Ch 5 - Infection Control: Principles & Practices

Washing hands before and after every service is the correct answer because it ensures proper hygiene and minimizes the risk of spreading germs. By washing hands before starting a service, any potential contaminants on the hands can be removed, preventing their transfer to surfaces or objects. Washing hands after completing a service helps to eliminate any germs that may have been picked up during the process. This practice is essential in maintaining cleanliness and preventing the spread of infections or diseases.

An allergy is a reaction that occurs when the immune system overreacts to a normally harmless substance, such as certain foods or chemicals. This immune response can cause symptoms such as sneezing, itching, hives, or difficulty breathing. Unlike a virus, parasite, or infection, which are caused by specific pathogens, an allergy is triggered by an individual's sensitivity to a particular substance. Therefore, the correct answer is allergy.

When an exposure incident occurs, the first step is to stop the service. This means that any activity or procedure that could potentially expose others to the same hazard should be halted immediately. This is crucial in order to prevent further exposure and ensure the safety of everyone involved. Once the service has been stopped, appropriate measures can be taken, such as putting on gloves, bandaging the cut, or stopping the bleeding, depending on the nature of the incident.

The ability of the body to recognize, destroy, and resist infection is known as immunity. Immunity is the body's defense mechanism against pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites. It involves the recognition of foreign substances by the immune system and the activation of a response to eliminate them. This response can include the production of antibodies, the activation of immune cells, and the development of immunological memory. Immunity plays a crucial role in protecting the body from infections and maintaining overall health.

Disinfectants used in salons must be bactericidal, fungicidal, and virucidal in order to effectively kill bacteria, fungi, and viruses. This is important in maintaining a clean and safe environment for clients and preventing the spread of infections.

To ensure proper client protection, linens and cloth materials should be used once and properly laundered. This practice helps maintain cleanliness and hygiene standards, reducing the risk of cross-contamination and the spread of infections. Reusing linens on multiple clients or cleaning them only when visibly contaminated may compromise client safety and increase the likelihood of transmitting pathogens. Therefore, using linens once and ensuring they are properly laundered is the best approach for client protection.

A Safety Data Sheet (SDS) is a document that provides information about the hazards and properties of a particular chemical or product. It includes details about handling, disposal, and first-aid information, making it a comprehensive resource for manufacturers. The other options, such as Environmental Protection Label, Material Handling Sheet, and Chemical Manual, do not specifically cover all the required information like an SDS does. Therefore, the correct answer is Safety Data Sheet (SDS).

When using disinfectants, it is important to avoid submerging implements using bare hands. This is because disinfectants can be harmful to the skin and may cause irritation or other adverse reactions. It is recommended to use tongs or other tools to handle implements when submerging them in disinfectant solutions to ensure personal safety and prevent any potential health risks.

A state regulatory agency can issue penalties against both the salon owner and the cosmetologist. This is because both the salon owner and the cosmetologist are responsible for complying with the regulations and guidelines set by the agency. If either the salon owner or the cosmetologist fails to meet these standards, the regulatory agency has the authority to issue penalties as a means of enforcing compliance and ensuring the safety and well-being of consumers.

Vaccines are given to prevent viruses from growing in the body. Vaccines work by stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies against specific viruses, which helps to protect the body from future infections. Unlike antibiotics, which are used to treat bacterial infections, vaccines are specifically designed to prevent viral infections. Antifungals, on the other hand, are used to treat fungal infections, while diuretics are medications that increase urine production and are not related to preventing viral growth.

The term "infection" refers to the invasion of body tissues by disease-causing pathogens. Pathogens can include bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. When these pathogens enter the body, they can multiply and cause damage to the host tissues, leading to various symptoms and illnesses. Infections can be localized or systemic, and they can range from mild to severe, depending on the type of pathogen and the individual's immune response. Proper prevention and treatment of infections are essential to maintain good health.

Hepatitis is a bloodborne virus that primarily affects the liver. The virus can cause inflammation and damage to the liver, leading to various symptoms such as jaundice, fatigue, and abdominal pain. If left untreated, hepatitis can result in long-term liver damage, liver failure, or even liver cancer. Therefore, it is crucial to identify and treat hepatitis early to prevent further complications and protect the liver's function.

