Congenital Disorders Of Spleen

Situs inversus is a medical condition where the internal organs are mirrored or reversed from their normal positions. In this condition, the organs that are usually on the left side of the body are found on the right side, and vice versa. This mirror image condition is known as situs inversus.

Polysplenia is a condition characterized by the presence of multiple spleens. It is associated with "bilateral left-sidedness" which means that the organs in the body are positioned on the left side instead of the normal right side. This can include the liver, stomach, and intestines being located on the left side of the body. It is a rare condition that can be identified through imaging tests and may be associated with other congenital abnormalities.

This answer suggests that the correct term for the given description is "accessory spleen." An accessory spleen is a normal variant that is commonly found at the splenic hilum, which is the area where blood vessels enter and exit the spleen. These accessory spleens are typically small, measuring between 1-3 cm in size.

A pseudocyst is a collection of fluid without an epithelial lining. It is commonly found in the pancreas and is often associated with the spleen due to its close proximity to the pancreas.

Pseudocysts are fluid-filled sacs that can form in different parts of the body, including the pancreas. These cysts are known to be highly vascular, meaning they have a lot of blood vessels. Due to this vascularity, pseudocysts can erode the vessels surrounding them, leading to the formation of pseudoaneurysms (abnormal bulges in the weakened vessel walls) and bleeding into the pseudocysts. Therefore, the statement that pseudocysts may erode vessels, causing pseudoaneurysms and bleeding into the pseudocysts is true.

Splenic abscesses are commonly linked to general sepsis in 80% of cases. However, in immunocompromised patients, the spleen may be the sole site of infection.

A splenic abscess is a complex mass in the spleen that can have both solid and cystic components. The borders of the abscess can be irregular, indicating the presence of infection or inflammation. The presence of gas within the abscess can cause dirty shadowing on imaging.

Echinococcus is the correct answer because it is the only parasite known to form cysts in the spleen. This parasite belongs to the genus Echinococcus and can cause a disease called echinococcosis. It primarily affects the liver and lungs, but in some cases, it can also form cysts in the spleen. These cysts can lead to various symptoms and complications if left untreated. Therefore, echinococcus is the name of the only parasite that forms cysts in the spleen.

With splenic abscess, there is a possibility of the infection spreading to the surrounding structures, including the diaphragm. The spleen is located in close proximity to the diaphragm, and as a result, a common complication of splenic abscess is the development of pleural effusion. Pleural effusion refers to the accumulation of fluid in the pleural space, which is the space between the lungs and the chest wall. This can occur due to the spread of infection or inflammation from the spleen to the diaphragm, leading to the accumulation of fluid in the pleural space.

Polysplenia is a rare congenital condition characterized by the presence of multiple spleens, typically consisting of two larger spleens along with several smaller ones. This condition is also known as multiple spleens.

Wandering spleen is a rare developmental anomaly where the spleen is abnormally positioned and can move around within the abdominal cavity. This condition increases the risk of torsion, which can cause severe complications.

Bilateral right sidedness refers to a syndrome where structures on the right side of the body are more dominant. This syndrome is characterized by various abnormalities such as an absent spleen, midline liver and gallbladder, reversed aorta and inferior vena cava, horseshoe kidneys, and congenital heart disease. Essentially, it means that the normal left-right asymmetry of the body is reversed, with the right side becoming more dominant.

This condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, meaning that if one parent has the condition, there is a 50% chance of passing it on to each child. It is characterized by the presence of cysts in the spleen, liver, and pancreas, in addition to the kidneys. The term "adult" is used to differentiate it from another form of polycystic kidney disease that affects children. Therefore, both "adult polycystic kidney disease" and "polycystic kidney disease" are correct answers for this question.

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Hydatid disease, also known as echinococcosis, is caused by the tapeworm Echinococcus. The tapeworm's eggs are shed in the feces of infected animals, such as dogs and livestock. These eggs can contaminate the environment, including soil, water, and vegetation, and can be ingested by humans through contaminated food, water, or direct contact with infected animals. Once ingested, the eggs hatch in the intestines and the larvae migrate to various organs, forming cysts and causing hydatid disease. Therefore, the correct answer is feces.

