Crime In Society Exam 2

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  • 1/70 Questions

    Since the 1970s, the percentage of women and people of color on police forces has

    • Fallen
    • Stayed the same
    • Doubled
    • Tripled
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About This Quiz


An exam from Crime and Society, junior level sociology/criminology class.

Crime In Society Exam 2 - Quiz

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  • 2. 

    Police training that involves officers being teamed with seasoned or veteran officers is referred to as

    • Pre-service training

    • On-going training

    • Police Academy

    • Field training

    Correct Answer
    A. Field training
    Explanation
    Field training refers to the police training program where new officers are paired with experienced or veteran officers to gain practical, hands-on experience in real-world situations. This type of training allows new officers to apply the knowledge and skills they learned in the Police Academy to actual scenarios they may encounter on the job. It provides them with the opportunity to learn from experienced officers, observe their techniques, and receive feedback and guidance. Field training is an essential part of preparing new officers for the challenges they will face in their law enforcement careers.

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  • 3. 

    Chief Roy cited Sir Robert Peel's perspective by stating that

    • We need to seriously think about when society disowns itself

    • The police are the public and the public are the police.

    • The least favorite part about being a cop is dealing with people who do not want to engage in civic responsibility.

    • Police officers enforce the rules, they don't make them

    Correct Answer
    A. The police are the public and the public are the police.
    Explanation
    In this statement, Chief Roy is referencing Sir Robert Peel's perspective on policing. Peel believed that the police should be seen as part of the community they serve, and that the public should also take responsibility for maintaining law and order. By stating "the police are the public and the public are the police," Chief Roy is emphasizing the idea that the police and the public should work together and have a mutual understanding and trust. This aligns with Peel's principles of community policing and highlights the importance of collaboration between law enforcement and the community.

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  • 4. 

    After the civil war, municipal officers in the US began to take on the characteristics of today's police. Three of these characteristics are listed below. Which one does NOT belong?

    • They began to wear uniforms.

    • They began to carry nightsticks.

    • They began to form posses.

    • They began to carry firearms.

    Correct Answer
    A. They began to form posses.
    Explanation
    After the civil war, municipal officers in the US began to take on the characteristics of today's police. They began to wear uniforms, carry nightsticks, and carry firearms. However, forming posses is not a characteristic that emerged during this time. Posses were typically formed by citizens to assist law enforcement in capturing criminals, but it was not a characteristic of the police themselves.

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  • 5. 

    Which of the following theories assumes that crime is committed by free-willed individuals who engage in a hedonistic rationality?

    • The theory of the Chicago School

    • Anomie Theory

    • Humanistic psychological theory

    • Classical School of criminology

    Correct Answer
    A. Classical School of criminology
    Explanation
    The Classical School of criminology assumes that crime is committed by free-willed individuals who engage in a hedonistic rationality. This theory suggests that individuals make a rational choice to commit a crime based on the potential benefits and costs involved. It emphasizes the importance of punishment as a deterrent and believes that individuals have the capacity to make rational decisions about their actions.

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  • 6. 

    According to Merton, which one of the following pursues the cultural goal of wealth through legitimate means?

    • Ritualist

    • Rebel

    • Innovator

    • Retreatist

    • Conformist

    Correct Answer
    A. Innovator
    Explanation
    An innovator, according to Merton, is someone who pursues the cultural goal of wealth through legitimate means. This means that they strive to achieve financial success and accumulate wealth, but they do so by following the established rules and norms of society. They may come up with new ideas, methods, or products that enable them to achieve their goal, but they do not resort to illegal or deviant means to attain wealth.

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  • 7. 

    Which of the following is evidence that, more likely than not, outweighs the opposing evident, or is sufficient evidence to overcome doubt or speculation?

    • Probable Cause

    • Reasonable suspicion

    • Preponderance of evidence

    • Beyond a reasonable doubt

    Correct Answer
    A. Preponderance of evidence
    Explanation
    The preponderance of evidence is the standard of proof in civil cases, where the evidence presented is more likely than not to be true. This means that the evidence is sufficient to convince the judge or jury that the facts are more likely true than not. It outweighs any opposing evidence or doubt, making it a strong standard of proof in civil cases.

