Chapter 11: Interest Groups

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  • 1/47 Questions

    Today, civil rights groups are particularly concerned with affirmative action programs to ensure equal educational and employment opportunities.

    • True
    • False
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Chapter 11: Interest Groups - Quiz
About This Quiz

Explore key aspects of interest groups in politics with Chapter 11: Interest Groups. This quiz assesses understanding of their roles, differences from political parties, and theories like elite theory, enhancing learners' grasp of political linkage institutions.

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  • 2. 

    One of the most emotional issues to generate single-issue groups has been that of abortion.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    The statement suggests that the issue of abortion has been a significant factor in the formation of single-issue groups. This implies that individuals who feel strongly about the topic have come together to advocate for their respective positions. Therefore, the statement is true as it highlights the emotional nature of the abortion debate and its impact on the formation of single-issue groups.

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  • 3. 

    Technology has facilitated the explosion inf the number of interest groups in the United States.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    The statement is true because technology has indeed played a significant role in the increase of interest groups in the United States. With the advent of the internet and social media, it has become easier for individuals with similar interests and concerns to connect and organize themselves into interest groups. These platforms provide a means for these groups to mobilize, communicate, and advocate for their causes, leading to a proliferation of interest groups in the country.

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  • 4. 

    Public opinion polls have shown that most people believe that government is pretty much run by a few big interests looking out for themselves.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    This statement suggests that the majority of people hold the belief that government is controlled by a small number of influential entities who prioritize their own interests. The use of the phrase "most people" indicates that there is a general consensus among the public regarding this perception. Therefore, the answer "True" aligns with the information provided in the statement.

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  • 5. 

    Critics charge that PACs make the interest group system biased toward the wealthy.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    The statement is true because critics argue that Political Action Committees (PACs) give more influence and power to wealthy individuals and corporations, as they are able to contribute large sums of money to support candidates and causes that align with their interests. This financial advantage allows the wealthy to have a greater impact on the political process, potentially overshadowing the voices and concerns of those who are not as financially well-off. This perceived bias towards the wealthy is a common criticism of the PAC system.

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  • 6. 

    Interest groups differ from political parties because

    • Parties use technology more effectively

    • Groups tend to be policy specialists while parties tend to be policy generalists.

    • The group's main arena is the electoral system.

    • Parties seek many access points in the government.

    Correct Answer
    A. Groups tend to be policy specialists while parties tend to be policy generalists.
    Explanation
    Interest groups differ from political parties because groups tend to be policy specialists while parties tend to be policy generalists. This means that interest groups focus on specific issues or policies and advocate for their interests in a more targeted and specialized manner. On the other hand, political parties have a broader platform and aim to appeal to a wider range of voters by addressing various policy areas. While parties seek to gain power and control government through the electoral system, interest groups primarily focus on influencing policy outcomes and shaping public opinion.

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  • 7. 

    Business PACs have increased more dramatically than any other category of PACs.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    Business PACs refer to political action committees that are formed by businesses or business associations to support political candidates or campaigns. The statement suggests that the growth rate of business PACs has been higher compared to other types of PACs. This implies that business entities have become more actively involved in political activities and have increased their financial contributions to political campaigns. Therefore, the given answer "True" indicates that business PACs have indeed increased more dramatically than any other category of PACs.

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  • 8. 

    Interest group liberalism is characterized by the philosophy that all interests are almost equally legitimate and the job of government is to advance them all.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    Interest group liberalism is a philosophy that believes that all interests within a society are equally valid and should be advanced by the government. This means that the government's role is to support and promote the goals and objectives of various interest groups, rather than favoring one over the others. This approach emphasizes inclusivity and the idea that all voices should be heard and considered in the decision-making process. Therefore, the given statement is true.

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  • 9. 

