Ch.3 Middle Childhood: Social And Emotional Development (Anabel Morales)

The correct answer is "Girls" because the sentence suggests that there are individuals who experience sexism and sexual harassment in schools. Since the sentence mentions "many," it implies that this issue affects a significant number of people. Given the context, it is commonly known that girls often face these challenges in educational institutions.

When children experience their parents' divorce, it is common for them to feel a range of negative emotions such as sadness, shock, and disbelief. This is because divorce often disrupts the stability and security that children rely on, causing them to feel a sense of loss and confusion. These emotions can be overwhelming for children and may take time for them to process and come to terms with. Therefore, it is understandable that children would greet divorce with sadness, shock, and disbelief.

Selman theorized that children initially have an egocentric perspective, meaning they view the world primarily from their own point of view and struggle to understand the perspectives of others. As they develop, they gradually start to shift towards viewing the world through the eyes of others, gaining a better understanding of different perspectives and the ability to empathize with others.

Authoritative parenting is characterized by setting clear boundaries and rules while also being responsive and supportive to the child's needs. This parenting style promotes a healthy balance between discipline and nurturing. Children raised by authoritative parents tend to have higher self-esteem because they feel secure, valued, and respected. These parents provide guidance and encourage independence, allowing children to develop a sense of competence and confidence in themselves. Therefore, the authoritative parenting style contributes to high self-esteem in children.

Between the ages of 8-11, friendships are based on meeting each other's needs and loyalty. At this stage, children are developing their social skills and understanding the importance of mutual support and trust in friendships. They seek friends who can fulfill their emotional and social needs, such as companionship, understanding, and validation. Loyalty becomes a crucial aspect as they rely on friends for support and companionship. Proximity, money, and members of the other sex may not be as significant factors in friendships during this age range.

During middle childhood, children's self-esteem tends to decrease, reaching a low point around the age of 12 or 13. This can be attributed to various factors such as increased social comparisons, academic pressures, and hormonal changes during puberty. As children become more aware of their abilities and compare themselves to others, they may experience a decline in self-esteem. It is important for parents, educators, and caregivers to support and encourage children during this stage to help them navigate through these challenges and maintain a healthy level of self-esteem.

The correct answer is to insist that the child attend school. School phobia, also known as school refusal or school avoidance, is a common anxiety disorder in children. Allowing the child to only attend recess or keeping them away from school would enable their avoidance behavior and reinforce their fear. By insisting that the child attend school, parents and educators can work together to address their fears, provide support, and gradually help them overcome their anxiety about school.

In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the fourth stage of psychosexual development is known as the latency stage. During this stage, children repress their sexual impulses and focus on developing skills and relationships with same-sex peers. This stage is characterized by a decrease in sexual interest and a shift towards social and intellectual activities.

Depressed children tend to under utilize the neurotransmitter serotonin in the brain. This means that they do not effectively use or make full use of serotonin, which is a chemical that plays a crucial role in regulating mood, emotions, and overall well-being. The underutilization of serotonin may contribute to the symptoms of depression, as serotonin is known to have a positive impact on mood and is often targeted by antidepressant medications.

In early middle childhood, friendships are often based on proximity. This means that children are more likely to form friendships with those who are physically close to them, such as classmates or neighbors. At this age, children may not yet have developed the social skills or emotional understanding to form friendships based on deeper factors like meeting each other's needs or loyalty. Therefore, proximity becomes a key factor in determining their social connections.