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  • 8. 

    Which of the following is a main principle of the Positivist School of Criminology?

    • Crime is an action voluntarily engaged in by free-willed individuals.

    • Punishment should be tailored to fit the crime.

    • The focus of criminological study should be the crime.

    • Criminal behavior is largely deterministic.

    • Criminal behavior is based on rational thought.

    Correct Answer
    A. Criminal behavior is largely deterministic.
    Explanation
    The main principle of the Positivist School of Criminology is that criminal behavior is largely deterministic. This means that individuals are influenced by various factors such as biological, psychological, and social factors, which determine their likelihood of engaging in criminal behavior. The Positivist School rejects the idea that crime is solely a result of free will and emphasizes the importance of understanding and addressing the underlying causes of criminal behavior. This principle has had a significant impact on the development of modern criminology and the implementation of more rehabilitative approaches to criminal justice.

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  • 9. 

    What is currently the top priority of the FBI?

    • Protecting the president and other government leaders.

    • Enforcement of the country's immigration laws

    • Dismantling organized crime theories, such as the Mafia.

    • Drug interdiction

    • Being an intelligence and counterterrorism agency

    Correct Answer
    A. Being an intelligence and counterterrorism agency
    Explanation
    The top priority of the FBI is being an intelligence and counterterrorism agency. This means that their main focus is on gathering and analyzing intelligence to prevent and combat terrorist activities within the United States. They work closely with other law enforcement agencies and intelligence organizations to share information and coordinate efforts in order to protect the country from potential threats. This includes investigating and disrupting terrorist plots, identifying and apprehending individuals involved in terrorism, and gathering intelligence to stay ahead of evolving threats.

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  • 10. 

    According to Dr. Wincelowicz's lecture, which of the following is NOT one of the terms

    • Associate

    • Wise Guy

    • Caporegime

    • Goodfella

    • Soldier

    Correct Answer
    A. Associate
    Explanation
    In Dr. Wincelowicz's lecture, the term "Associate" is not mentioned as one of the terms. The lecture likely discussed terms related to organized crime or the mafia, such as "Wise Guy," "Caporegime," "Goodfella," and "Soldier." However, "Associate" is not included in this list, indicating that it is the correct answer.

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  • 11. 

    Which of the following operations did Dr. Wincelowicz NOT work on as an undercover FBI agent?

    • Confidence Schemes

    • White Supremacist crimes

    • Public Corruption

    • Organized crime

    Correct Answer
    A. White Supremacist crimes
    Explanation
    Dr. Wincelowicz did not work on White Supremacist crimes as an undercover FBI agent. This means that he may have worked on Confidence Schemes, Public Corruption, and Organized crime, but not specifically on cases related to White Supremacist crimes.

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  • 12. 

    According to Merton, which one of the following pursues the cultural goal of wealth only through legitimate institutional means?

    • Retreatist

    • Innovator

    • Conformist

    • Rebel

    • Ritualist

    Correct Answer
    A. Conformist
    Explanation
    According to Merton's strain theory, a conformist is someone who pursues the cultural goal of wealth but does so through legitimate institutional means. This means that they accept and strive for society's goals of financial success and material wealth, and they also adhere to the approved means of achieving these goals, such as getting a good education, working hard, and following the rules and laws. Conformists do not resort to illegal or deviant behavior to attain wealth, but rather they conform to societal norms and values in their pursuit of economic success.

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  • 13. 

    Who argues that criminal offenders are, by birth, a distinct type, and that this type can be recognized by physical characteristics or "stigmata" such as an enormous jaw, high cheekbones, and insensitivity to pain?

    • William Sheldon

    • Cesare Beccaria

    • Cesare Lombroso

    • Emilie Durkheim

    • W.E.B. Du Bois

    Correct Answer
    A. Cesare Lombroso
    Explanation
    Cesare Lombroso argues that criminal offenders are, by birth, a distinct type, and that this type can be recognized by physical characteristics or "stigmata" such as an enormous jaw, high cheekbones, and insensitivity to pain.

