Cycle Ten Continent Quiz

Apartheid was a system of racial segregation and discrimination that was implemented in South Africa from 1948 to 1994. It enforced strict separation between the black and white populations, with laws and policies that restricted the rights and freedoms of black people. This included separate residential areas, schools, and public facilities for different races. The policy was eventually dismantled through a series of protests and international pressure, leading to the end of apartheid in South Africa.

In 1963, Kenya gained independence from Great Britain. This means that Kenya was previously under British colonial rule and was able to establish its own self-governance and sovereignty. This was a significant event in Kenya's history as it marked the end of colonial rule and the beginning of a new era for the country.

Nelson Mandela is the correct answer because he was indeed arrested and imprisoned for his resistance against apartheid in South Africa. He fought against the discriminatory policies of apartheid and was a prominent leader in the anti-apartheid movement. Mandela's activism and advocacy for equality eventually led to him becoming the first black president of South Africa, making him an iconic figure in the country's history.

Nationalism refers to a strong belief or loyalty towards one's own country. It is the sense of pride, identity, and attachment that individuals have towards their nation. Nationalism can manifest in various forms, such as patriotism, support for national interests, and a desire for self-determination. It often involves a deep emotional connection to the country's history, culture, and values. Nationalism can unite people and promote a sense of unity and solidarity within a nation.

The apartheid system refers to the segregation of races. It was a political and social system that was implemented in South Africa from 1948 to 1994. Under apartheid, the government enforced strict racial segregation, separating people based on their race and denying basic rights and opportunities to non-white individuals. It was a system of institutionalized racial discrimination that aimed to maintain white minority rule and suppress the rights and freedoms of the non-white majority.

Great Britain gained the most land in Africa compared to the other European countries listed. This is because during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Great Britain had a significant colonial presence in Africa. They established colonies and protectorates in various regions, including Egypt, Sudan, South Africa, Kenya, Nigeria, and many others. Through colonization, Great Britain expanded its influence and control over vast territories in Africa, making it the European country that gained the most land in the continent.

The European division of Africa caused tribal conflicts, civil war, and a desire for independence. This is because when European powers colonized Africa, they often drew arbitrary borders that did not take into account the existing tribal or ethnic divisions. This led to tensions and conflicts between different tribes or ethnic groups who were now forced to live within the same borders. Additionally, the imposition of European rule and exploitation of African resources led to resentment and a desire for independence, which ultimately resulted in civil wars and independence movements across the continent.

Europeans first took an interest in the African continent because they were involved in the slave trade. During the 15th to 19th centuries, European countries such as Portugal, Spain, Britain, France, and the Netherlands engaged in the transatlantic slave trade, where millions of Africans were forcibly transported to the Americas to work as slaves on plantations. This trade was driven by the demand for cheap labor in the colonies and the desire for economic profit. The Europeans saw Africa as a source of enslaved people, which led to their initial interest in the continent.

The African National Congress (ANC) was formed to gain equal rights for black Africans in South Africa. It was established in 1912 and has played a significant role in the fight against apartheid and the struggle for democracy in the country. The ANC has been instrumental in advocating for the rights of black Africans and has been involved in various political and social movements throughout South Africa's history.

Nelson Mandela's attitude toward the people who had been responsible for the old government of South Africa was that he believed the different races needed to try to work together in the new government. He advocated for reconciliation and unity among all races in order to build a better future for South Africa.

Imperialism is the correct answer because it refers to the policy or practice of acquiring and controlling colonies or territories for economic, political, or strategic purposes. In this context, the term describes the system of acquiring colonies to provide raw materials for a stronger colony.

Europeans set up colonies in Africa because they needed raw materials found in Africa. During the period of European imperialism, Africa was rich in natural resources such as gold, diamonds, rubber, and ivory. The European powers wanted to exploit these resources for their own economic gain. By establishing colonies, they could control the extraction and trade of these valuable resources. This allowed them to fuel their growing industries and meet the demands of their expanding populations.

Pan-Africanism was an important idea that emphasized the unity and solidarity of African people worldwide. It aimed to promote African independence, self-determination, and the end of colonialism. The African Union (AU) was developed as a direct result of the Pan-African movement. It is an intergovernmental organization that consists of 55 member states from across the African continent. The AU's main objectives include promoting peace, security, and stability in Africa, as well as advancing economic integration and development. Therefore, the African Union is the correct answer as it directly emerged from the idea of Pan-Africanism.

Many African groups began to challenge European colonial rule after World War II. The war had a significant impact on global politics and led to a shift in power dynamics. African countries saw an opportunity to assert their independence and fight against the oppressive colonial rule that had been imposed on them. The war also raised awareness about the importance of self-determination and inspired many African leaders to advocate for decolonization. This period marked a turning point in African history and set the stage for the eventual independence of many African nations.

F.W. de Klerk is the correct answer because he was the South African president who played a crucial role in ending the policies of apartheid. In 1990, de Klerk announced the unbanning of political parties, including the African National Congress (ANC) led by Nelson Mandela. He also initiated negotiations with Mandela and other leaders, which eventually led to the dismantling of apartheid and the establishment of a multiracial democracy in South Africa. De Klerk and Mandela were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 for their efforts in bringing an end to apartheid.

The Berlin Conference was convened to address the partitioning of Africa. During this conference, European powers gathered to negotiate and establish rules for the colonization and division of African territories among themselves. The primary goal was to prevent conflicts and wars between European nations over African land and resources. This resulted in the arbitrary division of Africa, disregarding the cultural, ethnic, and political realities of the continent, which had long-lasting consequences for the African people and their struggle for independence.

After Nigeria declared independence, a conflict broke out between Muslims and Christians. This conflict was rooted in religious differences and tensions between the two groups. It involved clashes, violence, and disputes over religious practices and beliefs. The conflict had significant consequences for the country, leading to divisions and instability in Nigeria.

The Pan-African movement aimed to unite Africans in order to collectively address and resolve Africa's issues. This goal reflects a desire for Africans to come together and collaborate, rather than relying on external powers or governments. By working together, Africans hoped to find solutions to the challenges faced by the continent, such as colonialism, exploitation, and underdevelopment. This unity was seen as a means to achieve self-determination and improve the overall conditions for Africans.

Assimilation refers to the process of giving up one's own customs and adopting those of another culture. It involves the integration of individuals or groups into a dominant culture, often resulting in the loss of their own cultural identity. Assimilation can occur voluntarily or as a result of social pressure, and it is often seen as a means of achieving social cohesion and unity within a society. This process can involve changes in language, religion, dress, and other cultural practices.

The government of Kenya was criticized after independence because it was controlled by only one party. This lack of political plurality and competition was seen as undemocratic and authoritarian. It limited the representation and voice of different political ideologies and marginalized opposition parties. Critics argued that a single-party system stifled democracy, hindered accountability, and concentrated power in the hands of a few individuals.