Criminology Exam: Multiple Choice! Quiz

Rape and assault are considered expressive crimes because they are acts of violence that are motivated by the offender's desire to express power, control, and dominance over the victim. These crimes are not typically committed for material gain or instrumental purposes, but rather to assert dominance and inflict harm on the victim. The offender's intention is to send a message or convey their emotions through the act of violence, making it an expressive crime.

Meta-analysis is a statistical technique that combines the results of multiple studies on a particular topic to draw more reliable conclusions. It involves collecting and analyzing data from past studies, which helps to increase the sample size and statistical power, leading to more robust findings. By synthesizing the results of various studies, meta-analysis provides a comprehensive overview of the research landscape and allows for a more accurate estimation of the effect size. Therefore, the statement that meta-analysis gathers data from past studies is true.

Index crimes are also known as Part 1 crimes. These are the most serious and commonly reported crimes that are tracked by law enforcement agencies. Part 1 crimes include offenses such as murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson. These crimes are considered to have a significant impact on the safety and well-being of communities, and their statistics are used to analyze crime trends and allocate resources for crime prevention and law enforcement efforts.

The correct answer is "life" because the 3 strikes rule is a legal policy that imposes a harsher sentence, often a life sentence, on individuals who commit a serious crime after having been convicted of two previous serious crimes. This rule is used in some jurisdictions as a way to deter repeat offenders and protect society from habitual criminals.

Drug use/selling/buying is considered instrumental crimes because they are committed with a specific purpose or goal in mind. In this case, the purpose is typically to obtain or distribute drugs for personal use or financial gain. Instrumental crimes are driven by rational decision-making and are often planned and calculated. They are motivated by materialistic or utilitarian motives rather than emotional expression. Therefore, drug-related activities fall under the category of instrumental crimes rather than expressive crimes, which are driven by emotional or expressive motives.

A cross-sectional survey is a type of survey that aims to gather data from a diverse sample of individuals in a population in order to make inferences about the entire population. It is conducted at a specific point in time and involves selecting participants from different demographic groups to ensure representation of all members of society. Therefore, wanting a survey to be representative of all members of society is called a cross-sectional survey.

A systematic review is a research method that involves gathering and analyzing existing studies on a specific topic in order to provide a comprehensive and unbiased summary of the available evidence. It is commonly used in the field of public policy to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions and inform decision-making. This process involves systematically searching for relevant studies, critically appraising their quality, synthesizing the findings, and drawing conclusions based on the collective evidence. It aims to minimize bias and ensure transparency by following a predefined protocol.

The correct answer is "Brief Summary of Crime". The NIBRS (National Incident-Based Reporting System) is a system used by law enforcement agencies to collect and report detailed information about crimes. It gathers brief summaries of crime incidents, including information such as the type of offense, location, victim and offender characteristics, and arrest information. This data is then used for statistical analysis and to provide a more comprehensive understanding of crime patterns and trends.

MTF stands for Monitoring the Future, which is a national standard for substance abuse. It is a research study conducted by the University of Michigan that tracks drug use and related attitudes among American students in grades 8, 10, and 12. The study provides valuable data on trends and patterns of substance abuse, helping to inform prevention and intervention efforts.

The chivalry hypothesis suggests that there is a tendency for people to hide or downplay women's crimes. This hypothesis proposes that society, influenced by traditional gender roles and expectations, may be more lenient towards women and less likely to hold them accountable for their criminal behavior. This could be due to perceptions of women as vulnerable or in need of protection, leading to a bias in the criminal justice system and a tendency to overlook or minimize women's criminal activities.

A retrospective cohort study is a type of study where researchers collect data from a group of individuals who have already been exposed to a certain factor or condition in the past and compare them to a group of individuals who have not been exposed. In this study, data is collected not only from the individuals themselves but also from their family, education, and other relevant factors. This allows researchers to analyze the relationship between the exposure and the outcome of interest over time.

Quasi-experimental design is the correct answer because it refers to a research method that is used when it is not possible or ethical to randomly assign participants to different conditions or manipulate variables. In a quasi-experimental design, the researcher takes advantage of naturally occurring groups or conditions and compares them to draw conclusions. This design is often used in situations where it is not feasible to conduct a true experiment, but the researcher still wants to examine cause-and-effect relationships.

The UCR, or Uniform Crime Reporting, is a program by the FBI that collects and analyzes crime data from various law enforcement agencies across the country. The FBI Collected refers to the data that is directly collected by the FBI from these agencies. Police Reported indicates that the data is reported by the local police departments to the FBI. Report of index crimes refers to the specific categories of serious crimes that are included in the UCR, such as murder, robbery, and burglary. Therefore, the correct answer includes FBI Collected, Police Reported, and Report of index crimes.

The 8 index crimes are murder, assault, arson, rape, larceny, motor vehicle theft (MVT), burglary, and robbery. These crimes are considered the most serious and commonly reported offenses in crime statistics. They are used as a measure to track and analyze crime rates and trends in a given area.

Larceny, Motor Vehicle Theft, and Arson are property crimes reported to UCR. Property crimes involve the unlawful taking or destruction of someone else's property. Larceny refers to the theft of personal property, Motor Vehicle Theft involves stealing or unlawfully taking someone's vehicle, and Arson is the intentional act of setting fire to property. Robbery, on the other hand, is a violent crime that involves the use of force or threat during the theft, while Burglary refers to the unlawful entry into a building with the intent to commit a crime.

Cohort refers to a group of individuals who share a common characteristic or experience over a specific period of time. This can include people who were born in the same year, attended the same school, or joined a particular organization during a specific time frame. The term "sharing an a like characteristic over time" accurately describes the concept of cohort.