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  • 14. 

    Which Amendment to the U.S. constitution provides protection against double jeopardy?

    • 4th

    • 5th

    • 6th

    • 8th

    • 14th

    Correct Answer
    A. 5th
    Explanation
    The correct answer is the 5th Amendment. The 5th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution provides protection against double jeopardy, which means that an individual cannot be tried twice for the same offense. This amendment also guarantees other important rights, such as the right to remain silent and the right to due process of law.

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  • 15. 

    A merit system of police employment is established when an independent civil service commission, in cooperation with the city personnel section and the police department, sets standards for three of the following issues. Which of the following is NOT set by a merit system?

    • Recruitment criteria

    • Employment qualifications

    • Discipline procedures

    • Performance standards

    Correct Answer
    A. Recruitment criteria
    Explanation
    Recruitment criteria is not set by a merit system. A merit system of police employment focuses on establishing standards for employment qualifications, discipline procedures, and performance standards. Recruitment criteria, on the other hand, typically involves determining the specific requirements, preferences, and processes for attracting and selecting potential candidates for a job. While a merit system may influence recruitment criteria indirectly by setting standards for employment qualifications, it does not directly establish the specific criteria used to recruit candidates.

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  • 16. 

    Emile Durkheim, the cause of crime is __________, that is, the dissociation of the individual from the _______.

    • Sui generis; anomie.

    • Sociopathy; sui generis.

    • Sui generis; collective conscience.

    • Anomie; collective conscience.

    Correct Answer
    A. Anomie; collective conscience.
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "anomie; collective conscience." According to Emile Durkheim, the cause of crime is anomie, which refers to a state of normlessness or a lack of moral regulation in society. This occurs when individuals are not properly integrated into the collective conscience, which represents the shared beliefs, values, and norms of a society. When individuals are disconnected from the collective conscience, they may feel a sense of purposelessness and confusion, leading to deviant behavior and crime.

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  • 17. 

    According to Chief Roy, the mail problems on the CU Boulder campus are

    • Alcohol-related and petty theft offenses.

    • Petty theft and acquaintance rape offenses.

    • Alcohol- and- drug-related offenses.

    • Acquaintance rape and alcohol-related offenses.

    Correct Answer
    A. Acquaintance rape and alcohol-related offenses.
    Explanation
    Chief Roy states that the mail problems on the CU Boulder campus are acquaintance rape and alcohol-related offenses. This suggests that there have been incidents of both acquaintance rape and offenses related to alcohol on the campus that are somehow connected to the mail problems. It implies that these two types of offenses are the main issues causing the mail problems on campus.

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  • 18. 

    The vast majority of U.S. law enforcement agencies are

    • Local

    • Multi-jurisdictional

    • State-level

    • Federal

    Correct Answer
    A. Local
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "local" because most law enforcement agencies in the United States operate at the local level. These agencies are responsible for maintaining law and order within a specific jurisdiction, such as a city or county. They are typically funded and overseen by local governments and work closely with the community they serve. While there are also multi-jurisdictional, state-level, and federal law enforcement agencies in the U.S., the majority of law enforcement functions are carried out by local agencies.

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  • 19. 

    A _____ is a written order issued by a court that requires a person to appear at a certain time and place to give testimony. It can also require that documents and objects be made available for examination by the court.

    • Subpoena

    • Venue

    • Tithing system

    • Jurisdiction

    Correct Answer
    A. Subpoena
    Explanation
    A subpoena is a written order issued by a court that requires a person to appear at a certain time and place to give testimony. It can also require that documents and objects be made available for examination by the court.

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  • 20. 

    Which of the following is NOT one of the requirements when someone applies for a special agent position in the FBI?

    • Have a degree from a four-year accredited college or university

    • Pass an extensive background investigation

    • Be physically fit to perform all duties assigned

    • Have at least 5 years of work experience

    • Be between the ages of 24 and 37 at the time of appointment

    Correct Answer
    A. Have at least 5 years of work experience
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "Have at least 5 years of work experience." This is because the other options are all listed as requirements for someone applying for a special agent position in the FBI. However, having at least 5 years of work experience is not mentioned as a requirement.

