Case - Renal Disease

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  • 1/15 Questions

    KNOWLEDGE - Which of the following are associated with NEPHROTIC SYNDROME..

    • Proteinurea
    • Hypoalbuminaemia
    • Hyperalbuminaemia
    • Normal urine protein
    • Oedema
    • Hyperlipidaemia
    • Haematuria
    • Pro thrombotic state
    • Hypocoagulative state
    • Can cause progressive renal disease
    • Low urine volume
    • IgG nephropathy as a possible cause
    • IgA nephropathy as a possible cause
    • Diabetes as a possible cause
    • Lupus as a possible cause
    • NSAIDs as a possible cause
    • Hypertension
    • C3 deposition
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Renal Quizzes & Trivia
About This Quiz

This quiz titled 'CASE - Renal disease' assesses knowledge on renal disorders, focusing on nephrotic and nephritic syndromes, urine microscopy, and types of acute kidney injury (AKI). It is designed to test understanding of key symptoms and causes relevant to renal health.

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  • 2. 

    KNOWLEDGE - Which of the following are associated with NEpHRITIC SYNDROME..

    • Proteinurea

    • Hypoalbuminaemia

    • Hyperalbuminaemia

    • Normal urine protein

    • Oedema

    • Hyperlipidaemia

    • Haematuria

    • Pro thrombotic state

    • Hypocoagulative state

    • Can cause progressive renal disease

    • Low urine volume

    • IgG nephropathy as a possible cause

    • IgA nephropathy as a possible cause

    • Diabetes as a possible cause

    • Lupus as a possible cause

    • NSAIDs as a possible cause

    • Hypertension

    • C3 deposition

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. Proteinurea
    A. Hypoalbuminaemia
    A. Oedema
    A. Haematuria
    A. Can cause progressive renal disease
    A. Low urine volume
    A. IgA nephropathy as a possible cause
    A. Lupus as a possible cause
    A. Hypertension
    A. C3 deposition
    Explanation
    Nephritic syndrome is characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys. This leads to leakage of protein in the urine (proteinurea), low levels of albumin in the blood (hypoalbuminaemia), and accumulation of fluid in the body (oedema). Haematuria, the presence of blood in the urine, is also associated with nephritic syndrome. It can cause progressive renal disease, leading to kidney damage. Other possible causes of nephritic syndrome include IgA nephropathy, lupus, and hypertension. C3 deposition, a marker of complement activation, is also associated with nephritic syndrome.

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  • 3. 

    KNOWLEDGE - regarding the presence of casts on urine microscopy...

    • RBC Casts always indicate renal disease

    • RBC Casts indicate, most commonly, glomerulonephritis

    • White Cell Casts can be seen in acute pyelonephritis

    • White Cell Casts can be seen in glomerulonephritis

    • Some casts may be normal

    • Finely granulated casts indicate glomerular/tubular disease

    • Coarsely granulated casts indicate glomerular/tubular disease

    • Finely granulated casts are associated with pathological proteinurea

    • Coarsely granulated casts are associated with pathological proteinurera

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. RBC Casts always indicate renal disease
    A. RBC Casts indicate, most commonly, glomerulonephritis
    A. White Cell Casts can be seen in acute pyelonephritis
    A. Some casts may be normal
    A. Coarsely granulated casts indicate glomerular/tubular disease
    A. Coarsely granulated casts are associated with pathological proteinurera
    Explanation
    RBC Casts always indicate renal disease and RBC Casts indicate, most commonly, glomerulonephritis because the presence of red blood cell casts in urine microscopy is a strong indication of renal disease. Glomerulonephritis is the most common cause of RBC casts. White Cell Casts can be seen in acute pyelonephritis, which is an infection of the kidneys. Some casts may be normal, as not all casts are pathological. Coarsely granulated casts indicate glomerular/tubular disease and are associated with pathological proteinuria.

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  • 4. 

    KNOWLEDGE - in Acute Kidney Injury, (AKI)...

