BRC 104 - Traffic Crash Investigations Part 2 (428-448)

The correct answer is "Area of Collision" because AOC is an acronym that stands for "Area of Collision". This term is commonly used in accident reconstruction to refer to the specific area where two or more vehicles or objects collide during an accident. It is important to accurately determine and analyze the AOC in order to understand the dynamics of the collision and gather evidence for investigation purposes.

A gouge is a cut into the surface of the roadway where the road surface material has been removed by a metal part from the vehicle.

A scrape is a broad area of a hard surface covered with many scratches, striations, or streak marks made without great pressure by a sliding metal part.

Debris refers to loose material that is scattered on the road after a traffic collision. It can include broken glass, metal parts, or other fragments from the vehicles involved in the accident. The term "carnage" refers to a scene of widespread destruction and bloodshed, which may not necessarily be applicable to the aftermath of a traffic collision. "Runoff" typically refers to water or other liquids that flow off the road, and "vehicle spatter" is not a commonly used term to describe material resulting from a collision. Therefore, "debris" is the most appropriate answer.

Skid marks are black marks left by a tire when it is sliding and unable to rotate freely. These marks are typically straight, but can also be asymmetrical if there is uneven braking pressure.

If a vehicle runs a red light and crashes into another vehicle, the citation issued would fall into the category of a contributing traffic violation. This is because running a red light is a clear violation of traffic laws and directly contributes to the accident. The driver's actions are considered to be a contributing factor in causing the collision.

The correct answer is short and long forms. In traffic crash investigations, there are two types of forms used: short forms and long forms. Short forms are typically used for minor accidents that do not involve serious injuries or extensive damage. They provide a concise summary of the incident, including basic information such as the date, time, and location of the crash. Long forms, on the other hand, are used for more complex accidents that involve serious injuries or fatalities. They require more detailed information, including witness statements, diagrams, and a thorough analysis of the crash scene.

When you press on the brake pedal, there is a slight delay before the braking wheels actually start to slow down. This delay is known as the mechanical delay. It refers to the time it takes for the brake system to engage and for the braking force to be transmitted to the wheels. During this delay, various mechanical components such as brake pads, calipers, and hydraulic systems need to respond and generate the necessary force to slow down the wheels. Once this delay is over, the wheels will start to slow down and the braking action will take effect.

Contact damage refers to the damage caused to a vehicle due to the direct pressure of any object during a collision or rollover. This type of damage occurs when there is physical contact between the vehicle and another object, resulting in dents, scratches, or other visible signs of impact. It is important to distinguish contact damage from other types of damage, such as mechanical or electrical damage, which may not be directly related to physical contact with another object.

The final step of crash management is to clear the scene. This involves removing any vehicles, debris, or hazards from the area to ensure the safety of motorists and restore normal traffic flow. Clearing the scene allows emergency responders to leave and minimizes the risk of secondary accidents or injuries. It also enables authorities to conduct investigations and gather evidence if necessary. By clearing the scene promptly and efficiently, the road can be reopened and normalcy can be restored.

Vehicle dynamics refers to the study of the movement of vehicles, including their acceleration, braking, and handling characteristics, during and after a collision. It involves understanding the forces and motions involved in the collision and how they affect the behavior of the vehicle. This knowledge is important for accident reconstruction, vehicle design, and improving safety measures. Photonomics, ergonomics, and vehicle optronics are not directly related to the movement of vehicles during and after a collision.

During hard acceleration, marks on a surface typically transition from dark to light. This is because hard acceleration causes the tires to grip the surface tightly, resulting in increased friction and pressure. As a result, the tires leave darker marks initially due to the rubber being pressed harder against the surface. However, as the acceleration continues, the tires start to spin and lose traction, causing the marks to become lighter. Therefore, the transition from dark to light marks is a common occurrence during hard acceleration.

The primary collision factor is the first injury element or driving action that describes the main or primary cause of the crash. It refers to the factor that directly leads to the collision or crash occurring.

When a vehicle's oil pan breaks during an accident, it causes the oil to leak out. This leaking oil is referred to as "runoff." Runoff is a term commonly used to describe the flow of liquid, in this case, oil, that occurs as a result of a breakage or leakage. It is the appropriate term to describe the oil leak that happens when the oil pan breaks during an accident.

The term "minimum speed" refers to the slowest possible speed at which a vehicle could have been traveling in order to leave skid marks on the roadway surface. It indicates the lowest speed threshold that could have caused the skid marks to be created.