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  • 21. 

    Which Amendment to the US Constitution guarantees a right to a speedy and public trial?

    • 4th

    • 5th

    • 6th

    • 8th

    • 14th

    Correct Answer
    A. 6th
    Explanation
    The 6th Amendment to the US Constitution guarantees the right to a speedy and public trial. This means that individuals accused of a crime have the right to a trial that is conducted promptly and in an open courtroom. This amendment ensures that defendants are not subjected to unnecessary delays and that their trial is conducted in a transparent manner, allowing the public to observe the proceedings. This right is crucial in protecting the rights of individuals and ensuring fair and just trials.

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  • 22. 

    The exclusionary rules originally had 3 primary purposes, which are listed below. Which of the following is NOT one of those primary purposes?

    • To prevent police misconduct

    • To deter the police from violating people's 5th Amendment rights

    • To protect individual rights from police misconduct

    • To maintain judicial integrity

    Correct Answer
    A. To deter the police from violating people's 5th Amendment rights
    Explanation
    The exclusionary rules were originally established to prevent police misconduct, protect individual rights from police misconduct, and maintain judicial integrity. However, deterring the police from violating people's 5th Amendment rights is not listed as one of the primary purposes of the exclusionary rules.

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  • 23. 

    According to Dr. Wincelowicz, what wass the overarching issue for why the offenders he "worked with" committed their crimes?

    • Greed

    • Abusive family backgrounds

    • The pressure by members in their immediate communities

    • The disorganization of their immediate communities

    Correct Answer
    A. Greed
    Explanation
    Dr. Wincelowicz believes that the overarching issue for why the offenders he "worked with" committed their crimes is greed. This suggests that these individuals were primarily motivated by a desire for material wealth or personal gain, rather than external factors such as abusive family backgrounds, pressure from their immediate communities, or the disorganization of their immediate communities.

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  • 24. 

    With whom are psychoanalutic theories of crime causation associated?

    • Cesare Beccaria

    • Sigmund Freud

    • Cesare Lombroso

    • Friedrich Engels

    • William Sheldon

    Correct Answer
    A. Sigmund Freud
    Explanation
    Psychoanalytic theories of crime causation are associated with Sigmund Freud. Freud believed that criminal behavior stems from unresolved conflicts and unconscious desires in an individual's psyche. He argued that criminal behavior could be understood and treated through psychoanalysis, a method that explores the unconscious mind and its impact on behavior. Freud's theories revolutionized the field of psychology and greatly influenced our understanding of human behavior, including criminal behavior.

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  • 25. 

    Your textbook names 3 successful police recruitment programs, which are listed below. Which of the programs listed below is NOT one of these programs?

    • High school tech prep programs

    • Police Athletic Leagues

    • Police cadet programs

    • Public safety officer programs

    Correct Answer
    A. Police Athletic Leagues
    Explanation
    The Police Athletic Leagues is not one of the successful police recruitment programs mentioned in the textbook. The other three programs, namely high school tech prep programs, police cadet programs, and public safety officer programs, are listed as successful recruitment initiatives.

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  • 26. 

    Which Amendment states that excessive bail shall not be required?

    • 4

    • 5

    • 6

    • 8

    • 14

    Correct Answer
    A. 8
    Explanation
    The correct answer is 8. The Eighth Amendment of the United States Constitution states that excessive bail shall not be required. This means that the government cannot set an unreasonably high amount of bail that would be difficult for the accused to pay. The purpose of this amendment is to prevent the government from using excessive bail as a form of punishment or to unfairly keep individuals in jail before their trial.

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  • 27. 

    Why was Wincelowicz considered a "stand up guy" when he worked undercover with the Mafia?

    • He worked undercover for seven years to gain trust of members of the Family

    • He was vouched for by organized crime members who were "made" or had high standing in the Family

    • He was able to become a "made" member, which is almost impossible to achieve by law enforcement agents.

