Nervous System Chapter 15

The "fight or flight" response is a physiological reaction to stress or danger, preparing the body for action. The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for activating this response, increasing heart rate, dilating blood vessels, and releasing stress hormones like adrenaline. The parasympathetic nervous system, on the other hand, is responsible for the body's rest and digest response, promoting relaxation and conserving energy. Therefore, the correct answer is sympathetic.

The sympathetic division of the Autonomic Nervous System operates under conditions of stress and emergency. It is responsible for the body's "fight or flight" response, which prepares the body to react to dangerous or stressful situations. This response involves increased heart rate, elevated blood pressure, dilated pupils, and increased blood flow to the muscles, among other physiological changes. The sympathetic division helps the body respond quickly and effectively to threats or stressful situations.

The parasympathetic system arises from the brainstem and the sacral region. It is responsible for conserving energy and promoting rest and digestion. It helps to slow down the heart rate, increase digestion, and promote relaxation. This system works in opposition to the sympathetic system, which is responsible for the fight or flight response.

The autonomic activity is controlled by reflex centers in both the brain and the spinal cord. The brain and the spinal cord are both part of the central nervous system and play a crucial role in regulating and coordinating autonomic functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, and respiration. Reflex centers in the brain and spinal cord receive sensory information and send out appropriate motor responses to maintain homeostasis and respond to external stimuli. Therefore, both A (brain) and B (spinal cord) are involved in controlling autonomic activity.

The sympathetic nervous system arises from the thoracic and lumbar region. It is responsible for the "fight or flight" response, which prepares the body for action in response to stress or danger. This system increases heart rate, dilates blood vessels, and releases adrenaline, among other effects.

Both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions release acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that is involved in various physiological processes in the body. In the parasympathetic division, acetylcholine is released at the postganglionic synapses, where it acts on target organs to promote rest and digestion. In the sympathetic division, acetylcholine is released at the preganglionic synapses, where it activates the release of norepinephrine, another neurotransmitter involved in the "fight or flight" response. Therefore, both divisions play a role in the release of acetylcholine.

The parasympathetic system operates under normal conditions. This system is responsible for promoting rest, relaxation, and digestion. It helps to conserve energy and restore the body to a balanced state after periods of stress or activity. In contrast, the sympathetic system is responsible for the "fight or flight" response, which is activated during times of stress or danger.

The autonomic system is responsible for maintaining homeostasis in the body without conscious effort. It controls involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate, digestion, and breathing. The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are both part of the autonomic system, but they have different roles. The sympathetic system prepares the body for "fight or flight" responses, while the parasympathetic system promotes "rest and digest" activities. However, both systems work together to maintain balance and stability in the body. Therefore, the correct answer is Autonomic.

The parasympathetic system is responsible for maintaining body functions. It is a division of the autonomic nervous system that promotes rest, relaxation, and digestion. It helps regulate heart rate, breathing, digestion, and other essential functions while the body is at rest. The parasympathetic system works in opposition to the sympathetic system, which is responsible for the body's fight or flight response.

Acetylcholine and norepinephrine are both examples of autonomic neurotransmitters. Autonomic neurotransmitters are chemicals that transmit signals between nerve cells in the autonomic nervous system, which regulates involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate, digestion, and breathing. Acetylcholine is primarily involved in the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, while norepinephrine is primarily involved in the sympathetic division. These neurotransmitters play a crucial role in maintaining balance and coordinating the activities of different organs and systems in the body.

The ganglia lie on top of the organ in the parasympathetic system. The parasympathetic system is responsible for rest and digest activities, and it helps regulate the body's internal functions during periods of relaxation. Ganglia are clusters of nerve cell bodies that are involved in transmitting signals between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. Therefore, it makes sense that the ganglia would be located on top of the organ in the parasympathetic system to facilitate the transmission of signals and control organ functions.

The synapse in the paravertebral ganglia is close to the vertebral column in the sympathetic system. This is because the sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the fight-or-flight response, which involves preparing the body for intense physical activity or stress. The paravertebral ganglia, also known as sympathetic chain ganglia, are located near the spinal cord and are part of the sympathetic division. Therefore, the correct answer is the sympathetic system.

Norepinephrine is released by sympathetic postganglionic fibers. These fibers are part of the sympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for the "fight or flight" response. When the body is under stress or in a dangerous situation, the sympathetic nervous system is activated and releases norepinephrine into the bloodstream. Norepinephrine helps to increase heart rate, constrict blood vessels, and raise blood pressure, preparing the body for action.

The correct answer is Parasympathetic. The question is asking about the system in which the synapse occurs in the "gaglia" (likely a typo for "ganglia"). The parasympathetic system is responsible for rest and digest functions, and it uses ganglia to transmit signals between neurons. Therefore, the synapse occurs in the parasympathetic system.

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that is released by preganglionic fibers, postganglionic fibers, and cholinergic fibers. Preganglionic fibers are responsible for transmitting signals from the central nervous system to the autonomic ganglia, where acetylcholine is released. Postganglionic fibers, on the other hand, transmit signals from the ganglia to the target organs or tissues, also releasing acetylcholine. Cholinergic fibers refer to nerve fibers that release acetylcholine as their primary neurotransmitter. Therefore, all three options mentioned in the answer are correct.