Chapter 7 (SEC 3,4,5)

A coup d'état refers to a sudden and forceful seizure of governmental control. It is a term commonly used to describe the overthrow of a government by a small group, typically military or political leaders, who replace the existing regime with their own. The term originated from French and is widely recognized and used in international political contexts. The other options, coupe de ville, coup arama, and coo coo, are unrelated and do not have any connection to the concept of a seizure of governmental control.

Napoleon's conquests can be best described as conquering countries that surrounded France. This is because Napoleon aimed to expand the French empire and establish dominance over neighboring nations. He sought to create a buffer zone of controlled territories around France to protect it from potential invasions and secure its borders. By conquering countries that surrounded France, Napoleon aimed to consolidate his power and extend French influence throughout Europe.

Napoleon did not possess humility, as he had a high view of his own importance and lacked humbleness. He was known for his ambition and self-confidence, often considering himself superior to others. He was a courageous leader with a brilliant military mind, known for his strategic thinking and successful military campaigns. Additionally, he had the ability to inspire and motivate his troops, which contributed to his success as a military leader.

During peacetime, Napoleon was able to accomplish several significant reforms. He established government-run public schools, which aimed to provide education to all citizens and promote literacy. Additionally, he set up a comprehensive system of laws known as the Napoleonic Code, which helped to unify and modernize the legal system in France. Furthermore, he implemented a fairer tax code, which aimed to distribute the tax burden more equitably among the population. Therefore, all of the given options are true, as Napoleon was able to achieve these reforms during peacetime.

The Holy Alliance was a coalition formed in 1815 by Russia, Austria, and Prussia. Its purpose was to maintain conservative political order in Europe after the Napoleonic Wars. Italy, however, was not a member of the Holy Alliance. At the time, Italy was not a unified country but rather a collection of separate states, and therefore it did not participate in the alliance.

Napoleon Bonaparte became Emperor of the French in 1804 and he crowned himself. This act demonstrated his desire for absolute power and his disregard for traditional authority, such as being crowned by the pope or a governing body like the Congress of Vienna or the National Assembly. By crowning himself, Napoleon asserted his dominance and solidified his position as the supreme ruler of France.

The purchase of Louisiana was considered the best real estate deal in history from the standpoint of the United States of America. This is because the acquisition of the vast territory from France in 1803 at a cost of $15 million doubled the size of the country and provided valuable resources, such as fertile land, access to the Mississippi River, and control over the port of New Orleans. It also opened up new opportunities for westward expansion and facilitated economic growth and development.

The Congress of Vienna was similar to the modern organization called The United Nations because both aimed to promote international cooperation and maintain peace among nations. The Congress of Vienna, held in 1814-1815, brought together European powers to negotiate and establish a balance of power after the Napoleonic Wars. Similarly, the United Nations, founded in 1945, serves as a forum for member countries to discuss and address global issues, resolve conflicts, and work towards collective security and development. Both organizations emphasize diplomacy, negotiation, and multilateralism in their efforts to maintain international order.

Admiral Nelson defeated the French-Spanish fleet in the Battle of Trafalgar by running two straight lines through the French ships-of-the-line, effectively T-boning the opponents. This tactic separated the enemy fleet into three parts and turned the battle into a melee, giving the British fleet an advantage.

The Congress of Vienna was a diplomatic conference that took place after the Napoleonic Wars. Its main goal was to restore stability and order in Europe after the upheaval caused by the French Revolution and Napoleon's conquests. One of the key objectives of the Congress was to establish a balance of power among the major European powers, ensuring that no single country would become too dominant and potentially disrupt the peace. This aim was achieved through a series of negotiations and treaties that redistributed territories and created a system of alliances, ultimately leading to a relatively stable period in European history.

After facing defeat from King Frederick William III of Prussia and Czar Alexander I of Russia, Napoleon was sent into exile on the island of Elba. This decision was made to remove him from power and prevent any further threat to the European powers. Elba, a small island off the coast of Italy, was chosen as his place of exile where he would remain until his escape and return to power for a brief period known as the Hundred Days.

Plebiscite refers to a vote of the people. It is a direct democratic process where the entire electorate is asked to vote on a specific issue or question. This allows the citizens to express their opinion and make decisions collectively. Plebiscites are often used to determine public opinion on important matters such as constitutional changes or territorial disputes.