    Large groups have organizational advantages over small groups.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. False
    Explanation
    Large groups do not necessarily have organizational advantages over small groups. In fact, small groups often have better communication and coordination due to the smaller number of members. Large groups can be more difficult to manage, with increased chances of miscommunication and decreased individual accountability. Additionally, decision-making can be slower in large groups due to the need for consensus. Therefore, the statement that large groups have organizational advantages over small groups is false.

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  • 10. 

    The concept of the "union shop" illustrates the seriousness of the free-rider problem for labor organizations.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    The concept of the "union shop" refers to a situation where all employees in a workplace are required to either join the labor union or pay union fees, regardless of whether they personally support the union or not. This requirement is implemented to prevent free-riding, which occurs when employees benefit from the union's collective bargaining efforts and representation without contributing to the costs. By enforcing the union shop, labor organizations aim to address the free-rider problem and ensure that all employees share the burden of supporting the union's activities. Therefore, the statement "The concept of the 'union shop' illustrates the seriousness of the free-rider problem for labor organizations" is true.

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  • 11. 

    The theory the argues the just a few groups have most of the power is the 

    • Pluralist theory

    • Elite theory

    • Group theory of politics

    • Hyper pluralist theory

    Correct Answer
    A. Elite theory
    Explanation
    The elite theory argues that power is concentrated in the hands of a small group of individuals or organizations who hold significant influence and control over political, economic, and social decisions. This theory suggests that the majority of the population has limited power and that the elite group manipulates and shapes policies to serve their own interests. It emphasizes the unequal distribution of power and resources in society, highlighting the dominance of a few powerful elites.

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  • 12. 

    Lobbying

    • Is aimed at influencing decision making.

    • Is confined solely to the legislative branch.

    • Was made illegal with the Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act.

    • Is most effective in converting legislators.

    Correct Answer
    A. Is aimed at influencing decision making.
    Explanation
    Lobbying is a practice that involves trying to influence decision making processes. It is not confined solely to the legislative branch, as lobbying can occur in various areas such as government agencies or executive branches. While lobbying has been regulated through acts like the Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act, it is not illegal in its entirety. The effectiveness of lobbying is not limited to converting legislators, as it can also involve shaping policies or influencing public opinion.

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  • 13. 

    Goods that a group can restrict to those who pay their yearly dues are called

    • Free-rider goods

    • Selective benefits

    • Collective goods

    • Actual benefits

    Correct Answer
    A. Selective benefits
    Explanation
    Selective benefits refer to goods or benefits that are available only to those who pay their yearly dues or contribute to a group or organization. These benefits are designed to incentivize individuals to join and support the group by providing exclusive advantages that non-members do not have access to. By restricting these benefits to paying members, the group can prevent free-riders, who would otherwise benefit from the group's resources without contributing. Therefore, the correct answer is selective benefits.

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  • 14. 

    A potential group

    • Is composed of people who share a common interest

    • Is usually smaller than an actual group

    • Is composed of only active group members

    • Always consists of all consumers.

    Correct Answer
    A. Is composed of people who share a common interest
    Explanation
    A potential group refers to a group of individuals who have a common interest or goal. This means that they share a similar passion, hobby, or objective, which brings them together. It is important to note that a potential group may not necessarily be as large or active as an actual group. The term "potential" implies that while these individuals have the potential to form a group, they may not have fully organized or taken active steps to become an actual group yet. Therefore, the correct answer is that a potential group is composed of people who share a common interest.

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  • 15. 

    Public policy in America has economic effects through

    • Regulations

    • Tax advantages

    • Subsidies and contracts

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    Public policy in America has economic effects through regulations, tax advantages, subsidies, and contracts. Regulations are rules and guidelines set by the government to control and direct economic activities, which can impact businesses and industries. Tax advantages refer to incentives and benefits provided by the government through the tax system, such as tax breaks or deductions, which can influence economic behavior and investment decisions. Subsidies and contracts are financial support and agreements offered by the government to specific industries or companies, which can stimulate economic growth and development. Therefore, all of these factors contribute to the economic effects of public policy in America.