    • He was brought in to Family by the Boss

    Correct Answer
    A. He was vouched for by organized crime members who were "made" or had high standing in the Family
    Explanation
    Wincelowicz was considered a "stand up guy" when he worked undercover with the Mafia because he was vouched for by organized crime members who were "made" or had high standing in the Family. This means that respected members of the Mafia trusted Wincelowicz and vouched for his credibility, which is a significant achievement and a testament to his ability to gain the trust of the criminal organization.

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  • 28. 

    Which of the following is NOT one of the advantages discussed in class regarding college-educated police officers?

    • A college education lessens the amount of violence perpetuated by officers onto their intimate partners

    • A college education helps officers handle difficult situations

    • A college education helps officers become better communicators

    • A college education promotes responsibility

    Correct Answer
    A. A college education lessens the amount of violence perpetuated by officers onto their intimate partners
    Explanation
    A college education lessens the amount of violence perpetuated by officers onto their intimate partners. This statement is not one of the advantages discussed in class regarding college-educated police officers. The advantages discussed in class include helping officers handle difficult situations, becoming better communicators, and promoting responsibility.

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  • 29. 

    Which of the following theories is based on the belief that criminals are physiologically different different from noncriminals?

    • Sociological positivism

    • Biological positivism

    • Classical school

    • Psychological positivism

    Correct Answer
    A. Biological positivism
    Explanation
    Biological positivism is a theory that is based on the belief that criminals are physiologically different from noncriminals. This theory suggests that certain biological factors, such as genetics or brain abnormalities, contribute to criminal behavior. It argues that individuals who possess these biological traits are more likely to engage in criminal activities. Biological positivism focuses on understanding the biological basis of criminal behavior and seeks to explain criminality through scientific and physiological factors.

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  • 30. 

    Failure to fairly represent all genders and races within police departments has led to several negative consequences. Which of the following is not one of the negative consequences listen in your text book?

    • Court-ordered quotas to achieve the desired diversity

    • Consent decrees

    • Sensational publicity

    • Expensive lawsuits

    Correct Answer
    A. Sensational publicity
    Explanation
    Failure to fairly represent all genders and races within police departments has led to several negative consequences. Sensational publicity is not one of the negative consequences listed in the textbook. This suggests that sensational publicity may not be directly linked to the lack of diversity within police departments. The other options, such as court-ordered quotas, consent decrees, and expensive lawsuits, are all negative consequences that can arise from the failure to achieve diversity in police departments.

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  • 31. 

    Which of the following theorists recognized that race discrimination played a central roles in relation to crime in the black community?

    • Emile Durkheim

    • W.E.B. Du Bois

    • Cesare Lombroso

    • Aldolphe Quetelet

    • Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

    Correct Answer
    A. W.E.B. Du Bois
    Explanation
    W.E.B. Du Bois recognized that race discrimination played a central role in relation to crime in the black community. Du Bois was a prominent African-American sociologist, historian, civil rights activist, and author who focused on the experiences of African Americans in the United States. He highlighted the systemic racism and social inequalities faced by black individuals, including the disproportionate criminalization and discrimination they faced within the criminal justice system. Du Bois's work shed light on the intersection of race, crime, and social inequality, making him an important figure in the study of race and crime.

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  • 32. 

    Which of the following is a technological and management system that aims to make the police better organized and more effective crime fighters?

    • Contraband

    • CompStat

    • The PATRIOT Act

    • Tithing

    • Jurisdiction

    Correct Answer
    A. CompStat
    Explanation
    CompStat is a technological and management system that aims to make the police better organized and more effective crime fighters. It utilizes data analysis and mapping to identify crime patterns, allocate resources efficiently, and hold police departments accountable for their performance. By tracking crime trends in real-time and implementing proactive strategies, CompStat helps police agencies to prevent and respond to crime more effectively, leading to improved public safety outcomes.

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  • 33. 

    State-level law enforcement officers include three of the groups listed below. Which one does NOT belong?