The normal arrangement of visceral organs in the body is referred to as situs solitus. This term describes the typical positioning and orientation of organs within the abdominal and thoracic cavities. It is important for proper functioning and development of the body that the organs are in their correct positions. Any deviation from situs solitus can lead to various medical conditions and complications.

Asplenia is associated with bilateral right sidedness syndrome. This means that individuals with asplenia, a condition where the spleen is absent or non-functional, are also likely to have a syndrome characterized by the presence of organs or structures that are normally located on the right side of the body. This association suggests a possible developmental connection between the absence of the spleen and the abnormal positioning of organs on the right side.

Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder that affects the small intestine, causing an inability to properly absorb nutrients from food. This leads to symptoms such as chronic diarrhea, fatigue, and low levels of calcium in the blood (hypocalcemia). The immune system mistakenly reacts to gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye, damaging the lining of the small intestine. This damage interferes with the absorption of nutrients, resulting in the characteristic symptoms of celiac disease.

Hydatid disease is caused by a parasitic infection from the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. The tapeworm's eggs are found in the feces of infected dogs, and when ingested by intermediate hosts such as sheep, cattle, and pigs, they develop into cysts primarily in the liver and lungs. Therefore, hydatid disease is common in countries where these intermediate hosts are prevalent, as they serve as a reservoir for the tapeworm's life cycle.

The three symptoms of splenic abscess are abdominal pain, fever, and leukocytosis. Abdominal pain is a common symptom and is often described as a dull or sharp pain in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. Fever is another symptom, which is characterized by an elevated body temperature above the normal range. Leukocytosis refers to an increased number of white blood cells in the blood, which is a sign of infection or inflammation. These three symptoms together can indicate the presence of a splenic abscess.

Hydatid disease, also known as echinococcosis, is caused by the infection of the larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus. The disease results in the formation of an echinococcal cyst, which is a fluid-filled sac that develops in various organs, most commonly the liver and lungs. The cysts can grow and cause symptoms such as pain, organ dysfunction, and even rupture, leading to life-threatening complications. Treatment usually involves surgical removal of the cysts and the use of antiparasitic medications.

The appearance of a pseudocyst in the sono varies and can have different characteristics. It may be anechoic, meaning it appears as a black or empty area on the ultrasound image. It can also have low level echoes, which means there are some echoes but they are not very strong. Additionally, pseudocysts may have septations, which are thin dividing walls within the cyst. In late stages, the pseudocyst can calcify, meaning it develops calcium deposits.

Acquired hypoplasia refers to the underdevelopment or reduction in size of an organ or tissue that occurs after birth. In the case of the spleen, acquired hypoplasia is characterized by a small size and a fibrotic, or scarred, appearance. The term "echogenic" refers to the ability of a structure to produce echoes in an ultrasound examination, indicating a high level of reflectivity. Therefore, an echogenic spleen would appear bright or dense on an ultrasound image. On the other hand, "calcified" means that calcium deposits have formed within the tissue, resulting in a hardened or calcified appearance. Therefore, in the context of acquired hypoplasia of the spleen, the correct answer is echogenic and calcified.

Asplenia is a rare congenital condition where the spleen is absent. It is often associated with congenital heart defects and situs inversus, which is a condition where the organs are positioned in a mirror image of their normal arrangement.

Epidermoid cysts are benign growths that form beneath the skin. When these cysts become calcified, it means that calcium deposits have formed in the walls of the cyst. This calcification can make the walls of the cyst appear harder and more rigid. Additionally, the internal contents of the cyst, which may include dead skin cells and oils, can become echogenic. Echogenicity refers to the ability of a substance to reflect ultrasound waves, and in this case, it is due to the presence of cholesterol crystals.

Parasitic cysts are the most common type of splenic cysts globally, surpassing the prevalence of congenital cysts. These cysts are caused by parasitic infections, where organisms such as parasites or their larvae invade the spleen and form cysts. The high prevalence of parasitic cysts can be attributed to factors such as poor sanitation, inadequate hygiene practices, and exposure to contaminated water or food sources. These cysts can cause various symptoms and complications, depending on the size and location, and may require medical intervention for diagnosis and treatment.

True cysts of the spleen are indeed rare and congenital. This means that they are not common and are present from birth.

