Ch 2 Minerals Section 1 Matter

Each horizontal row on the periodic table is called a period. The periodic table is organized in periods based on the increasing atomic number of the elements. Each period represents a different energy level or shell in which the electrons are arranged around the nucleus of an atom.

The nucleus makes up most of the mass and is made up of protons and neutrons.

A proton is a subatomic particle that carries a positive charge. It is one of the fundamental particles that make up an atom's nucleus. Protons have a charge of +1, which is equal in magnitude but opposite in sign to the charge of an electron. This positive charge is what allows protons to attract and bind with negatively charged electrons, creating a stable atom.

Dmitri Mendeleev is considered the "Father of the Periodic Table" because he was the first scientist to develop a periodic table that organized the elements based on their atomic mass and chemical properties. Mendeleev's periodic table also left gaps for yet-to-be-discovered elements and predicted their properties accurately. His work laid the foundation for the modern periodic table that we use today.

Protons are positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom. They have a mass of approximately 1/2000 amu. Unlike electrons, which are negatively charged and orbit the nucleus, protons are positively charged and remain within the nucleus.

DNA is a molecule that is made up of lots of atoms. This is because DNA is a complex macromolecule composed of nucleotides, which are made up of atoms such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. These atoms come together to form the double helix structure of DNA, which carries genetic information and plays a crucial role in the functioning of living organisms.

The atomic mass of an element refers to the average mass of all the isotopes of that element. In this case, the correct answer is 59, which means that the average mass of all the isotopes of this element is 59 atomic mass units.

Electrons are the subatomic particles that are most involved in chemical bonding. This is because electrons are negatively charged and they orbit around the nucleus of an atom. During chemical bonding, electrons are either shared or transferred between atoms to form chemical bonds. These bonds allow atoms to achieve a stable electron configuration, which is typically achieved by filling or emptying their outermost electron shell. Therefore, electrons play a crucial role in determining the chemical properties and reactivity of atoms.

Metals make up the majority of the periodic table. They are characterized by their ability to conduct electricity and heat, as well as their luster and malleability. Metals are found on the left side and in the middle of the periodic table, and include elements such as iron, copper, and gold. They make up about 75% of the known elements and are essential for various industrial and technological applications.

Democritus is credited with being the first scientist to propose the concept of atoms. He believed that all matter was made up of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms. Democritus' ideas were based on philosophical reasoning rather than experimental evidence, but his theories laid the foundation for modern atomic theory. His ideas were later expanded upon and refined by other scientists such as John Dalton, J.J. Thomson, and Niels Bohr.

Electrons orbit the nucleus and are negatively charged. This is a basic concept in atomic structure. Electrons are subatomic particles that have a negative charge and they move around the nucleus in specific energy levels or orbitals. They are much smaller and lighter than the protons and neutrons in the nucleus and they contribute very little to the mass of the atom. The number of electrons in an atom is equal to the atomic number, which determines the element's identity.

Carbon is not one of the eight most common elements in Earth's continental crust. The most common elements in the continental crust are oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, and magnesium. Carbon is not as abundant in the continental crust compared to these elements.

The first energy level can hold a maximum of 2 electrons. This is because the first energy level only has one sublevel, which is the s sublevel, and the s sublevel can hold a maximum of 2 electrons.

The atomic number of an atom is the same as the amount of protons it contains. Protons are positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom. The atomic number determines the identity of an element and defines its unique properties. It also determines the number of electrons in a neutral atom, as in a neutral atom the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons. Therefore, the statement that the atomic number is the same as the amount of protons is correct.

Thomson believed that all atoms were made up of negatively charged particles free flowing in a positively charged mass. This is known as the "plum pudding" model, where the negatively charged electrons are embedded in a positively charged mass, similar to plums in a pudding. This model was later replaced by the nuclear model proposed by Rutherford.

AMU stands for Atomic Mass Unit. This unit is used to measure the mass of atoms and molecules. It is defined as 1/12th the mass of a carbon-12 atom. The atomic mass unit is commonly used in chemistry and physics to express the relative masses of atoms and molecules.

The correct answer is 2 because the question asks about the number of electrons in the outer orbital of the atom. The outer orbital, also known as the valence shell, can hold a maximum of 8 electrons. Therefore, if there are only 2 electrons in the outer orbital, it means that the atom has a valence electron configuration of 2, which is typical for atoms in the first period of the periodic table.

Electrons are the subatomic particles that orbit the nucleus in a fixed orbit. Protons and neutrons are located within the nucleus and do not orbit it. Therefore, the correct answer is electron.

The family name of group 8A is transition metals. This is because group 8A, also known as group 8 or the iron group, consists of elements that are transition metals. Transition metals are located in the d-block of the periodic table and have properties such as high melting and boiling points, good conductivity, and the ability to form colored compounds. Therefore, transition metals is the correct answer for the family name of group 8A.