CCNA 2 Final Exam

EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) maintains a topology table separate from the routing table. The topology table contains detailed information about all available routes in the network, including metrics such as bandwidth, delay, reliability, and load. This separate table allows EIGRP to calculate the best path to a destination based on these metrics and update the routing table accordingly. By keeping the topology table separate, EIGRP can make more efficient and informed routing decisions, leading to improved network performance.

Routing protocols use metrics to determine the best path to forward network traffic. A metric is a value assigned to each path, which is used to compare the different paths to remote networks. This allows the router to select the most optimal path based on factors such as bandwidth, delay, reliability, or cost. Each routing protocol may use its own specific metric calculation algorithm, allowing for flexibility and customization. Therefore, the statement "A metric is a value used by a particular routing protocol to compare paths to remote networks" is true.

The correct password that the administrator should enter at the R1> prompt to access the privileged EXEC mode is Cisco789.

The possible cause for the two routers being unable to establish an adjacency is that the hello and dead intervals are different on the two routers. In OSPF, routers use hello packets to discover and establish adjacencies with neighboring routers. The hello interval determines how often hello packets are sent, while the dead interval determines how long a router waits to declare a neighbor as unreachable. If the hello and dead intervals are different on the two routers, they will not be able to synchronize and establish an adjacency.

When a router learns multiple paths to a remote network with equal cost, it will choose the path learned via the routing protocol with the lowest administrative distance. In this case, EIGRP has a lower administrative distance than RIP, so the path learned via EIGRP will be installed in the routing table.

Failed routes are advertised with a metric of infinity. This prevents routing loops by informing other routers that the route is no longer available and should not be used for forwarding packets. By assigning a metric of infinity to the failed route, it becomes an unattractive option for routing, ensuring that packets do not get trapped in a loop and preventing unnecessary traffic congestion.

The reason for the router booting and entering setup mode is that the configuration file is missing from NVRAM. Setup mode allows the user to manually configure the router from scratch, including setting up basic parameters such as hostname, IP address, and passwords. In this case, the router cannot find the configuration file in the non-volatile RAM (NVRAM), which stores the startup configuration. Without the configuration file, the router cannot load the necessary settings and defaults to setup mode for the user to manually configure it.

Split horizon is a mechanism that prevents a router from advertising a route back onto the interface from which it was learned. In this scenario, R2 is prevented from receiving false update information about the 10.4.0.0 network because split horizon ensures that R2 does not receive updates about this network from R1, which is connected to the same interface. This mechanism helps to avoid routing loops and ensures more efficient routing in the network.

The reason for the missing RIP route could be that EIGRP has a lower administrative distance compared to RIP. Administrative distance is a measure of the trustworthiness of a routing protocol, where a lower value indicates a higher priority. In this case, the router has chosen to install the route learned via EIGRP because it considers EIGRP to be more reliable and trustworthy than RIP. Therefore, it prioritizes the EIGRP route over the RIP route in its routing table.

EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol) is recommended for a network configured with IP, IPX, and AppleTalk protocols. EIGRP is a Cisco proprietary routing protocol that supports multiple network layer protocols, including IP, IPX, and AppleTalk. It provides fast convergence, scalability, and efficient use of bandwidth. RIPv1 and RIPv2 are distance vector routing protocols that do not support multiple network layer protocols. OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) is a link-state routing protocol designed for IP networks only. Therefore, EIGRP is the best choice for this network configuration.

RIPv1 does not support discontiguous networks. This means that if there are multiple networks that are not directly connected, RIPv1 will not be able to route traffic between them. In this scenario, the two networks 10.1.1.0/29 and 10.1.1.16/29 are not directly connected, so RIPv1 will not be able to establish a route between them. This is the likely cause of the problem where the two networks are unable to access each other.

The possible cause of the problem is that the routers are configured with different versions of RIP. The RIP protocol uses version numbers to ensure compatibility between routers. If the routers are configured with different versions, they may not be able to communicate properly and exchange routing information. This can result in devices on the 192.168.1.1 network being able to ping the S0/0/0 interface on R2, but not being able to ping devices on the 192.168.2.1 network.

IS-IS and OSPF are two routing protocols that use a hierarchical network topology. These protocols divide the network into multiple levels or areas, allowing for efficient routing and scalability. In a hierarchical topology, routers are organized into different levels or areas, with each level having its own set of routers and a designated hierarchy. This hierarchical structure helps in reducing the complexity of routing tables and improving the overall efficiency of the network. Both IS-IS and OSPF are widely used in large enterprise networks and internet service provider networks due to their ability to handle complex network topologies effectively.

The given network range is 172.24.64.0/18, which means that the subnet mask is 18 bits long. This allows for a total of 2^18 - 2 = 16382 usable IP addresses. The last usable IP address in this range would be the highest IP address within the subnet. In this case, the highest IP address would be 172.24.127.254/18, as it falls within the subnet and is the last usable IP address.

R1 should use the summarization 192.168.0.0/22 to advertise its networks to R2. This is because the /22 prefix length includes both the 192.168.0.0/24 and 192.168.1.0/24 networks. By using this summarization, R1 can advertise a single route to R2 that covers both of its networks, reducing the number of routes in R2's routing table.