    • Oliguria is common

    • Polyuria is common

    • Biochemically, increased plasma urea

    • Biochemically, increased creatinine

    • Biochemically, decreased plasma urea

    • Biocehcmically, decreased creatinine

    • Associated with anaemia

    • Associated with hypocalcemia

    • Associated with increased phosphate

    • More common in elderly

    • AKI is most commonly Pre-Renal

    • AKI is most commonly Intrinsic AKI

    • AKI is most commonly Post Renal

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. Oliguria is common
    A. Biochemically, increased plasma urea
    A. Biochemically, increased creatinine
    A. More common in elderly
    A. AKI is most commonly Pre-Renal
    Explanation
    In Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), oliguria, which is a decreased urine output, is a common symptom. Biochemically, there is an increase in plasma urea and creatinine levels, indicating impaired kidney function. AKI is more common in the elderly population. Additionally, AKI is most commonly caused by pre-renal factors, such as decreased blood flow to the kidneys, rather than intrinsic or post-renal causes.

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  • 5. 

    KNOWLEDGE - Pre Renal AKI...

    • Is due to increased renal perfusion

    • Is irreversible

    • Can be a secondary effect of peritonitis

    • Can be an effect of sepsis

    • Can be an effect of anaphylaxis

    • Can be an effect of heart failure

    • Can be an ADR of NSAIDs

    • Can be an ADR of diuretics

    • Can be an ADR of ACE Inhibitors

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. Can be a secondary effect of peritonitis
    A. Can be an effect of sepsis
    A. Can be an effect of anaphylaxis
    A. Can be an effect of heart failure
    A. Can be an ADR of NSAIDs
    A. Can be an ADR of ACE Inhibitors
    Explanation
    Pre Renal AKI is a type of acute kidney injury that is caused by decreased blood flow to the kidneys, leading to impaired kidney function. It can be a secondary effect of peritonitis, sepsis, anaphylaxis, heart failure, and adverse drug reactions such as NSAIDs and ACE inhibitors. This condition is not irreversible, as it can be resolved by addressing the underlying cause and restoring proper blood flow to the kidneys.

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  • 6. 

    KNOWLEDGE - in Intrinsic AKI...

    • Haematuria indicates Glomerular damage

    • Proteinurea indicates Glomerular damage

    • RBC Casts indicate Glomerular damage

    • Goodpastures can cause Tubulo-interstitium injury

    • P-ANCA is present in Wegener's granulomatosis

    • P-ANCA is present in Microscopic Polyangitis

    • Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody disease and Goodpastures are synonymous

    • Glomerular AKI is associated with oedema and hypertension

    • Tubulo-interstitium injury is part of Pulmonary-Renal disease

    • Tubulo-interstitium injury is often autoimmune

    • Tubulo-interstitium injury is associated with haematuria

    • Tubulo-interstitium injury is usually normal on urinalysis

    • Tubulo-interstitium injury is associated with proteinurea

    • Urinalysis is commonly normal in Glomerular damage

    • Tubulo-interstitium injury can be caused by ischaemia

    • Radiocontrast is a major cause of glomerular damage

    • Radiocontrast is a major cause of tubulo-interstitium damage

    • Rabdomyolysis is a major cause of glomerular damage

    • Rabdomyolysis is a major cause of tubulo-interstitium damage

    • Diuretics can produce an acute allergic interstital nephritis

    • NSAIDS can produce an acute allergic interstitial nephritis

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. Haematuria indicates Glomerular damage
    A. Proteinurea indicates Glomerular damage
    A. RBC Casts indicate Glomerular damage
    A. P-ANCA is present in Microscopic Polyangitis
    A. Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody disease and Goodpastures are synonymous
    A. Glomerular AKI is associated with oedema and hypertension
    A. Tubulo-interstitium injury is usually normal on urinalysis
    A. Tubulo-interstitium injury can be caused by ischaemia
    A. Radiocontrast is a major cause of tubulo-interstitium damage
    A. Rabdomyolysis is a major cause of tubulo-interstitium damage
    A. Diuretics can produce an acute allergic interstital nephritis
    A. NSAIDS can produce an acute allergic interstitial nephritis
    Explanation
    Haematuria, proteinuria, and RBC casts are all indicators of glomerular damage. P-ANCA is present in Microscopic Polyangitis. Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody disease and Goodpastures are synonymous. Glomerular AKI is associated with edema and hypertension. Tubulo-interstitium injury is usually normal on urinalysis. It can be caused by ischemia. Radiocontrast and rhabdomyolysis are major causes of tubulo-interstitium damage. Diuretics and NSAIDs can produce acute allergic interstitial nephritis.

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  • 7. 

    Whata re the possible causes of AKI?