When a bacteria cell undergoes cell division, it splits into two new cells. These new cells are referred to as daughter cells. This term is used because the new cells are genetically identical to the parent cell and are produced as a result of the division process. The term "daughter" signifies the relationship between the parent cell and the newly formed cells.

Diabetes is not a common contagious disease that will prevent a salon from servicing a client. Unlike common cold, pinkeye, and ringworm, diabetes is a chronic condition that affects the body's ability to regulate blood sugar levels. It is not transmitted through direct contact or shared surfaces, and therefore does not pose a risk of spreading to others in a salon setting.

Shears are not considered single-use items because they can be used multiple times. Single-use items are typically disposable and intended for one-time use only. Cotton balls, wooden sticks, and gauze are all examples of single-use items commonly used in medical settings.

Pus is a thick, yellowish fluid that is produced by the body in response to a bacterial infection. It consists of dead white blood cells, tissue debris, and bacteria. The presence of pus is a clear indication of a bacterial infection as it is the body's way of fighting off the infection and containing it. Blood, epithelial cells, and platelets can be present in various conditions, but the presence of pus specifically points towards a bacterial infection.

HIV is the virus that causes AIDS, which stands for Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. AIDS is a condition that affects the immune system, making it difficult for the body to fight off infections and diseases. HIV is transmitted through certain body fluids and attacks the immune system, specifically targeting CD4 cells. Over time, if left untreated, HIV can progress to AIDS. Therefore, AIDS is the correct answer as it directly relates to the virus mentioned.

Cleaning fans and ventilation systems once a week is important to maintain good air quality and prevent the buildup of dust, allergens, and other particles. Regular cleaning helps to ensure that the fans and ventilation systems are functioning properly and efficiently, promoting a healthy and comfortable environment. It also helps to prevent the spread of airborne contaminants and maintain the overall cleanliness of the space.

After every pedicure, the whirlpool spa used for pedicures must be disinfected. This is because pedicures involve soaking the feet in the spa, which can introduce bacteria and other microorganisms into the water. Disinfecting the spa after each pedicure helps to prevent the spread of infections and ensures a clean and safe environment for the next client.

The correct answer is "Multiuse" because it refers to items that can be used again, even after being exposed to bodily fluids. This term implies that the item is designed to withstand multiple uses and can be properly cleaned and sanitized between each use to ensure safety and hygiene.

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Nail drills cannot be immersed in liquid disinfectant because they are electrical devices that can be damaged by contact with liquids. Immersing a nail drill in liquid disinfectant can cause the electrical components to short circuit and malfunction. Therefore, it is recommended to clean nail drills using other methods such as wiping with disinfectant wipes or using a spray disinfectant.

Parasites are organisms that grow, feed, and find shelter on or in another organism. They rely on their host for survival and often cause harm or discomfort to the host. Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that can be parasitic, but not all bacteria are parasites. Germs is a broad term that can refer to any microorganism, including parasites, bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Toxins, on the other hand, are harmful substances produced by certain organisms, but they do not necessarily grow, feed, or find shelter on or in another organism.

Bloodborne pathogens are microorganisms that can be found in blood or other bodily fluids and can cause diseases such as hepatitis and HIV. These pathogens can be transmitted through contact with infected blood or other bodily fluids, such as through needlestick injuries or unprotected sexual contact. Streptococci and staphylococci are types of bacteria that can cause various infections but are not specifically associated with hepatitis or HIV. Fungi are a separate group of microorganisms that can cause fungal infections but are not typically associated with hepatitis or HIV. Therefore, the correct answer is Bloodborne Pathogens.

When cleaning your implements, it is recommended to rinse them with warm water. Warm water helps to loosen dirt and debris more effectively than cold water. Additionally, warm water can help to dissolve and remove any residues left behind by cleaning products. Using hot water may be too harsh and can potentially damage the implements, while using cold water may not be as effective in removing dirt and bacteria. Therefore, warm water is the ideal choice for rinsing implements during the cleaning process.