    • Crime laboratory and criminalistics services

    • Sheriffs

    • Highway patrols

    • Watercraft officers

    • Park rangers

    Correct Answer
    A. Highway patrols
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "Highway patrols" because they are not typically considered state-level law enforcement officers. While they do enforce traffic laws and patrol highways, they are usually a division of the state police or state highway department rather than a separate law enforcement agency. Crime laboratory and criminalistics services, sheriffs, watercraft officers, and park rangers are all examples of state-level law enforcement officers who perform different roles in maintaining public safety and enforcing the law.

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  • 34. 

    Which of the following focuses on women's experiences and ways of knowing because, in the past, men's experiences have been taking as the norm and generalized to the population?

    • Peacemaking criminology

    • The brutalization effect

    • The twinkie defense

    • Labeling theory

    • Feminist theory

    Correct Answer
    A. Feminist theory
    Explanation
    Feminist theory focuses on women's experiences and ways of knowing because historically, men's experiences have been considered the norm and generalized to the entire population. Feminist theory seeks to challenge and deconstruct patriarchal norms and systems that oppress and marginalize women, aiming to bring about gender equality and social justice. It recognizes the importance of centering women's voices and perspectives in understanding social issues and shaping policies.

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  • 35. 

    According to Sir Robert Peel, the main function of the police was to _________ by _______ of the community.

    • Solve the crime; active investigation

    • Prevent crime; active investigation

    • Solve crime; preventative patrol

    • Prevent crime; preventative patrol

    Correct Answer
    A. Prevent crime; preventative patrol
    Explanation
    Sir Robert Peel, considered the father of modern policing, believed that the main function of the police was to prevent crime. He emphasized the importance of a proactive approach to policing, rather than simply reacting to crimes after they occur. Peel advocated for preventative patrol, which involves police officers actively patrolling communities to deter criminal activity and maintain public order. This approach aims to prevent crime from happening in the first place, rather than solely focusing on solving crimes that have already occurred.

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  • 36. 

    Which of the following is usually NOT a county law enforcement function?

    • Serving summonses, warrants, and various writs

    • Providing courtroom security and confine and transport prisoners.

    • Protecting the governor and the capitol grounds and building

    • Investigating crimes and enforcing the criminal and traffic laws of the state.

    Correct Answer
    A. Protecting the governor and the capitol grounds and building
    Explanation
    Protecting the governor and the capitol grounds and building is usually NOT a county law enforcement function because it falls under the jurisdiction of state law enforcement agencies, such as the state police or capitol police. County law enforcement agencies typically focus on serving summonses, warrants, and various writs; providing courtroom security and confining and transporting prisoners; and investigating crimes and enforcing the criminal and traffic laws of the state within their jurisdiction.

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  • 37. 

    Casere Beccaria argues that three main forces should be brought to bear upon criminals, which would in turn help to curb crime. These were:

    • No chance for parole; no conjugal visits; and no opportunity for appeal

    • Restitution; community service; and length of incarceration

    • Likelihood of punishment;immediacy of punishment; and severity of punishment

    • Length of prison term; no time off for good behavior; and consecutive terms only for multiple convictions.

    Correct Answer
    A. Likelihood of punishment;immediacy of punishment; and severity of punishment
    Explanation
    Casere Beccaria argues that the three main forces that should be brought to bear upon criminals are the likelihood of punishment, immediacy of punishment, and severity of punishment. According to Beccaria, if the likelihood of punishment is high, meaning that there is a high chance of getting caught and facing consequences for their actions, individuals would be deterred from committing crimes. Similarly, if the punishment is immediate and follows the crime closely, it would reinforce the connection between the action and its consequences. Lastly, the severity of punishment should be enough to deter individuals from committing crimes in the first place.

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  • 38. 

    Which of the following suggests that the solution to all social problems, including crime, is the transformation of human beings, mutual dependence, reduction of class structures, the creation of communities of caring people, and universal social justice?