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  • 16. 

    Which of the following is NOT one of the ways that lobbyists can help a member of Congress?

    • Helping to formulate campaign strategy

    • Writing and introducing bills

    • Providing important information

    • Providing idea and innovations.

    Correct Answer
    A. Writing and introducing bills
    Explanation
    Lobbyists can help a member of Congress in various ways, such as helping to formulate campaign strategy, providing important information, and providing ideas and innovations. However, writing and introducing bills is not one of the ways that lobbyists can assist a member of Congress. This task falls under the responsibility of the member of Congress themselves or their staff. Lobbyists typically focus on influencing and advocating for specific policies or issues, rather than directly writing and introducing legislation.

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  • 17. 

    Amicus curiae briefs

    • Enable a group of similarly situated plaintiffs to combine similar grievances into a single suit.

    • Consist of written arguments submitted to the courts in support of one side of a case.

    • Are required before an interest group can sue for enforcement of a particular piece of legislation.

    • Are most often used by PACs

    Correct Answer
    A. Consist of written arguments submitted to the courts in support of one side of a case.
    Explanation
    Amicus curiae briefs consist of written arguments submitted to the courts in support of one side of a case. These briefs are typically filed by individuals or organizations who are not directly involved in the case but have a strong interest or expertise in the subject matter. They provide additional information or perspectives to help the court make a more informed decision. Amicus curiae briefs are not used by PACs or required before an interest group can sue for enforcement of legislation. They also do not enable plaintiffs to combine similar grievances into a single suit.

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  • 18. 

    Most PAC contributions are given to challengers rather than incumbents.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. False
    Explanation
    The statement is false because most PAC contributions are actually given to incumbents rather than challengers. Incumbents are the current officeholders who are seeking re-election, and they often receive more PAC contributions due to their established positions and influence in politics. Challengers, on the other hand, are the candidates who are running against the incumbents and may have less access to PAC funding.

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  • 19. 

    Interest groups have no formal Constitutional protections.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. False
    Explanation
    Interest groups do have formal Constitutional protections. The First Amendment of the United States Constitution guarantees the right to freedom of speech, assembly, and petition, which allows interest groups to advocate for their causes and influence public policy. Additionally, the Supreme Court has recognized the importance of interest groups in democratic processes and has upheld their right to engage in political activities. Therefore, the statement that interest groups have no formal Constitutional protections is false.

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  • 20. 

    Which of the following is Not true of single-issue groups?

    • They are the same as public interest lobbies

    • They have narrow interests

    • The dislike compromise

    • They single-mindedly pursue their goals

    Correct Answer
    A. They are the same as public interest lobbies
    Explanation
    Single-issue groups are not the same as public interest lobbies. While both types of groups advocate for specific causes, single-issue groups focus solely on one particular issue, while public interest lobbies work on behalf of a broader range of societal concerns. Single-issue groups have narrow interests and are single-mindedly dedicated to pursuing their goals, often without compromise. However, it is important to note that they are distinct from public interest lobbies, which encompass a wider range of issues.

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  • 21. 

    Which of the following is NOT among the strategies used by interest groups to shape public policy?

    • Lobbying

    • Litigation

    • Electioneering

    • Avoiding publicity

    Correct Answer
    A. Avoiding publicity
    Explanation
    Interest groups typically use various strategies to shape public policy, such as lobbying, litigation, and electioneering. These strategies involve actively engaging with policymakers, courts, and the public to influence decision-making processes. However, avoiding publicity is not a common strategy employed by interest groups. Publicity is often sought after as a means to raise awareness, gain support, and generate public pressure for policy changes. Therefore, the answer "avoiding publicity" is not among the strategies used by interest groups to shape public policy.

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  • 22. 

