
Compensation, hypoventilation
- B.
Compensation, hyperventilation
- C.
System, hypoventilation
- D.
Diet, making gluten free pizza
Correct Answer
A. Compensation, hypoventilationExplanation
The body's response to metabolic alkalosis is a natural compensation through the respiratory system by hypoventilation. In metabolic alkalosis, there is an excess of bicarbonate in the body, which leads to an increase in pH. To compensate for this alkalosis, the body decreases the respiratory rate and depth, resulting in hypoventilation. This helps to retain carbon dioxide, which combines with water to form carbonic acid, ultimately reducing the pH and restoring it to normal levels.Rate this question:
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- 11.
The treatment of metabolic alkalosis involves....
- A.
Treat underlying cause. In emergencies give fluids. Replace potassium if hypokalemic.
- B.
Administer fluids and replace potassium if hypokalemic.
- C.
Treat underlying cause and replace potassium if hypokalemic.
- D.
Administer bicarbonate
Correct Answer
A. Treat underlying cause. In emergencies give fluids. Replace potassium if hypokalemic.Explanation
The correct answer suggests that the treatment of metabolic alkalosis involves addressing the underlying cause, providing fluids in emergency situations, and replacing potassium if the patient is experiencing hypokalemia. This approach aims to correct the imbalance in the body's acid-base levels and restore normal electrolyte levels. Administering bicarbonate is not recommended as a treatment for metabolic alkalosis, as it can exacerbate the condition by further increasing the alkalinity of the blood.Rate this question:
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- 12.
If a patient is ______ and plasma HCO3- is decreased, _______ is present.
- A.
Acidemic, metabolic acidosis
- B.
Acidemic, metabolic alkalosis
- C.
Alkalemic, metabolic alkalosis
- D.
Grumpy, anger management need
Correct Answer
A. Acidemic, metabolic acidosisExplanation
When a patient is acidemic, it means that the pH of their blood is below the normal range, indicating an excess of acid in the body. Metabolic acidosis refers to a condition where there is an accumulation of acid or a loss of bicarbonate (HCO3-) in the body, leading to a decrease in plasma HCO3-. Therefore, if a patient is acidemic and plasma HCO3- is decreased, it indicates the presence of metabolic acidosis.Rate this question:
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- 13.
If a patient is acidemic and PCO2 is increased, respiratory acidosis is present .
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
If a patient is acidemic, it means that the pH level in their blood is below the normal range, indicating acidity. An increased PCO2 (partial pressure of carbon dioxide) suggests that there is an excess of carbon dioxide in the blood, which can cause acidosis. Respiratory acidosis occurs when there is inadequate removal of carbon dioxide from the body, leading to an accumulation of carbonic acid and a decrease in blood pH. Therefore, if a patient is acidemic and PCO2 is increased, it is indicative of respiratory acidosis.Rate this question:
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- 14.
If a patient is _______ with increased plasma HCO3-, _______ is present
- A.
Alkalemic, metabolic alkalosis
- B.
Acidemic, metabolic alkalosis
- C.
Alkalemia, metabolic acidosis
- D.
Acidemic, respiratory alkalosis
Correct Answer
A. Alkalemic, metabolic alkalosisExplanation
If a patient is alkalemic with increased plasma HCO3-, it indicates that the patient's blood pH is higher than normal and there is an excess of bicarbonate ions in the blood. This condition is known as metabolic alkalosis.Rate this question:
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- 15.
If a patient is alkalemic and PCO2 is increased, respiratory alkalosis is present.
- A.
True
- B.
False
Correct Answer
B. FalseExplanation
PCO2 would be decreased.Rate this question:
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- 16.
When assessing ________, _____ samples are preferred over _____ samples.
- A.
Blood gases, arterial, venous
- B.
ABE, acidic, alkaline
- C.
Blood gases, venous, arterial
- D.
Ice cream, frozen, melting
Correct Answer
A. Blood gases, arterial, venousExplanation
When assessing blood gases, arterial samples are preferred over venous samples. This is because arterial blood reflects the oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the body more accurately than venous blood. Arterial blood is obtained directly from an artery, which carries oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to the tissues. Venous blood, on the other hand, returns to the heart after delivering oxygen to the tissues, so it may not accurately represent the body's current oxygen and carbon dioxide levels.Rate this question:
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- 17.
Blood can only be stored for _____ maximum at room temperature without significant changes in blood gas values.
- A.
15 mins
- B.
10 mins
- C.
20 mins
- D.
30 mins
Correct Answer
A. 15 minsExplanation
Blood can only be stored for a maximum of 15 minutes at room temperature without significant changes in blood gas values. This is because blood gas values, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, start to change rapidly once the blood is removed from the body. After 15 minutes, these changes become significant and can affect the quality and effectiveness of the blood. Therefore, it is important to store blood properly and use it within the recommended time frame to ensure its viability for transfusion or other medical purposes.Rate this question:
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- 18.
Interpreting values: pH less than _____ = acidosis. pH greater than ______ = alkalosis.
- A.
7.35, 7.45
- B.
7.45, 7.35
- C.
7.00, 7.45
- D.
7.00, 7.55
Correct Answer
A. 7.35, 7.45Explanation
A pH value less than 7.35 indicates acidosis, which is an abnormal increase in the acidity of the blood. On the other hand, a pH value greater than 7.45 indicates alkalosis, which is an abnormal decrease in the acidity of the blood. Therefore, a pH less than 7.35 indicates acidosis and a pH greater than 7.45 indicates alkalosis.Rate this question:
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- 19.
HCO3- less than _____ indicates metabolic acidosis. HCO3- greater than _____ indicates metabolic alkalosis.
- A.
17 FE and 18 CA 23 FE and 26 CA
- B.
12 FE and 18 CA 23 FE and 26 CA
- C.
17 FE and 22 CA 25 FE and 26 CA
- D.
17 FE and 18 CA 23 FE and 28 CA
Correct Answer
A. 17 FE and 18 CA 23 FE and 26 CAExplanation
An HCO3- level less than 17 indicates metabolic acidosis, while an HCO3- level greater than 26 indicates metabolic alkalosis.Rate this question:
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- 20.
ABE considers any alterations in ______ and adjusts, so even if the _______ is abnormal, the metabolic state can be determined.
- A.
PCO2, CO2
- B.
CO2, PCO2
- C.
HCO3-, CO2
- D.
HCO3-, H+
Correct Answer
A. PCO2, CO2Explanation
Let us take this moment to thank ABE for being so considerate.Rate this question:
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