NVRAM stores the configuration file in a router, allowing the router to retain its configuration even after a power cycle. POST (Power-On Self Test) is a process that runs diagnostics on the hardware modules during the boot-up process to ensure they are functioning properly.

SDRAM stands for Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory, and it is a type of computer memory that is used to store data temporarily. In the case of a router, SDRAM is used to store the routing table, which contains information about the various routes that the router can use to forward network traffic. The routing table is a crucial component of a router's operation, as it determines the most efficient path for data packets to travel through a network. Therefore, SDRAM plays a vital role in the functioning of a router by storing this important data.

The correct answer is "R1(config-router)# network 172.16.0.0 0.0.31.255 area 0". This command is used to advertise the entire range of addresses included in the subnet 172.16.0.0/19 in OSPF area 0. The wildcard mask 0.0.31.255 is used to specify the range of addresses to be advertised, which includes all addresses from 172.16.0.0 to 172.16.31.255.

The route that will be used to reach network 172.16.1.0 is the one with the lowest administrative distance. In this case, the route with the lowest administrative distance is "D 172.16.1.0/24 [90/2195456] via 192.168.200.1, 00:00:09, Serial0/0/0". The "D" indicates that this route was learned through EIGRP, and the administrative distance of EIGRP is lower than the other routing processes (such as OSPF, RIP, or BGP) that may have advertised the same network. Therefore, this route will be chosen to reach network 172.16.1.0.

The reason for the ping failure is that the 192.168.4.0 network is not included in the RIP configuration of R2. This means that R2 is not advertising the route to 192.168.4.1 to R1, causing the ping to fail.

The OSPF LSR (Link State Request) packet is used by receiving routers to request more information about any entry in the DBD (Database Description). This packet is sent when a receiving router wants more detailed information about a specific entry in the database. It helps in the synchronization and exchange of link state information between OSPF routers.

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The subnet 192.168.1.64/26 should be used for the new subnet. This subnet provides enough addresses for 62 hosts (64 addresses in total) while wasting a minimum of addresses. The other subnets have fewer available addresses or waste more addresses.

When a router boots, it first checks the flash memory to locate the Cisco IOS image. If it is not found in the flash memory, the router then tries to locate the IOS image from a TFTP server. If the IOS image is still not found, the router finally looks for it in the ROM. Therefore, the correct order to locate the Cisco IOS if there is no boot system command is flash, TFTP server, ROM.

The given exhibit shows a network with multiple routers configured with EIGRP routing protocol. Since the network is fully converged, the traffic from the 10.1.1.0/24 network to the 10.1.2.0/24 network will be load-balanced between the paths A-B-D and A-C-D. This means that the traffic will be evenly distributed between these two paths, allowing for efficient utilization of network resources and improved performance.

To resolve the issue of hosts connected to R2 being unable to ping the hosts connected to R1, the problem can be resolved by configuring the R2 router interfaces for area 0. This suggests that the routers are using OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) as the routing protocol, and by configuring the R2 router interfaces for area 0, they will be able to establish communication and exchange routing information with the routers in area 0 (which includes R1). This will enable the hosts connected to R2 to successfully ping the hosts connected to R1.

When there is no feasible successor route to a destination network and the successor route fails, EIGRP will send queries to adjacent neighbors until a new successor route is found. This is because EIGRP uses the Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL) to find loop-free paths, and when a route fails, it initiates a query process to find an alternative route. The queries are sent to adjacent neighbors, and if a neighbor has a feasible successor route, it will reply with the route information. This process continues until a new successor route is discovered.

The highlighted output indicates that automatic summarization is disabled. This means that the router is not automatically summarizing routes at network boundaries. Instead, it is advertising the specific routes.

The packets will travel via R2-R1 because the exhibit states that R1 and R3 use different routing protocols with default administrative distance values. This means that R1 will have a lower administrative distance than R3, making it the preferred path for routing the packets.

The router ID in the configuration of the OSPF routing process is determined by the highest IP address of any logical interface and the highest IP address of any physical interface. The router ID is a unique identifier assigned to each router in an OSPF network and is used to identify the router within the OSPF domain. By selecting the highest IP address of any logical interface and the highest IP address of any physical interface, it ensures that the router ID is unique and consistent across the network.

If no routing protocols or static routes are configured, the only routes that will be included in the show ip route command output for router A are the directly connected networks. In this case, the router interfaces are configured with IP addresses in the 192.168.x.0 range, so the routes to networks 192.168.1.0/24, 192.168.2.0/24, and 192.168.3.0/24 will be in the routing table. Other networks outside of this range will not be included in the routing table.

The command "B(config)# router rip B(config-router)# passive-interface S0/0" will prevent RIP updates from being sent to Router A by configuring the interface S0/0 as passive. A passive interface does not send or receive routing updates. Therefore, by configuring S0/0 as passive, RIP updates will not be sent from Router B to Router A.

The correct answer is Router4 because it is the only router that is advertising the subnet 172.16.1.32/28. The other routers are not mentioned in the exhibit, so we cannot determine if they are advertising this subnet or not.