    • Pre-renal acute kidney secondary to dehydration and hypotension

    • Bladder outflow obstruction secondary to enlarged prostate

    • Acute interstitial nephritis secondary to NSAI ibuprofen

    • Acute interstitial nephritis secondary to PPI lansoprazole

    • Multi-system disorder causing intrinsic renal injury

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. Pre-renal acute kidney secondary to dehydration and hypotension
    A. Bladder outflow obstruction secondary to enlarged prostate
    A. Acute interstitial nephritis secondary to NSAI ibuprofen
    A. Acute interstitial nephritis secondary to PPI lansoprazole
    A. Multi-system disorder causing intrinsic renal injury
    Explanation
    The possible causes of AKI include pre-renal acute kidney injury due to dehydration and hypotension, bladder outflow obstruction due to an enlarged prostate, acute interstitial nephritis due to the use of NSAIs like ibuprofen, acute interstitial nephritis due to the use of PPIs like lansoprazole, and multi-system disorders causing intrinsic renal injury. These conditions can all lead to impaired kidney function and the development of AKI.

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  • 8. 

    Which is the ONE most useful method of imaging the kidneys for AKI?

    • Plain X-Ray (KUB)

    • Ultrasound

    • Intravenous Urogram

    • Non-Contrast CT KUB

    • MR Angiogram

    Correct Answer
    A. Ultrasound
    Explanation
    Ultrasound is the most useful method of imaging the kidneys for AKI. Ultrasound uses sound waves to create images of the kidneys and can provide valuable information about the size, shape, and structure of the kidneys. It is a non-invasive procedure that does not involve the use of radiation or contrast agents, making it safe and suitable for patients with renal impairment. Ultrasound can also help identify any abnormalities or blockages in the urinary tract that may be contributing to the AKI. Overall, ultrasound is a reliable and widely available imaging modality for evaluating kidney function in cases of AKI.

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  • 9. 

    What tests would help you to clarify the of his AKI - which TWO are the most useful?

    • Urinalysis - dipstick for blood and protein

    • Urinalysis - dipstick for pH and nitrites

    • Urinary sodium

    • Urinary creatinine

    • Urine culture

    • Urine microscopy

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. Urinalysis - dipstick for blood and protein
    A. Urine microscopy
    Explanation
    Urinalysis - dipstick for blood and protein and urine microscopy are the most useful tests to clarify the cause of AKI. The dipstick for blood and protein can help identify any abnormalities in the urine, such as the presence of blood or protein, which can indicate underlying kidney damage. Urine microscopy involves examining a urine sample under a microscope to look for the presence of red and white blood cells, casts, crystals, or bacteria, which can further help in determining the cause of AKI. These tests provide valuable information about the kidney function and can aid in diagnosing the underlying condition causing AKI.

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  • 10. 

    (Case) In AKI associated with dyspnoeia, what are the more likely causes of shortness of breath ina  young patient who has been hospitalised?

    • Pulmonary oedema

    • Hospital-acquired pneumonia

    • Aspiration pneumonia

    • Pulmonary embolism

    • Pulmonary haemorrhage

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. Pulmonary oedema
    A. Hospital-acquired pneumonia
    A. Pulmonary haemorrhage
    Explanation
    The more likely causes of shortness of breath in a young patient who has been hospitalized with AKI associated with dyspnoea are pulmonary oedema, hospital-acquired pneumonia, and pulmonary haemorrhage. Pulmonary oedema refers to the accumulation of fluid in the lungs, which can cause difficulty in breathing. Hospital-acquired pneumonia is a lung infection that develops during a hospital stay and can lead to respiratory symptoms. Pulmonary haemorrhage refers to bleeding in the lungs, which can also result in shortness of breath.

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  • 11. 

    What does Positive C ANCA mean? Give ALL possible answers

    • It confirms a recent infection

    • It confirms irreversible renal failure

    • It is a marker of microscopic vasculitis

    • It is associated with Wegener's Granulomatosis

    • It suggests intrinsic renal disease

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. It is a marker of microscopic vasculitis
    A. It is associated with Wegener's Granulomatosis
    A. It suggests intrinsic renal disease
    Explanation
    Positive C ANCA (antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody) is a marker of microscopic vasculitis, specifically associated with Wegener's Granulomatosis. It suggests the presence of intrinsic renal disease.

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  • 12. 