    Lobbyists are relatively ineffective in winning over legislators who are opposed to their goals.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. True
    Explanation
    Lobbyists are relatively ineffective in winning over legislators who are opposed to their goals because these legislators already have strong convictions and beliefs that are contrary to the goals of the lobbyists. Despite their efforts, lobbyists may struggle to change the minds of these legislators and convince them to support their causes.

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  • 23. 

    The influence of business groups would best illustrate

    • Pluralist theory

    • Elite theory

    • Hyper pluralist theory

    • Democratic theory

    Correct Answer
    A. Elite theory
    Explanation
    The influence of business groups aligns with the elite theory. Elite theory suggests that power is concentrated in the hands of a small group of wealthy and influential individuals or organizations. In this case, business groups, which often have significant financial resources and political connections, hold a disproportionate amount of power and influence in society. This theory implies that decisions and policies are driven by the interests of this elite group, rather than being representative of the broader population.

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  • 24. 

    Organizations that seek a collective good, the achievement of which will not selectively and materially benefit the membership or activists of the organization are called

    • Single-issue groups

    • Public interest lobbies

    • Political Action Committees

    • Pluralistic groups

    Correct Answer
    A. Public interest lobbies
    Explanation
    Public interest lobbies are organizations that work towards achieving a collective good that does not selectively or materially benefit its members or activists. These groups advocate for policies and actions that benefit the general public and address issues of common concern. Unlike single-issue groups that focus on specific causes, public interest lobbies have a broader scope and aim to promote the overall well-being of society. Political Action Committees, on the other hand, are organizations that raise and spend money to support political candidates, while pluralistic groups refer to organizations that represent diverse interests and viewpoints.

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  • 25. 

    Participation in both elections and interest groups has declined dramatically since 1960

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. False
    Explanation
    The statement suggests that both participation in elections and interest groups has declined dramatically since 1960. However, the correct answer is False. The explanation for this is not provided, but it can be inferred that the statement is incorrect because there is evidence to suggest that interest group participation has actually increased since 1960. Additionally, while voter turnout in elections has fluctuated over the years, it has not consistently declined since 1960. Therefore, the statement is false.

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  • 26. 

    Which of the following is NOT an essential part of the group theory of politics?

    • Groups are extremely unequal in power.

    • Groups usually play by the rules of the game.

    • Groups weak in one resource can use another.

    • Groups compete.

    Correct Answer
    A. Groups are extremely unequal in power.
    Explanation
    The group theory of politics focuses on the role and influence of different groups in political decision-making. It suggests that groups compete and usually play by the rules of the game, while also emphasizing that groups weak in one resource can use another to gain power. However, the statement "Groups are extremely unequal in power" contradicts the essence of group theory, which suggests that power is distributed among various groups rather than being concentrated in a few dominant ones.

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  • 27. 

    According to elite theorists, interest group lobbying is a problem because 

    • It is open to too many groups.

    • It benefits the few at the expense of the many.

    • It disperses power among a wide range of groups.

    • Legislators have become immune to group pressures.

    Correct Answer
    A. It benefits the few at the expense of the many.
    Explanation
    According to elite theorists, interest group lobbying is seen as a problem because it benefits a small number of groups or individuals, while disregarding the interests and needs of the majority. This perspective suggests that lobbying activities tend to concentrate power and resources in the hands of a privileged few, leading to a potential imbalance of influence and decision-making in society.

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  • 28. 

    The larger the group, the 

    • More government support it receives.

    • More it behaves like a party.

    • Less effective it is.

    • More specialized it becomes.

    Correct Answer
    A. Less effective it is.
    Explanation
    As the group size increases, it becomes more difficult to coordinate and make decisions, resulting in a decrease in effectiveness. With more members, there are more opinions and potential conflicts, making it harder to reach consensus and take action. Additionally, larger groups may face challenges in communication and coordination, leading to inefficiencies and delays in achieving their goals. Therefore, the larger the group, the less effective it becomes.