The router ID is a unique identifier used by routers in OSPF to identify themselves. In this scenario, since no loopback interface has been set on any of the routers, the routers will use the highest IP address among the active interfaces to determine the router ID. This means that the router with the highest IP address among its active interfaces will be chosen as the router ID.

The reason for the problem is that one of the default routes is configured incorrectly. This means that the routing table on either R1 or R2 has a default route pointing to an incorrect next hop or destination. As a result, when the ping is sent from the FastEthernet interface, the router does not know where to send the traffic and the ping fails. However, when the ping is sent between the serial interfaces, the correct routes are used and the ping is successful.

To allow communication between host A and the server, the IP address of the server must be changed. The IP address is the unique identifier of a device on a network, and in order for host A to communicate with the server, they must be on the same network and have compatible IP addresses. By changing the IP address of the server, it can be placed on the same network as host A, enabling communication between them.

Before two routers can use OSPF to form a neighbor adjacency, they must agree on the network type. This is important because OSPF supports different network types such as point-to-point, broadcast, and non-broadcast multi-access, and the routers need to have the same understanding of the network type in order to establish a neighbor relationship. Additionally, the routers must use the same dead interval, which is the amount of time that a router waits before declaring a neighboring router as dead. Having the same dead interval ensures that both routers have the same timing for detecting and responding to router failures.

The correct answer is Paris(config)# router eigrp 100, Paris(config-router)# network 192.168.7.0, Paris(config-router)# network 192.168.8.0.

To configure EIGRP on the Paris router, the first command "Paris(config)# router eigrp 100" is used to enter the EIGRP configuration mode and specify the autonomous system number as 100.

The next two commands "Paris(config-router)# network 192.168.7.0" and "Paris(config-router)# network 192.168.8.0" are used to specify the network addresses that should participate in EIGRP routing. These commands enable EIGRP on the interfaces associated with the specified network addresses.

The ping from R1 to 192.168.3.1 will fail because there is no route to reach that destination in R1's routing table.

A router has two main functions. Firstly, it forwards data packets towards their destination by examining the destination IP address and using routing tables to determine the best path for the packets to take. Secondly, it acts as an intersection between multiple IP networks by connecting different networks and allowing them to communicate with each other.

The exhibit is not provided, so it is difficult to determine the exact context of the question. However, based on the given options, the correct answer is 5. This suggests that there are five ultimate routes in the given scenario.

RIP (Routing Information Protocol) is a distance-vector routing protocol that uses the Bellman-Ford algorithm to determine the best path. This algorithm calculates the cost of each route based on the number of hops. RIP also periodically sends complete routing tables to all connected devices, ensuring that all routers have the same information about the network topology. This allows for network convergence and ensures that all routers have consistent routing information.

The reason host A is unable to access the Internet is because the Fa0/1 interfaces of the two routers are configured for different subnets. This means that there is a mismatch in the network addresses between the routers, causing a connectivity issue for host A.

The correct answer is 10.0.0.0/22 is subnetted, 1 subnets. This entry represents the route summary for R2 because it is the only entry that has a subnet mask of /22, which includes all the subnets of R2 without including any additional subnets. The other entries have different subnet masks and include additional subnets, so they do not represent the route summary for R2.

The highlighted value 2 represents the number of hops between R2 and the 192.168.8.0/24 network.

Link-state routing protocols, such as OSPF and IS-IS, allow routers to establish a complete topology of the network by exchanging information about their directly connected links. This enables routers to have a detailed understanding of the network's layout and the status of each link. Additionally, these protocols use the shortest path first algorithm to determine the best path for routing packets. This algorithm calculates the shortest path based on various metrics, such as link cost, bandwidth, and delay. Therefore, the two true statements for link-state routing protocols are that routers can establish a complete network topology and the shortest path first algorithm is used.

Link-state routing protocols are aware of the complete network topology, meaning they have a full understanding of all the routers and links in the network. This allows them to make more informed routing decisions based on the current state of the network. Additionally, link-state routing protocols offer rapid convergence times in large networks. This means that when there is a change in the network, such as a link failure, the routing protocol can quickly update its routing tables and adapt to the new network conditions.

Based on the exhibit and its displayed commands, the statement "The link to the ISP will be excluded from the routing protocol process" is true. This can be inferred from the "distribute-list 1 out" command on Router A's interface connecting to the ISP. This command filters the routing updates going out of that interface, effectively excluding the link to the ISP from the routing protocol process.

The correct answer is that the route via Path A is installed because the static route has the lowest administrative distance to network 10.2.0.0/16. Administrative distance is a measure of the trustworthiness of a routing protocol, where a lower value indicates a higher level of trust. In this scenario, the static route has a lower administrative distance than the EIGRP route, so it is considered more reliable and will be installed in the routing table.

The router will need to perform a recursive lookup for packets destined to the 10.0.0.0/8 network because it is a classful network address and the router needs to determine the specific subnet within that network. Additionally, the router will need to perform a recursive lookup for packets destined to the 192.168.2.0/24 network because it is a private IP address and the router needs to determine the specific subnet within that network.