    • Feminist theory

    • Labelling theory

    • The brutalization effect

    • Peacemaking criminology

    Correct Answer
    A. Peacemaking criminology
    Explanation
    Peacemaking criminology suggests that the solution to all social problems, including crime, is the transformation of human beings, mutual dependence, reduction of class structures, the creation of communities of caring people, and universal social justice. This approach focuses on addressing the root causes of crime and promoting peace and justice in society. It emphasizes the importance of creating a harmonious and compassionate community where individuals can thrive and where crime is less likely to occur. Peacemaking criminology rejects punitive approaches and instead aims to foster understanding, empathy, and cooperation among individuals and communities.

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  • 39. 

    Cesare Beccaria recommended six ways to prevent crime. Four are listen below. Which does NOT belong?

    • Educate the public

    • Enact laws that are clear, simple, and unbiased, and that reflect the consensus of the population.

    • Eliminate corruption from the administration of justice

    • Determine the physiological causes of crime

    • Reward virtue

    Correct Answer
    A. Determine the physiological causes of crime
    Explanation
    The four options listed are all practical and actionable ways to prevent crime, such as educating the public, enacting clear laws, eliminating corruption, and rewarding virtue. However, determining the physiological causes of crime is not a preventive measure, but rather a research-oriented approach to understanding the underlying factors that contribute to criminal behavior. It does not directly address crime prevention in the same way as the other options.

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  • 40. 

    Early US citizens _____________ the formation of the first police departments.

    • Controlled

    • Encouraged

    • Resisted

    • Privately funded

    Correct Answer
    A. Resisted
    Explanation
    Early US citizens resisted the formation of the first police departments. This suggests that they were opposed to the idea of having a centralized law enforcement agency. The reasons for this resistance could vary, but it may stem from a distrust of government power, concerns about potential abuse of authority, or a desire to maintain individual freedoms and self-governance. Overall, this resistance indicates a reluctance to accept the establishment of formal policing institutions in the early stages of the United States.

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  • 41. 

    The standard of proof necessary to find a defendant guilty in a criminal trial is

    • Reasonable suspicion

    • Beyond a reasonable doubt

    • Preponderance of evidence

    • Probable cause

    Correct Answer
    A. Beyond a reasonable doubt
    Explanation
    In a criminal trial, the standard of proof required to find a defendant guilty is "beyond a reasonable doubt." This means that the evidence presented must be so strong and convincing that there is no reasonable doubt in the minds of the jurors or judge that the defendant committed the crime. This standard is the highest level of proof and ensures that the defendant's guilt is established with a very high degree of certainty, protecting individuals from being wrongfully convicted based on insufficient evidence.

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  • 42. 

    Which of the following theories was an explicit rejection of the critical and "negative" philosophy of the Enlightenment thinkers?

    • Radical theory of criminality

    • Clissical theory of criminality

    • Positivist theory of criminality

    • Neoclassical theory of criminality

    Correct Answer
    A. Positivist theory of criminality
    Explanation
    The Positivist theory of criminality can be seen as an explicit rejection of the critical and "negative" philosophy of the Enlightenment thinkers because it focuses on understanding the causes of criminal behavior rather than solely blaming individuals for their actions. Positivists believe that factors such as genetics, biology, and social environment play a significant role in shaping criminal behavior, shifting the focus from moral judgment to scientific analysis. This approach challenges the Enlightenment thinkers' emphasis on individual responsibility and punishment, instead advocating for a more holistic understanding of crime.

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  • 43. 

    In which of the following cases did the US Supreme Court broaden the protection against compelled self-incrimination to cover nearly all custodial police interrogations?

    • Brown v. Mississippi

    • Miranda v. Arizona

    • Escobedo v. Illinois

    • Arizona v. Fulminante

    Correct Answer
    A. Miranda v. Arizona
    Explanation
    Miranda v. Arizona is the correct answer because in this case, the US Supreme Court expanded the protection against compelled self-incrimination to include nearly all custodial police interrogations. The court ruled that suspects must be informed of their rights, including the right to remain silent and the right to have an attorney present during questioning. This landmark decision established the famous "Miranda rights" that are now read to individuals upon arrest.

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  • 44. 

    ____________ is a formal means of social control that involves the use of rules that are interpreted, and are enforceable, by the courts of a political community. The function of the rules is to set limits to the conduct of the citizens, to guide the officials (police and other administrators), and to define conditions of deviance or unacceptable behavior.