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  • 29. 

    The gropu theory of politics

    • Is a part of traditional democratic theory

    • Supports the idea that elites run the government

    • Sees groups as an important linkage institution

    • States that groups have become too powerful

    Correct Answer
    A. Sees groups as an important linkage institution
    Explanation
    The correct answer states that the group theory of politics sees groups as an important linkage institution. This means that according to this theory, groups play a crucial role in connecting the government and the citizens. It suggests that groups act as intermediaries, representing the interests and concerns of different segments of society to the government. This perspective recognizes the influence and impact of organized groups in shaping political decisions and policies.

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  • 30. 

    Which of the following is NOT a part of sub governments?

    • Interest group leaders

    • Interlocking directorates

    • Administrative agencies

    • Congressional committees and subcommittees.

    Correct Answer
    A. Interlocking directorates
    Explanation
    Interlocking directorates are not a part of sub governments. Sub governments refer to the various entities and groups that operate within the larger government structure, such as interest group leaders, administrative agencies, and congressional committees and subcommittees. Interlocking directorates, on the other hand, refer to the practice of individuals serving as directors on the boards of multiple companies. While this practice can have implications for corporate governance and influence, it is not directly related to the functioning of sub governments within the political system.

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  • 31. 

    The hyperpluralist position on groups is that 

    • Groups have become too powerful int the political process.

    • Interest group liberalism is aggravated by numerous sub governments.

    • The result of group conflict is contradictory and confusing policy.

    • All the above.

    Correct Answer
    A. All the above.
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "all the above." The hyperpluralist position on groups suggests that groups have become too powerful in the political process, interest group liberalism is aggravated by numerous sub governments, and the result of group conflict is contradictory and confusing policy. This viewpoint implies that groups have excessive influence, leading to a fragmented and ineffective political system.

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  • 32. 

    Which of the following is generally NOT a major part of electioneering?

    • Providing financial aid to candidates, frequently through PACs

    • Encouraging group members to campaign for a favorite candidate

    • Running an interest group leader as a political candidate

    • Activating group members to vote for a favorite candidate.

    Correct Answer
    A. Running an interest group leader as a political candidate
    Explanation
    Running an interest group leader as a political candidate is generally not a major part of electioneering. Electioneering refers to the activities carried out to influence the outcome of an election. Providing financial aid to candidates, encouraging group members to campaign, and activating group members to vote for a favorite candidate are all common electioneering strategies. However, running an interest group leader as a political candidate is not typically considered a major part of electioneering, as it involves a specific individual from an interest group becoming a candidate themselves, rather than supporting or influencing other candidates.

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  • 33. 

    Most interest groups are not concerned with the opinions of people outside of their membership

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. False
    Explanation
    Interest groups are typically concerned with shaping public opinion and influencing policy decisions. They often seek to gain support from individuals outside of their membership in order to advance their goals and objectives. Therefore, the statement that most interest groups are not concerned with the opinions of people outside of their membership is false.

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  • 34. 

    Which of the following statements about the elite theory perspective on groups is FALSE?

    • Real power is held by relatively few key groups.

    • The power of a few is fortified by an extensive system of interlocking directorates.

    • The real game of group politics is the one played by the corporate elites.

    • Groups provide an effective check on elite power.

    Correct Answer
    A. Groups provide an effective check on elite power.
    Explanation
    The elite theory perspective suggests that real power is held by relatively few key groups and that their power is fortified by an extensive system of interlocking directorates. It also argues that the real game of group politics is the one played by the corporate elites. However, the statement that groups provide an effective check on elite power is false according to the elite theory perspective. This perspective argues that the elite groups have a dominant influence and control over societal and political decisions, limiting the ability of other groups to effectively challenge or check their power.

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  • 35. 

    Collective goods

    • Can be packaged and sold separately.

    • Can be withheld from any group member

    • Are available only to members of the actual group who secure them.