When drivers choose to exchange information only, they are referring to a situation where there is no need for a detailed report or investigation. In such cases, a short form is used to document the basic information related to the incident, such as the names and contact details of the drivers involved, insurance information, and a brief description of the collision. This form is simpler and quicker to fill out compared to a long form or a traffic collision incident form, which are used for more complex or serious accidents. The short form helps streamline the process and ensures that the necessary information is recorded efficiently.

Intermittent skid marks refer to skid marks that have long distances between them. This means that the vehicle's tires were not continuously skidding, but rather skidding at certain intervals. This could be due to various factors such as the driver intermittently applying the brakes or releasing them, or the road conditions causing the tires to lose traction intermittently.

A furrow mark is a type of mark left when braking hard on a loosely packed dirt road. This mark is characterized by a deep and narrow groove or furrow in the ground, caused by the tires digging into the loose dirt as the vehicle comes to a sudden stop.

The final step in documenting the traffic crash investigation is completing the diagram of the crash. This is important because the diagram provides a visual representation of the accident scene, showing the position of vehicles, skid marks, and other relevant details. It helps investigators analyze the sequence of events and determine the cause of the crash. Additionally, the diagram can be used as evidence in court proceedings or insurance claims. Therefore, completing the diagram is crucial in accurately documenting and understanding the crash.

The buckling frame of the vehicle is an example of induced damage. This means that the collision caused the frame to buckle, indicating that the damage was a result of the impact.

The drag factor refers to the friction between a vehicle tire and the road surface. It is a measure of the resistance that the road surface provides to the movement of the vehicle. A higher drag factor indicates a higher level of friction, which can affect the vehicle's ability to accelerate, decelerate, or maintain control on the road.

When glass pieces are on the roadway for a long time, they are exposed to various weather conditions and abrasive forces. Over time, these factors cause the glass to undergo weathering and erosion. As a result, the sharp edges and corners of the glass become worn down and rounded, giving them a smoother and more rounded shape. Therefore, glass pieces that have been on the roadway for a long time tend to be rounded in shape.

The correct answer correctly names all three types of evidence at a crash site: temporary, short-lived, and permanent. Temporary evidence refers to evidence that is present immediately after the crash but may disappear or change over time. Short-lived evidence refers to evidence that remains for a relatively short period of time before disappearing. Permanent evidence refers to evidence that remains at the crash site for a long time or indefinitely.

An incipient skid mark is the mark left by the most effective braking of the wheel. It indicates that the wheel was on the verge of skidding but did not fully skid. This mark is a result of the tire's grip being at the limit, causing the tire to slightly slide or slip without fully losing traction. It is considered the most effective type of braking mark because it shows that the driver was able to apply maximum braking force without completely losing control of the vehicle.

Skid marks that are caused by braking are light to dark. When a vehicle brakes suddenly, the tires lose traction with the road surface, causing them to slide. Initially, the skid marks appear light in color as the tires start to slide. As the braking force increases and the tires continue to slide, the skid marks become darker due to the increased friction and heat generated. Therefore, the skid marks progress from light to dark as the braking action intensifies.

The missing use for the Short Form is the "Driver Report of Traffic Crash form." This form is used by drivers to report a traffic crash they were involved in.

The correct answer is "Up to 20 minutes after the crash." ABS scuff marks are visible on the road surface for a certain period of time after a crash. These scuff marks are caused by the tires locking up and skidding on the road. The marks gradually fade away as time passes. Therefore, it is reasonable to expect that the ABS scuff marks would be visible for up to 20 minutes after the crash.

An impending skid refers to a situation where a vehicle is at the edge of losing traction and sliding. "Spin down" can be used as another term to describe this condition. It implies that the vehicle is about to spin or rotate due to the loss of traction, indicating an impending skid. The term accurately captures the idea of a vehicle slowing down and spinning out of control, highlighting the imminent skid.

The correct answer is "Contributing, Non-contributing, Non-traffic". This answer accurately lists all three types of traffic violations found at traffic crashes. "Contributing" violations refer to actions that directly contributed to the occurrence of the crash, such as running a red light. "Non-contributing" violations are actions that did not directly cause the crash but may have contributed to its severity, such as not wearing a seatbelt. "Non-traffic" violations are offenses that are unrelated to the operation of a motor vehicle, such as possession of illegal substances.