Conductivity Basics

Explanation
Conductivity is a measure of how well a substance can conduct electric current. It is the reciprocal of resistivity, which means that as resistivity decreases, conductivity increases. Therefore, the correct answer is "the ability of a substance to conduct electric current, which is the reciprocal of resistivity."

Explanation
Most industrial interest is in measuring the conductivity of liquids, which generally consist of ionic compounds dissolved in water. Ionic compounds are formed by the transfer of electrons between atoms, resulting in the formation of positively and negatively charged ions. When dissolved in water, these ions can move freely and carry an electric current, making them conductive. Therefore, measuring the conductivity of liquids can provide valuable information about the concentration and properties of dissolved ionic compounds, which is of interest to industries.

Explanation
Users of ultra pure water prefer to use resistivity units of Mohm-cm or Kohm-cm because these units are commonly used to measure the high levels of purity in water. The higher the resistivity value, the lower the impurities present in the water. Mohm-cm and Kohm-cm are both units that represent high levels of resistivity, making them suitable for measuring the purity of ultra pure water. Siemens/cm, uS/cm, and mS/cm are units used to measure conductivity, which is the opposite of resistivity and is more commonly used for measuring the impurities in water. Toroidal is not a unit of measurement for resistivity or conductivity.

Explanation
Conductivity is a measure of how well a substance conducts electricity. However, it does not provide information about the specific types of ions present in the substance. This means that conductivity cannot distinguish between different types of ions. Additionally, the conductivity reading is a result of the combined effect of all ions present in the substance. Therefore, it is not possible to determine the individual contribution of each ion to the overall conductivity reading.

Explanation
A conductivity cell is a device used to measure the conductivity of a solution. Over time, physical changes can occur in the cell that can affect its performance. Chemical oxidization refers to the reaction of the cell material with oxygen or other substances, which can alter its conductivity. Scratches on the surface of the cell can disrupt the flow of current and affect the accuracy of the measurement. Coating refers to the deposition of a layer of material on the cell surface, which can also interfere with the conductivity. Low battery can impact the power supply to the cell and affect its performance.

Explanation
In a toroidal conductivity measurement, an AC (alternating current) is passed through a toroidal drive coil. This is because AC current allows for a more accurate measurement of conductivity compared to DC (direct current) or non-linear currents. AC current alternates direction, which helps to eliminate any potential polarization effects and provides a more consistent and reliable measurement of conductivity in the toroidal system.

Explanation
Toroidal conductivity measurement is based on the electrical connection called a current field that changes based on the solution conductivity. This means that the measurement of conductivity is determined by the flow of current through the solution. The current field is affected by the conductivity of the solution, allowing for accurate measurement of conductivity levels.

Explanation
Toroidal conductivity can also be referred to as inductive because it is a type of conductivity that is associated with the generation of an induced magnetic field. This type of conductivity occurs in toroidal-shaped conductors, which are circular or donut-shaped. When an electric current flows through a toroidal conductor, it creates a magnetic field that is proportional to the current. This induced magnetic field can then interact with nearby conductors or magnetic materials, leading to various effects such as electromagnetic induction or magnetic coupling. Therefore, the term "inductive" is used to describe this specific type of conductivity.

Explanation
The main disadvantage of toroidal conductivity measurements is that it lacks the sensitivity of contacting conductivity measurement. This means that toroidal conductivity measurements may not be as accurate or precise in determining the conductivity of a substance compared to contacting measurements. Contacting conductivity measurements involve direct contact between the measuring instrument and the substance being measured, allowing for a more sensitive and accurate reading.

Explanation
The inverse of resistivity is called conductivity. Conductivity is a measure of how easily a material allows electric current to flow through it. It is the reciprocal of resistivity, which is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of electric current. Therefore, conductivity and resistivity are inversely related to each other.

Explanation
The given correct answer for this question is 100 M-ohm. Resistivity is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of electric current. It is typically represented by the Greek letter rho (ρ) and is measured in ohm-meters (Ω·m). In this case, the resistivity value of 0.01uS can be converted to 100 M-ohm.