    • Civil law

    • Substantive law

    • Criminal law

    • Procedural law

    Correct Answer
    A. Criminal law
    Explanation
    Criminal law is a formal means of social control that involves the use of rules that are interpreted and enforceable by the courts. It sets limits on the conduct of citizens, guides law enforcement officials and administrators, and defines conditions of deviance or unacceptable behavior. Unlike civil law, which deals with disputes between individuals, criminal law focuses on offenses against society as a whole. It establishes penalties for criminal acts and aims to maintain order and protect the welfare of the community.

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  • 45. 

    People are expected to commit crime and delinquency unless that are prevented from doing so according to the perspective of

    • Social control/bonding theory

    • Role theory

    • Differential association theory

    • Learning theory

    Correct Answer
    A. Social control/bonding theory
    Explanation
    The social control/bonding theory suggests that people are expected to commit crime and delinquency unless they are prevented from doing so. This theory posits that individuals are more likely to engage in deviant behavior when their bonds to society are weak or broken. These bonds include attachment to others, commitment to conventional activities, involvement in social institutions, and belief in moral values. When these bonds are strong, individuals are less likely to engage in criminal behavior as they feel a sense of responsibility and obligation to conform to societal norms.

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  • 46. 

    For the Chicago School theorists, social disorganization is defined by several characteristics. Three of the characteristics discussed in your textbook are listed below. Which of the following is not one of the characteristics of social disorganization?

    • The usual controls over delinquents are largely absent

    • There is an absence of gangs and gang-related behavior

    • There are many opportunities for delinquent behavior

    • There is little employment, training, or opportunity for legitimate employment.

    Correct Answer
    A. There is an absence of gangs and gang-related behavior
    Explanation
    The Chicago School theorists define social disorganization by several characteristics, including the absence of usual controls over delinquents, the presence of many opportunities for delinquent behavior, and the lack of employment and training opportunities. However, the absence of gangs and gang-related behavior is not one of the characteristics of social disorganization according to the Chicago School theorists.

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  • 47. 

    In the Southern U.S., the earliest form of policing was the

    • Sheriff and posse

    • Shire reeve

    • Constable-watch system

    • Slave patrols

    • Hue and cry

    Correct Answer
    A. Slave patrols
    Explanation
    During the early days of policing in the Southern U.S., slave patrols were established as a means to control and monitor enslaved individuals. These patrols were responsible for maintaining order, preventing slave rebellions, and capturing and returning escaped slaves. They operated under the authority of local sheriffs and were comprised of white men who were tasked with enforcing strict regulations on enslaved individuals. The establishment of slave patrols highlights the oppressive nature of slavery and the role that law enforcement played in maintaining the institution.

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  • 48. 

    Three successful police recruiting practices are listed below. Which of the following does NOT belong?

    • Waiting for ideal job applicants to gravitate toward a particular department

    • Going to colleges and to schools in minority communities

    • Using television, radio and newspaper ads.

    • Working with local employment offices

    Correct Answer
    A. Waiting for ideal job applicants to gravitate toward a particular department
    Explanation
    The three listed practices are all proactive methods of recruiting potential police officers. They involve actively seeking out and reaching out to potential candidates. However, waiting for ideal job applicants to gravitate toward a particular department is a passive approach and does not fit with the other proactive methods.

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  • 49. 

    Which of the following statements is NOT true of the first Black police officers in the US?

    • They were slaves

    • They were hired primarily because other people did not want the job

    • They were "free men of color"

    • They were hired around 1805 to serve as members of the New Orleans city watch system

    Correct Answer
    A. They were slaves
    Explanation
    The first Black police officers in the US were not slaves. They were "free men of color" who were hired around 1805 to serve as members of the New Orleans city watch system. They were not hired primarily because other people did not want the job.

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Quiz Review Timeline (Updated): Aug 13, 2024 +

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  • Current Version
  • Aug 13, 2024
    Quiz Edited by
    ProProfs Editorial Team
  • Dec 14, 2009
    Quiz Created by
    Sodthewalk

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