Cs 123-introduction To Computer Organization And Computer Evolution

The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) did require manual programming by setting switches and manually unplugging and plugging cables. This was because the ENIAC was one of the earliest electronic general-purpose computers and did not have the capability of storing programs in memory. Therefore, in order to execute a program, the operators had to physically set the switches and connect the cables to define the program's instructions and data.

ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer. It was one of the earliest general-purpose electronic computers, designed to perform complex calculations and solve mathematical problems. ENIAC was developed during World War II and was used primarily for military purposes. It was a groundbreaking invention at the time, as it was the first computer to be fully electronic, using vacuum tubes for its operations. ENIAC played a significant role in advancing computer technology and paved the way for future developments in the field.

The term "structure" refers to the organization or arrangement of the components in a system or entity. It describes how the different parts of something are connected or related to each other. In the context of the given question, the correct answer "structure" suggests that the components being referred to are interconnected in a specific manner, indicating a systematic arrangement or organization.

The first commercially manufactured computer by Eckert and Mauchly Computer Corporation is known as UNIVAC, which stands for Universal Automatic Computer.

Computer architecture refers to the structure and organization of a computer system, including the hardware components and the way they interact with each other. It encompasses the design principles and techniques used in building a computer system. The attributes of a system that are visible to a programmer and directly affect the logical execution of a program, such as the instruction set, memory organization, and input/output mechanisms, are all part of computer architecture. Understanding the computer architecture is crucial for a programmer to develop efficient and optimized programs that make the best use of the underlying hardware resources.

The given answer, "computer organization," refers to the operational units and their interconnections that realize the architectural specifications. In other words, it is the study of how a computer system is structured and how its various components work together to perform tasks. This includes the organization of the central processing unit (CPU), memory, input/output devices, and other hardware components. Computer organization also involves understanding the design principles and trade-offs involved in creating efficient and effective computer systems.

The given correct answer, DEC PDP-8, is a minicomputer that was known for its compact size and affordability. It was designed to be placed on top of a lab bench and was priced at $16,000. The DEC PDP-8 was a popular choice for scientific research and educational institutions due to its relatively low cost compared to other computers of that time.

A printed circuit board (PCB) is a housing that can store thousands of microchips to produce larger and more complex circuits. It is a flat board made of non-conductive material, such as fiberglass, with copper tracks etched or printed onto it. These tracks act as pathways for electrical currents to flow between different components on the board, including microchips. By arranging and connecting the microchips on the PCB, it becomes possible to create intricate electronic circuits that can perform various functions.

IBM stands for International Business Machines.

Data processing is part of the four essential functions of a computer, which includes arithmetic and logical operations. This involves manipulating and organizing data to produce meaningful information. It encompasses various tasks such as data entry, data validation, data transformation, data analysis, and data storage. Through data processing, raw data is converted into a more useful and structured format that can be easily understood and utilized by users or other computer systems.

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) did not represent digits in binary. It used a decimal system to represent numbers, with each digit being represented by a combination of ten vacuum tubes. Therefore, the correct answer is False.

The speed of the ENIAC in performing additions is 5000 per second.

John von Neumann was a Hungarian-American mathematician who made significant contributions to computer science and architecture. He is known for his design of the von Neumann architecture, which is the basis for most modern computers. This architecture separates the memory and processing units, allowing for the stored program concept and the ability to execute instructions sequentially. Von Neumann's architectural design is still widely used in computers today, making him the correct answer to the question.

Data storage is one of the four essential functions of a computer. It involves the temporary or secondary storage of data. This means that the computer stores data either temporarily, such as in RAM, or permanently, such as on a hard drive or solid-state drive. Data storage is crucial for computers as it allows them to store and retrieve information as needed. Without data storage, computers would not be able to save data for later use or perform tasks that require accessing and manipulating stored information.

Control is one of the four essential functions of a computer. It involves the user giving instructions to the computer. Control refers to the ability to direct and manage the operations of the computer system. This includes tasks such as starting and stopping programs, managing input and output devices, and overall coordination of the system. Control is crucial for the user to interact with the computer and make it perform desired tasks according to their instructions.

A transistor is a solid-state device made from silicon that is used to perform switching functions. It is more efficient than vacuum tubes because it dissipates less heat while performing the same tasks. Transistors are widely used in electronic devices such as computers, televisions, and radios due to their compact size, low power consumption, and reliability.

An integrated circuit (IC) is a compact electronic device that contains thousands of transistors, capacitors, and resistors. It is a small chip made of semiconductor material, typically silicon, on which these components are fabricated. The integration of these components onto a single chip allows for the miniaturization of electronic devices and improves their performance and reliability. ICs are widely used in various electronic devices such as computers, smartphones, and televisions.

John Mauchly and John Presper Eckert were the individuals who supervised the construction of ENIAC. ENIAC, short for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, was one of the earliest general-purpose electronic computers. Mauchly and Eckert were both American engineers who worked together on the development of ENIAC at the University of Pennsylvania during the 1940s. Their collaboration and expertise in electronics and computer engineering were crucial in overseeing the construction and successful completion of ENIAC, which played a significant role in advancing computing technology.

not-available-via-ai

A silicon wafer refers to a thin slice of silicon that is used as a base material in the production of electronic components, such as computer chips. It is made by cutting a larger piece of silicon, which can be in the form of a cylindrical ingot, into thin slices. These slices, known as wafers, are then polished and cleaned to create a smooth and flat surface. The wafers are then used as a substrate for the deposition of various layers and patterns that form the integrated circuits on the chips. Therefore, a piece of silicon that is broken up to form chips is commonly referred to as a silicon wafer.