The Concert of Europe refers to a pledge made by European nations to support and assist each other in suppressing revolutions within their respective countries. This agreement aimed to maintain stability and prevent the spread of revolutionary ideas across Europe. It was a diplomatic effort to maintain the status quo and uphold the existing political order, ensuring that any uprising or revolution would be met with collective resistance from other European powers.

Napoleon sold the Louisiana Territory for several reasons, but punishing the sugar growers in Saint Domingue and Brazil was not one of them. He needed to raise money to fund his military campaigns and to cut his losses in America. Additionally, selling the territory would help increase America's power as a British rival.

The geographic advantage that helped Britain resist conquest was being an island. Being surrounded by water provided a natural barrier, making it difficult for invaders to launch successful attacks. This isolation allowed Britain to maintain its independence and defend itself against potential conquerors.

The major geographical advantage that Alexander I had over Napoleon's Grand Army was that the Grand Army was not accustomed to Russian winters. This meant that the Russian winter posed a significant challenge for the Grand Army, as they were not prepared or equipped to handle the extreme cold temperatures. This disadvantage greatly impacted the effectiveness and mobility of the Grand Army, ultimately contributing to their defeat in the Russian campaign.

The Continental System was a trade embargo imposed by Napoleon on Britain and its allies. Portugal, being one of Britain's oldest allies, refused to comply with this system and continued to trade with Britain. As a result, Napoleon sent an army through Spain to invade Portugal in order to enforce the Continental System and punish Portugal for its defiance.

Many former colonies of Spain and Portugal gained independence as a result of the Napoleonic Period and the Congress of Vienna. This is because during this time, Spain and Portugal, as colonial powers, were weakened by the Napoleonic Wars and the subsequent Congress of Vienna. This created an opportunity for their colonies to break free and assert their independence.

Napoleon and the pope signed a concordat to restore good relations between France and the Roman Catholic Church. A concordat is an agreement or treaty that establishes the terms and conditions of the relationship between the state and the Church. This agreement helped to resolve the tensions between Napoleon and the Church, allowing for a more peaceful coexistence and cooperation between the French government and the Catholic Church.

The main goal of the participants in the Congress of Vienna was to establish security and stability for the nations of Europe. This can be inferred from the fact that the Congress aimed to restore the balance of power among European nations after the Napoleonic Wars, which had caused widespread instability and upheaval. By creating a system of alliances and boundaries, the participants sought to prevent future conflicts and maintain peace in the region. The focus on security and stability indicates that this was the primary objective of the Congress.

Czar Alexander I used a scorched-earth policy to defeat Napoleon in Russia. This strategy involved destroying anything that could be of use to the enemy, including crops, livestock, and infrastructure, leaving nothing for the invading army to sustain themselves with. By implementing this tactic, Alexander aimed to weaken Napoleon's forces by depriving them of essential resources and forcing them to retreat due to lack of supplies. This strategy ultimately proved successful, as it contributed to the French army's downfall and their eventual retreat from Russia.

After escaping from exile, Napoleon gathered volunteers from the French countryside and seized power from King Louis XVIII. Napoleon had been exiled to the island of Elba, but he managed to escape and return to France. With the support of the French people, he overthrew King Louis XVIII and established himself as the ruler once again. This event is known as the Hundred Days and marked Napoleon's brief return to power before his final defeat at the Battle of Waterloo.

Napoleon attacked Portugal to enforce the terms of the Continental System. The Continental System was a blockade imposed by Napoleon on Great Britain, aiming to weaken its economy by preventing trade with other European countries. Portugal, being a neutral country, continued to trade with Britain, which violated the terms of the Continental System. Therefore, Napoleon attacked Portugal to ensure its compliance with the blockade and to eliminate any potential support for Britain.

Prince Klemens von Metternich of Austria was the most influential leader at the Congress of Vienna because he played a crucial role in shaping the outcome of the conference. Metternich was a skilled diplomat and negotiator who advocated for a conservative approach to restoring stability and order in Europe after the Napoleonic Wars. He successfully promoted the principles of legitimacy, balance of power, and collective security, which became the foundation of the Congress's decisions. Metternich's influence extended beyond the conference, as he continued to shape European politics for many years, making him the most influential leader at the Congress of Vienna.