    • Are shared by members of the potential group.

    Correct Answer
    A. Are shared by members of the potential group.
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "are shared by members of the potential group." This means that collective goods are available to individuals who are part of a potential group, meaning they have the potential to become members of the group. It implies that these goods are not restricted to only current members of the group, but can also be accessed by individuals who may join the group in the future.

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  • 36. 

    Free-riders

    • Are actual group members

    • Avoid collective goods

    • Aggravate large groups more than small groups

    • Automatically share in selective benefits.

    Correct Answer
    A. Automatically share in selective benefits.
    Explanation
    Free-riders are individuals who benefit from a collective good without contributing to its production or maintenance. They take advantage of the efforts of others while avoiding any personal costs or contributions. This behavior can be more detrimental in large groups as the impact of free-riders is amplified, causing a greater burden on the remaining members. However, despite not actively participating or contributing, free-riders still have access to selective benefits that may be derived from the collective good.

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  • 37. 

    The Tobacco Institute, the Department of Agriculture, and the House Tobacco Subcommittee working together to protect the interest of tobacco farmers is a classic example of

    • Interlocking directorates

    • The group theory of politics

    • A sub government

    • Elite control of government

    Correct Answer
    A. A sub government
    Explanation
    The given scenario of the Tobacco Institute, the Department of Agriculture, and the House Tobacco Subcommittee working together to protect the interest of tobacco farmers can be classified as a sub government. A sub government refers to a network of interest groups, government agencies, and legislative committees that collaborate closely to shape and implement policies in a specific area. In this case, these three entities form a sub government focused on promoting and safeguarding the concerns of tobacco farmers.

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  • 38. 

    James Madison

    • Favored a wide-open system in which many groups would be able to participate to counterbalance one another.

    • Wanted the Constitution to forbid the growth of groups and factions.

    • Believed american society would be best served by a relatively small number of powerful groups.

    • Believed that public interest groups were dangerous because the common man was not qualified to speak for the public interest.

    Correct Answer
    A. Favored a wide-open system in which many groups would be able to participate to counterbalance one another.
    Explanation
    James Madison favored a wide-open system in which many groups would be able to participate to counterbalance one another. This means that he believed in a pluralistic society where multiple groups with different interests and ideologies could compete and influence the decision-making process. Madison believed that this would prevent any single group from gaining too much power and ensure that the government represents the diverse interests of the people.

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  • 39. 

    Most recently, the National Organization for Women has been most active in 

    • Getting the Equal Rights Amendment ratified

    • The enactment of individual statutes on equal rights for women.

    • Achieving equal voting rights.

    • All of the above.

    Correct Answer
    A. The enactment of individual statutes on equal rights for women.
    Explanation
    The correct answer is the enactment of individual statutes on equal rights for women. This is because the National Organization for Women has been actively working towards achieving equal rights for women by advocating for the passing of specific laws that protect and promote gender equality. This approach focuses on addressing the specific needs and challenges faced by women through the creation of legislation that ensures their rights are protected in various aspects of life.

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  • 40. 

    Which of the following statements regarding  the Tax reform Act of 1986 is FALSE?

    • The Tax Reform Act eliminated all but a very few loopholes.

    • The Tax Reform Act is a classic example of how PACs can influence votes.

    • The Chairman of the Senate Finance Committee was Congress's top PAC recipient during the tax reform struggle.

    • Senator Packwood turned against lobbyists trying to get his ear on behalf of various tax loopholes.

    Correct Answer
    A. The Tax Reform Act is a classic example of how PACs can influence votes.
    Explanation
    The Tax Reform Act of 1986 is not a classic example of how PACs can influence votes.

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  • 41. 

    Which of the following matters could NOT be explained by Mancur Olson's law of large groups?