A local infection confined to a particular part of the body is indicated by a lesion containing pus. Pus is a thick, yellowish fluid that is produced during an infection as a result of the body's immune response. It is composed of dead white blood cells, bacteria, and tissue debris. The presence of pus in a lesion suggests that there is an infection in that specific area of the body, as the body is attempting to fight off the infection by producing pus.

Tinea Pedis is a ringworm fungus that affects the foot, commonly known as athlete's foot. It causes itching, redness, and scaling of the skin on the feet. Folliculitis Barbae is a bacterial infection that affects the hair follicles of the beard area. Tinea Capitis is a ringworm infection of the scalp. Tinea Barbae is a ringworm infection that affects the beard area. Therefore, the correct answer is Tinea Pedis.

Pus is a thick fluid that is formed as a result of infection. It contains white blood cells, bacteria, and dead cells. White blood cells are an important component of pus as they are part of the body's immune response and help to fight off infections. Bacteria are the causative agents of the infection and dead cells are the result of tissue damage caused by the infection. Therefore, the presence of white blood cells, bacteria, and dead cells in pus is a characteristic feature of an infected area.

When disinfecting a foot spa, it is recommended to let the disinfectant circulate through the basin for 10 minutes. This duration allows the disinfectant to thoroughly clean and eliminate any potential bacteria or contaminants present in the foot spa. A shorter duration may not be sufficient to effectively disinfect the basin, while a longer duration may not provide any additional benefits and could potentially be wasteful. Therefore, 10 minutes is the optimal time for the disinfectant to circulate and ensure proper sanitation of the foot spa.

Phenolic disinfectants have a high pH. pH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, with a pH of 7 being neutral. A high pH indicates that the solution is alkaline or basic. Phenolic disinfectants, such as phenol or cresols, are known for their effectiveness against a wide range of microorganisms. They work by denaturing proteins and disrupting cell membranes. The high pH of phenolic disinfectants helps to enhance their antimicrobial activity and effectiveness in killing bacteria and viruses.

A pumice stone is an example of a single-use item because it is typically used for one-time exfoliation purposes and then discarded. Unlike the other options listed, such as a metal pusher, permanent wave rod, or nippers, which can be reused multiple times, a pumice stone is designed to be used only once due to its porous nature and the fact that it wears down with each use.

A virucidal disinfectant is specifically designed to destroy viruses. While it may also have some effectiveness against other pathogens such as bacteria and fungi, its primary function is to eliminate viruses. Viruses are unique infectious agents that require specific methods for disinfection, and a virucidal disinfectant is formulated to target and destroy these microscopic organisms.

Before starting the process of cleaning and disinfecting a basic foot basin, it is important to prioritize personal safety. Putting on gloves and safety glasses is the first step to protect oneself from any potential harm or exposure to harmful chemicals or contaminants. This precaution ensures that the person cleaning the foot basin is protected from any potential risks during the cleaning process.

Bacilli and Spirilla bacteria use slender, hair-like extensions called flagella. Flagella are whip-like structures that protrude from the cell surface and enable the bacteria to move. They rotate like a propeller, allowing the bacteria to swim through liquids or move on solid surfaces. These flagella play a crucial role in the motility and navigation of these bacteria.

A client with Hepatitis B who does NOT appear ill is said to be asymptomatic. This means that the client is infected with the virus but does not show any symptoms or signs of the disease. Asymptomatic individuals can still transmit the virus to others, so it is important for them to take necessary precautions to prevent the spread of the infection.

Quats solutions are disinfectants that are commonly used in various industries, including healthcare and food service. These solutions are effective in killing a wide range of bacteria, viruses, and fungi. The recommended contact time for quats solutions to effectively disinfect implements is typically 10 minutes. This duration allows the solution enough time to penetrate and kill any microorganisms present on the surface of the implements. Therefore, the correct answer is 10 min.

OSHA defines PPEs as "specialized clothing or equipment worn by an employee for protection against a hazard". PPEs stands for Personal Protective Equipment, which includes items such as helmets, gloves, goggles, and masks that are designed to protect workers from potential hazards in the workplace. These items act as a barrier between the employee and the hazards, reducing the risk of injury or illness.