Napoleon did not accomplish an expansion of freedom of speech. During his rule, he implemented strict censorship laws and suppressed freedom of the press. He aimed to control the spread of information and ideas, limiting the ability of individuals to express their opinions openly. This was in contrast to his achievements in other areas such as establishing a uniform set of laws, stabilizing the economy, and implementing an equal-opportunity public education system.

During the war between Great Britain and France, Great Britain responded with a blockade against France. This means that Great Britain prevented any ships from entering or leaving French ports, effectively cutting off their trade and supplies. This blockade became a major cause of the war between Great Britain and the United States because it also affected American ships, leading to tensions between the two countries and eventually leading to the War of 1812.

In 1812, Napoleon and his troops faced severe difficulties due to the scorched-earth policy used by the Russian leader in response to France's invasion. This policy involved destroying crops, resources, and infrastructure, leaving nothing for the invading army to sustain themselves. This tactic aimed to weaken and demoralize the enemy by depriving them of essential supplies and support. The scorched-earth policy greatly hindered Napoleon's forces, forcing them to endure harsh conditions and limited resources, ultimately contributing to their downfall in the Russian campaign.

The Duke of Wellington was the British Field Commander who defeated Napoleon at Waterloo. He led the British and allied forces to victory in the Battle of Waterloo in 1815, marking the end of Napoleon's reign. Wellington's strategic planning and leadership skills played a crucial role in the defeat of Napoleon's forces, securing a significant victory for the British and their allies.

The invasion of Russia by Napoleon caused the greatest human losses. This military campaign, known as the French invasion of Russia, took place in 1812. Napoleon's army faced harsh weather conditions, lack of supplies, and strong resistance from the Russian forces. As a result, the French army suffered heavy casualties, with estimates ranging from 300,000 to 500,000 deaths. The invasion ultimately proved to be a disastrous military campaign for Napoleon, leading to his downfall and the weakening of his empire.

The Battle of Trafalgar was a naval battle between the British Royal Navy and the combined fleets of France and Spain during the Napoleonic Wars. The British victory at Trafalgar prevented Napoleon from achieving naval superiority and invading Britain. As a result, Napoleon was forced to abandon his plans of invading Britain, which was a significant consequence of the battle.

During the Peninsular War, the French actions in Spain provoked armed resistance by guerrillas. These guerrilla fighters were Spanish civilians who organized themselves into small, mobile bands to carry out hit-and-run attacks against the French forces. They used unconventional tactics and knowledge of the local terrain to harass and weaken the French army. The guerrillas played a crucial role in the long and draining conflict, as their actions disrupted French supply lines and morale, making it difficult for the French to maintain control over Spain.

Great Britain reacted to the Continental System by organizing its own blockade. The Continental System was a trade embargo imposed by Napoleon Bonaparte on British goods in an attempt to weaken the British economy. In response, Great Britain implemented its own blockade, known as the Orders in Council, which aimed to restrict trade between neutral countries and France. This blockade was an attempt by Great Britain to counteract the effects of the Continental System and protect its own economy.

The correct answer is the Continental System. In 1806, Napoleon implemented the Continental System, which was an economic blockade aimed at isolating Britain and weakening its economy. The system prohibited European countries under French control from trading with Britain, in an attempt to make Europe self-sufficient and reduce Britain's economic power.

Napoleon suffered rare military defeats at the hands of Admiral Horatio Nelson. This is evident from the mention of the Battle of Trafalgar, where Nelson's British fleet defeated Napoleon's combined French and Spanish fleet. Additionally, Nelson also played a significant role in the Battle of the Nile in Egypt, where he successfully defeated Napoleon's forces. Therefore, Admiral Horatio Nelson is the correct answer.

The correct answer is "Nationalistic feelings grew in countries placed under foreign rule." This is because the political changes made at the Congress of Vienna resulted in the redrawing of borders and the establishment of new territories under foreign control. This led to a sense of national identity and pride among the people living in these territories, which in turn fueled the growth of nationalistic feelings.

Klemens von Metternich, an influential figure at the Congress of Vienna, did not want to create the beginnings of a European democracy. Instead, his main goal was to restore Europe's royal families to their thrones and maintain the traditional monarchical order. He aimed to establish a balance of power in Europe by strengthening the countries surrounding France to prevent any future aggression from France. Therefore, his focus was on preserving the existing political structure rather than promoting democratic ideals.