The accessory spleen is a congenital anomaly where small nodules of splenic tissue are found outside the normal spleen. It is important to consider the possibility of an accessory spleen when evaluating certain pathologies. Pancreatic tail pathology, left adrenal pathology, and pathology of the upper pole of the left kidney can mimic an accessory spleen on imaging studies. Additionally, enlarged lymph nodes around the spleen can also be mistaken for an accessory spleen. Therefore, all of these options should be considered in the differential diagnosis of an accessory spleen.

Infarction refers to the death or necrosis of a tissue or organ caused by the loss of blood supply. When blood flow to a specific area is blocked or reduced, it leads to oxygen and nutrient deprivation, resulting in tissue damage or death. Infarction can occur in various parts of the body, such as the heart, brain, or kidneys, and is commonly associated with conditions like heart attacks or strokes.

In bilateral left sidedness syndrome, the structures on the left side of the body are more developed or prominent compared to the right side. This can be seen in the presence of multiple spleens, two left lungs, absence of the gallbladder, possible biliary atresia, gastrointestinal malrotation, central or left-sided location of the liver, and cardiac abnormalities.

Thyrotoxicosis is a condition characterized by excessive production of thyroid hormones. Chronic hyperthyroidism, which refers to a long-term overactive thyroid gland, is one of the causes of thyrotoxicosis. In this condition, the thyroid gland produces an excessive amount of thyroid hormones, leading to symptoms such as weight loss, increased heart rate, tremors, and anxiety. Therefore, thyrotoxicosis is the correct answer as it accurately describes the condition of excessive thyroid hormone production in the context of chronic hyperthyroidism.

Epidermoid cysts are true cysts of the spleen that are lined with squamous epithelium. They are typically solitary and have an average size of 10cm.

The correct answer is acquired hypoplasia. In this condition, the spleen is small and non-functioning due to a chronic condition, not a congenital one. This can occur as a result of repeated splenic infarctions, such as those seen in sickle cell anemia, celiac disease, or thyrotoxicosis. Functional hypoplasia refers to a condition where the spleen is small but still functions properly, which is not the case in this scenario.

The sono appearance of parasitic cysts can include the following features: cyst within a cyst, presence of hydatid sand, attachment of daughter cysts via stalk or outpouching of the main cyst, water lily sign, and in the final stages, the cyst may collapse and calcify, forming a granuloma.

Parasitic cysts cannot be aspirated because they may contain allergenic substances that can cause an anaphylactic shock in the patient. Aspiration involves inserting a needle into the cyst to drain its contents, but in the case of parasitic cysts, this can release the parasites or their antigens into the bloodstream, triggering a severe allergic reaction. Therefore, it is true that parasitic cysts cannot be aspirated to avoid the risk of anaphylactic shock.

The correct answer is "small, round homogenous nodules isoechoic to spleen, should be low resistance doppler, same characteristic color flow in accessory spleen." This answer suggests that the appearance of accessory spleen is characterized by small, round nodules that have a similar echogenicity to the spleen. Additionally, there should be low resistance doppler flow and the accessory spleen should have the same characteristic color flow as the spleen.

The condition known as wandering spleen is alternatively referred to as floating spleen or aberrant spleen. This suggests that the spleen is not in its normal position and has moved or shifted to an abnormal location within the abdomen. The terms "floating" and "aberrant" both describe this displacement of the spleen from its usual anatomical position.

The given answer lists the most common abscesses that can invade the spleen. Subphrenic abscesses refer to infections that occur in the space between the diaphragm and the upper abdominal organs, which can spread to the spleen. Perinephric abscesses are infections that develop around the kidneys and can also extend to the spleen. Perforated gastric abscesses occur when a hole forms in the stomach due to infection, and the abscess can then spread to the spleen. Lastly, pancreatic abscesses can also invade the spleen if the infection spreads. These are all potential sources of infection that can affect the spleen.

adult polycystic kidney disease usually has "swiss cheese" appearance and cysts are multiple

The given symptoms of RUQ pain, hepatosplenomegaly, and a slight increase in ALP are suggestive of parasitic cysts. RUQ pain refers to pain in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, which can be caused by the presence of cysts. Hepatosplenomegaly refers to the enlargement of the liver and spleen, which can also be a result of parasitic cysts. A slight increase in ALP (alkaline phosphatase) levels can be seen in cases of liver involvement due to parasitic cysts. Therefore, these symptoms together indicate the presence of parasitic cysts.