The correct answer is Cleaning & then Disinfecting. Infection control involves two main steps: cleaning and then disinfecting. Cleaning refers to the removal of dirt, debris, and organic matter from surfaces. This step helps to reduce the number of microorganisms present on the surface. Disinfecting, on the other hand, involves using chemicals or other agents to kill or inactivate the remaining microorganisms on the surface. By first cleaning and then disinfecting, the chances of eliminating or reducing the risk of infection are maximized. Sterilizing and disinfecting may be related to infection control, but the question specifically asks for the correct order of steps.

Most bacteria are nonpathogenic, meaning they do not cause disease or harm to their host organisms. While there are pathogenic bacteria that can cause infections and diseases, the majority of bacteria are actually beneficial or harmless. Nonpathogenic bacteria play important roles in various ecological processes, such as nutrient cycling, decomposition, and symbiotic relationships with plants and animals. They can also be used in industrial applications, such as fermentation processes for food production.

A virus is a correct answer because it is a parasitic submicroscopic particle that infects and resides in the cells of a biological organism. Unlike bacteria or fungi, viruses cannot survive or reproduce on their own and require a host cell to do so.

A fungicidal disinfectant is capable of destroying fungi. This type of disinfectant specifically targets and kills fungi, which are a type of microorganism that can cause infections and diseases. It is not effective against bacteria or viruses, as they require different types of disinfectants or treatments.

A disease refers to an abnormal condition of all or part of the body that hinders its ability to perform normal functions. It is a broad term that encompasses various illnesses and health conditions caused by factors such as infections, genetic disorders, or lifestyle choices. Diseases can affect different organs, systems, or the entire body, leading to symptoms and impairments that disrupt normal bodily functions.

Hepatitis B is the correct answer because it is a very resilient virus that can survive outside the body for up to seven days. It can withstand harsh conditions and is resistant to many disinfectants commonly used in salons. Therefore, it is more difficult to eliminate from salon surfaces compared to other forms of hepatitis.

When washing your hands, it is recommended to rub them together in a lather for at least 20 seconds. This is because it takes time for the soap to effectively break down and remove dirt, bacteria, and viruses from your hands. Rubbing your hands together for 20 seconds ensures that you cover all areas of your hands, including between your fingers and under your nails, to thoroughly clean them. It is a simple and effective way to maintain good hand hygiene and prevent the spread of germs.

Biofilms refer to colonies of microorganisms that adhere to environmental surfaces, as well as to the human body, and secrete a sticky protective coating that cements them together. This coating allows the microorganisms to form a complex community and provides protection against external threats. Biofilms can be found in various environments, including water pipes, medical devices, and even the human body, where they can cause infections and other health issues.

Chelating detergents are used to remove the residue of pedicure products from a foot spa. Chelating detergents are specifically designed to bind and remove mineral deposits, such as salts and metals, which are commonly found in pedicure products. They help to break down and dissolve these residues, ensuring that the foot spa is thoroughly cleaned and free from any leftover product. Salt, UV sanitizers, and disinfectants may have their own uses in foot spa maintenance, but they are not specifically designed to remove the residue of pedicure products.

Bacteria are one-celled microorganisms that can have characteristics of both plants and animals. They are classified as prokaryotes, lacking a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Bacteria can be found in various environments, including soil, water, and even inside the human body. They play important roles in various ecological processes and can have both beneficial and harmful effects on other organisms. Bacteria can be responsible for causing diseases, but they are also used in various industries such as food production and biotechnology.

Antiseptics are a type of chemical germicides that are specifically formulated for use on the skin. They are registered and regulated by the FDA, ensuring their safety and effectiveness. Antiseptics are commonly used to prevent infections by killing or inhibiting the growth of microorganisms on the skin.

Doorknobs and handles should be disinfected daily because they are frequently touched surfaces that can harbor a high number of germs and bacteria. Regular disinfection helps prevent the spread of infections and diseases. Tables, styling stations, and shampoo sinks may also need to be disinfected regularly, but the question specifically asks for surfaces that should be disinfected daily.

When preparing a disinfectant solution, it is recommended to add the disinfectant to the water. This is because adding the water to the disinfectant can cause the disinfectant to splatter or create foam, which may result in an uneven mixture. By adding the disinfectant to the water slowly and stirring gently, you can ensure a more uniform and effective solution.