The correct answer is Intel 4004. The Intel 4004 was a 4-bit microprocessor manufactured by Intel. It was the first commercially available microprocessor and was released in 1971. The Intel 4004 had the capability to add two 4-bit numbers and could perform multiplication through repeated addition. It was a groundbreaking development in the field of microprocessors and laid the foundation for the modern computing industry.

Gordon Moore is the correct answer because he is one of the co-founders of Intel. He played a significant role in the development of the company and is well-known for Moore's Law, which states that the number of transistors on a microchip doubles approximately every two years. Moore's contributions to the semiconductor industry and his role in establishing Intel make him the correct answer to the question.

The co-founder of Intel microprocessors predicts that the amount of transistors that can be put in a single chip will double or increase by two times each year. This means that the number of transistors on a chip will grow exponentially, resulting in increased computing power and efficiency.

Registers are small, high-speed storage locations located within the CPU. They are used to store data that is currently being processed by the CPU, such as operands, intermediate results, and memory addresses. Registers provide fast access to data, allowing the CPU to quickly retrieve and manipulate information without having to access slower external memory. Therefore, registers are an important component of the CPU's internal storage system.

The ENIAC computer used 20 accumulators as its memory components. Accumulators are registers that store intermediate results during calculations. They are used to hold data temporarily and perform arithmetic operations on them. Having 20 accumulators allowed the ENIAC to process and store a significant amount of data simultaneously, making it a powerful and efficient machine for its time.

The correct answer is "memory cells, memory cell". An integrated circuit is a small electronic device that contains multiple components, including memory cells. Memory cells are used to store data, and a single memory cell is the smallest unit of memory within a memory system. Therefore, the correct answer suggests that the integrated circuit mentioned in the question is specifically designed to perform data storage using memory cells.

A logic gate is an electronic device that performs boolean functions, such as AND, OR, and NOT, on one or more input signals to produce an output signal. These gates are typically implemented using integrated circuits, which are small electronic components that contain multiple interconnected transistors and other components. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is "logic gates" or "logic gate," as both terms refer to the integrated circuits that perform boolean functions.

The CPU control unit is responsible for managing and coordinating the operations of the CPU and the computer as a whole. It controls the execution of instructions, manages data flow between different components, and ensures that all tasks are carried out in the correct order. Without the control unit, the CPU would not be able to perform any operations and the computer would not be able to function.

not-available-via-ai

Data movement is one of the essential functions of a computer. It refers to the transfer of data from one point to another. This can involve transferring data within the computer's internal components, such as between the CPU and memory, or it can involve transferring data between different devices or systems. Data movement is crucial for various operations, such as input and output operations, file transfers, network communication, and more. Without data movement, the computer would not be able to effectively process and exchange information, limiting its functionality.

The correct answer is "microprogrammed" because a control unit that operates by executing microinstructions is known as a microprogrammed control unit. In this type of control unit, the functionality of the control unit is defined by a set of microinstructions, which are stored in a control memory. The control unit fetches these microinstructions and executes them to perform the desired operations. This approach allows for flexibility and ease of modification, as the control unit's behavior can be changed by modifying the microinstructions in the control memory.

The given correct answer, "cpu interconnection," refers to the mechanism that allows for communication among the control unit, ALU, and registers in a CPU. This interconnection is essential for the proper functioning of the CPU, as it enables the flow of data and instructions between these components. It ensures that the control unit can send instructions to the ALU for execution and that the ALU can access data from the registers. The CPU interconnection plays a crucial role in coordinating the various operations within the CPU, facilitating efficient processing of instructions.

Semiconductor memory refers to a type of computer memory that is made up of semiconductor devices, such as transistors. In the 1970s, Fairchild produced a chip that could hold up to 256 bits of memory. This chip would fall under the category of semiconductor memory as it is a type of memory storage that utilizes semiconductor technology.

The arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) is responsible for performing the computer's data processing functions. It is a crucial component of the central processing unit (CPU) and is responsible for performing arithmetic operations (such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division) as well as logical operations (such as comparisons and boolean operations). The ALU takes input from the computer's memory, performs the necessary calculations or comparisons, and produces output that is stored back in the memory or sent to other components of the computer system.

not-available-via-ai

A chip consists of memory cells and logic gates. Memory cells are used to store and retrieve data, while logic gates are used to perform logical operations and make decisions based on the input signals. Other components like integrated circuits, transistors, capacitors, and resistors are used in the construction of chips, but they are not specifically mentioned in the question. Vacuum tubes are not commonly used in modern chip technology.

The correct answer includes the essential components of a computer system. The central processing unit (CPU) is responsible for executing instructions and performing calculations. System interconnection refers to the connections between the different components of the computer system. Main memory is where data and instructions are stored for immediate access by the CPU. Input/output devices allow the computer to interact with the outside world. These components are all crucial for the functioning of a computer system.