    • The problems of public interest lobbies

    • Why small groups are easier to organize

    • Why large groups are less effective

    • The successes of the Consumers Union

    Correct Answer
    A. The successes of the Consumers Union
    Explanation
    Mancur Olson's law of large groups explains that as a group grows in size, it becomes more difficult to organize and achieve their goals. It suggests that large groups are less effective because of free-riding and collective action problems. However, the successes of the Consumers Union cannot be explained by this law, as the organization has managed to overcome these challenges and achieve positive outcomes.

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  • 42. 

    Congressional candidate Steve Sovern organized a PAC called LASTPAC in order to

    • Get PAC money since no other PAC would support him.

    • Urge candidates to shun PAC-backing

    • Unite the PACs under on political organization

    • Get other candidates to support the goals of the Legal Assistance Support Team (LAST).

    Correct Answer
    A. Urge candidates to shun PAC-backing
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "urge candidates to shun PAC-backing." This is because the explanation provided states that Steve Sovern organized the PAC called LASTPAC with the intention of encouraging other candidates to avoid accepting support from PACs.

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  • 43. 

    Which of the following issues is NOT on the hit list of environmentalist groups?

    • Alternative energy sources

    • Strip mining

    • Offshore oil drilling

    • Supersonic aircraft

    Correct Answer
    A. Alternative energy sources
    Explanation
    Environmentalist groups are typically focused on advocating for alternative energy sources as a solution to combat climate change and reduce reliance on fossil fuels. Therefore, alternative energy sources would not be on their "hit list" as it aligns with their goals and objectives. On the other hand, strip mining, offshore oil drilling, and supersonic aircraft are all activities that are often criticized by environmentalists due to their negative impacts on the environment.

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  • 44. 

    Presidents Carter and Reagan both felt that interest groups were beneficial to their administrations and helped with policy formation.

    • True

    • False

    Correct Answer
    A. False
    Explanation
    Both Presidents Carter and Reagan did not feel that interest groups were beneficial to their administrations and helped with policy formation. Therefore, the correct answer is False.

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  • 45. 

    Which of the following statements regarding lobbying is FALSE?

    • Studies have shown that lobbyists are particularly effective as information sources.

    • There is plenty of evidence to suggest that sometimes lobbying can persuade legislators to support a certain policy

    • It is hard to isolate the effects of lobbying from other influences.

    • Unlike campaigning, lobbying is directed primarily toward conversion activities.

    Correct Answer
    A. Unlike campaigning, lobbying is directed primarily toward conversion activities.
    Explanation
    The statement "Unlike campaigning, lobbying is directed primarily toward conversion activities" is false. Lobbying is not primarily directed towards conversion activities, but rather towards influencing and persuading legislators to support a certain policy. Conversion activities refer to activities aimed at converting individuals to a particular belief or cause, which is not the main focus of lobbying.

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  • 46. 

    Right-to-work laws are generally supported by

    • Business groups

    • Labor unions

    • Public interest groups

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. Business groups
    Explanation
    Right-to-work laws are generally supported by business groups because these laws allow employees to choose whether or not to join or financially support a labor union. Business groups argue that these laws promote individual freedom and protect workers from being forced to join a union or pay union fees as a condition of employment. They believe that right-to-work laws create a more competitive business environment and attract more businesses to the state, leading to economic growth. Labor unions, on the other hand, generally oppose right-to-work laws as they believe it weakens their bargaining power and ability to negotiate better wages and working conditions for their members. Public interest groups may have varying opinions on right-to-work laws depending on their specific focus and priorities.

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  • 47. 

    Which of the following types of groups has NOT resorted to litigation as a strategy for affecting policy?

    • Groups interested in equality

    • Groups interested in the environment

    • Public interest lobbies

    • None of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. Public interest lobbies
    Explanation
    Public interest lobbies have not resorted to litigation as a strategy for affecting policy. This means that while groups interested in equality and groups interested in the environment may use litigation as a strategy to influence policy, public interest lobbies do not typically engage in legal action for this purpose.

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