Chapter 9 - The Middle Ages In Europe

During the time period referred to as Constantinople, which was the capital of the Byzantine Empire, the majority of the population spoke Greek. This is because Greek was the official language of the Byzantine Empire and was widely used for administration, education, and everyday communication. Italian and French were not commonly spoken in Constantinople during this time.

The code of Justinian, also known as the Corpus Juris Civilis, was a collection of Roman laws created under the rule of Emperor Justinian I in the 6th century. This code had a significant impact on the development of legal systems in Europe and the United States. It served as a foundation for civil law systems in many European countries and influenced the formation of legal principles and concepts in the United States. The code's emphasis on codifying laws and providing a comprehensive legal framework greatly influenced the legal systems of both regions.

Constantinople became the capital of the Byzantine Empire. After the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great established the city in 330 AD, it became the political, cultural, and economic center of the Byzantine Empire. The strategic location of Constantinople, situated between Europe and Asia, made it a thriving city and a symbol of Byzantine power and wealth. It remained the capital of the Byzantine Empire until its fall to the Ottoman Empire in 1453, when it was renamed Istanbul.

Justinian built one of the world's most beautiful churches called Hagia Sophia.

Relics are objects that are considered holy and have religious significance due to their association with a saint or a holy person from the past. These objects can include physical remains such as bones, clothing, or personal belongings of the saint. Relics are believed to possess spiritual power and are often venerated by devout followers. They serve as a connection to the divine and are seen as a tangible link to the past, allowing believers to experience a sense of closeness to the holy figures they represent.

Cyril and Methodius are credited with inventing the Cyrillic alphabet. They were two Byzantine Greek brothers who were missionaries and scholars. They created the alphabet in the 9th century to translate religious texts into the Slavic languages. The Cyrillic alphabet is still used today in many Slavic countries, including Russia, Bulgaria, and Serbia.

The Slavs did have a written language. The Slavic languages, such as Russian, Polish, and Czech, have a long history of written literature and a rich cultural heritage. The Cyrillic alphabet, which is used by many Slavic languages, was created specifically for the Slavs and has been in use for centuries. Therefore, the statement that the Slavs did not have a written language is incorrect.

Ivan IV, also known as Ivan the Terrible, was a good military leader but also a cruel man. He had his soldiers kill thousands of men and he beat one of his sons to death.

After Justinian died, all of the above events occurred. Garbage filled the streets and the resulting decay spread the plague. Civil War broke out, leading to internal conflicts and instability. Additionally, the Turks attacked the empire, conquered Constantinople, and renamed it Istanbul. These events collectively shaped the post-Justinian era and had significant impacts on the Byzantine Empire.

Justinian's greatest achievement was putting together a code of laws. This code, known as the Justinian Code or Corpus Juris Civilis, was a comprehensive compilation of Roman laws and legal principles. It served as the foundation for legal systems in many European countries and had a significant impact on the development of Western law. The code codified existing laws, clarified inconsistencies, and ensured uniformity in legal practices. It was a monumental undertaking that helped preserve and disseminate Roman legal knowledge, making it one of Justinian's most significant contributions.

In A.D. 989, the official religion of Russia became Eastern Orthodox. This decision marked a significant turning point in Russian history, as it established Eastern Orthodoxy as the dominant religious and cultural influence in the country. Eastern Orthodox Christianity originated in the Byzantine Empire and was adopted by the Russian ruler, Vladimir the Great, who saw it as a way to unite his people under a common faith. This decision had lasting effects on Russian society, shaping its religious, artistic, and political development for centuries to come.

Charlemagne is the correct answer because he was a powerful king who successfully united Western Europe in AD 800. He expanded his empire through military conquests and established a centralized government. Charlemagne's reign also marked a revival of learning and culture, known as the Carolingian Renaissance. He played a significant role in shaping the political and cultural landscape of Europe during the medieval period.

Justinian was considered a great emperor because he not only tried to win back the Roman lands in the West, but also put together a code of laws known as the Justinian Code. Additionally, he made Constantinople a grand and prosperous city. These accomplishments showcase his ambition, leadership, and contributions to the Roman Empire, making him a highly regarded emperor.

The Grand Prince of Kiev played a crucial role in unifying Russia. However, after his death, his sons divided the kingdom among themselves and engaged in internal conflicts, which weakened the kingdom. Additionally, the trade with Constantinople, an important economic partner, was halted. Furthermore, in 1240, Mongol armies invaded and took control of Kiev, leading to its destruction. All of these factors combined contributed to the fall of Kiev.

Justinian is considered the greatest of all Byzantine Emperors because of his significant contributions to the empire. He is known for his extensive legal reforms, including the codification of Roman laws in the Corpus Juris Civilis. Justinian also sought to reconquer lost territories, leading successful military campaigns to regain parts of Italy and North Africa. Additionally, he commissioned the construction of numerous architectural marvels, such as the Hagia Sophia. Justinian's reign marked a period of cultural and intellectual flourishing, making him a highly influential and revered figure in Byzantine history.

The correct answer is Istanbul because it is the city that later became the capital of the Ottoman Empire. Istanbul was previously known as Constantinople, which was the capital of the Byzantine Empire. After the Ottoman Empire conquered Constantinople in 1453, it became the new capital and was renamed Istanbul.

Ivan III, also known as Ivan the Great, is the founder of modern Russia. He freed Russia from foreign rule and established a strong centralized government. With the help of his wife, he was able to consolidate power over both the church and the government. Ivan III's reign marked a significant period of expansion and consolidation of Russian territories, laying the foundation for the future growth and development of the country.

Leif Eriksson was the Viking who landed on an island on the northeast coast of North America. He named it Vinland, which is now known as Newfoundland.

Justinian's motto was "One Empire, one church, one law." This motto reflects his desire to unify the Byzantine Empire under one central authority, with the church and legal system being integral parts of this unity. It emphasizes the idea of a strong centralized government, a unified religious institution, and a standardized legal code throughout the empire. This motto encapsulates Justinian's efforts to consolidate power and establish a cohesive identity for the Byzantine Empire.

Moscow became the most powerful city in Russia by the late 1400s. This is because Moscow was strategically located and became the political and economic center of the Grand Duchy of Moscow. It also benefited from the decline of other powerful cities like Kiev and Novgorod. Moscow's central location allowed it to control trade routes and expand its territory, eventually becoming the capital of the Russian Empire. Its political stability, strong leadership, and military strength further contributed to its rise as the most powerful city in Russia during this period.

Prince Rurik is the correct answer because he is historically recognized as the founder of the Russian state. According to historical accounts, Rurik was invited by the Slavic tribes to rule over them in the year 862, establishing the Rurik Dynasty and laying the foundation for what would later become the Russian Empire. Alexander and Daniel were rulers in later periods of Russian history and not associated with the founding of Russia.

Alexander is the correct answer because he defeated the Swedes at the Neva River and earned the nickname "Nevsky."

Russia was founded in A.D. 862. This is the year when the Viking chieftain Rurik established the first ruling dynasty in Novgorod, which marked the beginning of the Russian state. This event is considered the foundation of modern-day Russia and is an important milestone in its history.

The Kremlin became the center of the Russian church and government. It continues to be the center of government in Russia.