Columna Vertebral

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Las vértebras cervicales son generalmente pequeñas y delicadas. Se pueden diferenciar de otras vértebras por tener un agujero en la base de las apófisis transversas, que es para la arteria vertebral. Numeradas de arriba a abajo como C1 hasta C7, estas vértebras permiten la rotación del cuello. El Atlas (C1) permite al cráneo subir y bajar, mientras que el axis es responsable de la rotación de la parte superior del cuello de izquierda a derecha. Además, las vértebras cervicales tienen un canal raquídeo ancho debido al comienzo de la médula espinal.

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The correct answer is "Todas las anteriores" because it states that the spinal column is formed by all of the mentioned vertebrae: seven cervical vertebrae, twelve thoracic or pectoral vertebrae, five central lumbar vertebrae, and five lower dorsal vertebrae fused to the sacrum.

The given answer explains that the lumbar vertebrae are more robust compared to other regions of the spine because they have to support greater weight. They allow for significant flexion and extension, moderate lateral flexion, and a small degree of rotation. The intervertebral discs in the lumbar region create a concave curvature known as the lordosis lumbar. This explanation provides information about the characteristics and functions of the lumbar vertebrae, highlighting their strength, flexibility, and contribution to the overall curvature of the spine.

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La columna vertebral está formada por varias vértebras, no solo una o dos. Además, el coxis no está soldado a las vértebras, sino que es una estructura ósea separada al final de la columna vertebral. Por lo tanto, la afirmación de que la columna vertebral está formada por una a dos vértebras soldadas al coxis es incorrecta.

The correct answer explains that the thoracic vertebrae have spinous processes that point upwards and are smaller compared to other regions. They also have articular facets on their lateral surfaces that connect with the heads of the ribs. While they have a small degree of rotation between them, they have a greater degree of mobility because they are articulated with the thoracic cage. This explanation highlights the unique characteristics of the thoracic vertebrae that differentiate them from other regions of the spine.

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The correct answer is "Todas las anteriores" (All of the above). This is because all of the statements provided in the question are true. The spinal column is indeed made up of overlapping and articulated bone pieces called vertebrae. The number of vertebrae in an adult is indeed 26. The average length of the spinal column in an adult is indeed 75 cm, and it does have several curvatures along its length. Additionally, the spinal column does provide flexibility, stability, and impact cushioning during normal body movement.

The given answer is incorrect. The functions of the spinal column do not include the protection of parts of the brain. The spinal column primarily serves as a static and dynamic support element, providing protection to the spinal cord and helping to maintain the center of gravity in vertebrates. It does not have a direct role in protecting the brain.