    How may microscopic vasculitis present? Give ALL possible answers

    • Episcleritis

    • Skin rashes

    • Joint pains

    • Nosebleeds

    • GI Bleeds

    • AKI

    • CKD

    • Pulmonary haemorrhage

    • Mononeuritis Multiplex

    • Seizures due to intracerebral haemorrhage

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. Episcleritis
    A. Skin rashes
    A. Joint pains
    A. Nosebleeds
    A. GI Bleeds
    A. AKI
    A. CKD
    A. Pulmonary haemorrhage
    A. Mononeuritis Multiplex
    A. Seizures due to intracerebral haemorrhage
    Explanation
    Microscopic vasculitis can present with various symptoms, including episcleritis (inflammation of the outermost layer of the sclera), skin rashes, joint pains, nosebleeds, gastrointestinal bleeds, acute kidney injury (AKI), chronic kidney disease (CKD), pulmonary hemorrhage, mononeuritis multiplex (inflammation of multiple nerves), and seizures due to intracerebral hemorrhage. These symptoms can occur due to inflammation and damage to the blood vessels in different organs and tissues of the body.

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  • 13. 

    What is the significance of Crescents on renal biopsy? Give ALL correct answers

    • Crescents indicate UTI

    • Crescents indicate irreversible renal damage

    • Crescents are diagnostic of Pulmonary-Renal syndrome

    • Crescents are diagnostic of ANCA positive vasculitis

    • Crescents indicate severe glomerular injury

    Correct Answer
    A. Crescents indicate severe glomerular injury
    Explanation
    Crescents on renal biopsy indicate severe glomerular injury. This means that there is significant damage to the glomeruli, which are the filtering units of the kidneys. The presence of crescents suggests that there is inflammation and disruption of the glomerular structure, leading to impaired kidney function. These crescents can be seen in various conditions, including autoimmune diseases like ANCA positive vasculitis and Pulmonary-Renal syndrome. However, they are not specific to these conditions and can also be seen in other forms of glomerular injury. Therefore, the presence of crescents on renal biopsy is an important finding that indicates severe damage to the kidneys.

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  • 14. 

    Why is there a need for speed in dealing with Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis (RPGN)? Give ALL correct options

    • In fact, there is no particular urgency once the diagnosis is made

    • Patients can rapidly become unwell with multi-system symptoms

    • All c ANCA positive patients are at risk of developing pulmonary involvement

    • Rapid aggressive immunosuppression may salvage damaged nephrons and restore useful renal function

    • It is essential to prepare for urgent dialysis

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. Patients can rapidly become unwell with multi-system symptoms
    A. All c ANCA positive patients are at risk of developing pulmonary involvement
    A. Rapid aggressive immunosuppression may salvage damaged nephrons and restore useful renal function
    Explanation
    Patients with Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis (RPGN) can rapidly become unwell with multi-system symptoms, such as kidney failure, lung involvement, and other organ dysfunction. Additionally, all c ANCA positive patients are at risk of developing pulmonary involvement. Rapid aggressive immunosuppression is necessary in order to salvage damaged nephrons and restore useful renal function. Therefore, speed is crucial in dealing with RPGN to prevent further complications and improve patient outcomes.

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  • 15. 

    What are the options for treatment for microscopic vasculitis? Give ALL correct answers

    • Steroids

    • Cortimoxazole

    • Cyclophosphamide

    • MMF

    • Plasmapheresis

    • Rituximab

    Correct Answer(s)
    A. Steroids
    A. Cortimoxazole
    A. Cyclophosphamide
    A. MMF
    A. Plasmapheresis
    A. Rituximab
    Explanation
    The options listed are all potential treatments for microscopic vasculitis. Steroids are commonly used to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system. Cortimoxazole is an antibiotic that can be used to treat infections associated with vasculitis. Cyclophosphamide is a chemotherapy drug that can suppress the immune system and reduce inflammation. MMF, or mycophenolate mofetil, is an immunosuppressive medication that can be used to treat vasculitis. Plasmapheresis is a procedure where the liquid part of the blood, called plasma, is separated from the blood cells. This can help remove harmful antibodies and other substances from the blood. Rituximab is a medication that targets certain cells of the immune system and can be used to treat vasculitis.

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  • Current Version
  • Mar 20, 2023
    Quiz Edited by
    ProProfs Editorial Team
  • Nov 27, 2011
    Quiz Created by
    Roberth5

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