Review Of Bones, Joints, And Skeleton

The sternum and most skull bones are classified as flat bones because they have a relatively thin and flat shape. Flat bones provide protection to internal organs and have a broad surface area for muscle attachment. They are typically found in areas such as the skull, sternum, and ribs.

Sutures are a type of joint that is classified as fibrous. Fibrous joints are immovable or slightly movable joints that are connected by fibrous connective tissue. Sutures specifically are found in the skull and are immovable joints that provide stability and protection to the brain.

There are 24 ribs in total in a human body. The rib cage is composed of 12 pairs of ribs, with each side of the body having 6 pairs. The ribs are long, curved bones that extend from the spine and wrap around to the front of the chest. They provide protection to vital organs such as the heart and lungs and also play a role in supporting the structure of the chest.

The humerus is classified as a long bone. Long bones are characterized by their elongated shape and consist of a shaft (diaphysis) with two ends (epiphyses). They provide support, mobility, and strength to the body. The humerus is the long bone located in the upper arm, connecting the shoulder to the elbow joint.

Short bones are cube-shaped bones that are approximately equal in length, width, and thickness. They provide stability and support to the body and are found in the wrists and ankles. Therefore, the statement "Cube bones of the wrist" refers to short bones.

Short bones are classified by their shape. They are typically cube-shaped, such as the bones of the ankle. Short bones provide stability and support to the body and are found in areas that require limited movement, such as the wrists and ankles. They are composed of cancellous bone covered by a thin layer of compact bone. Unlike long bones, short bones do not have a medullary cavity.

The growth hormone is responsible for stimulating bone growth. It plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of healthy bones. Without the growth hormone, bones may not grow properly, leading to stunted growth or skeletal abnormalities. Therefore, the growth hormone is the most important hormone for bone growth.

The three parts of the sternum are the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process. The manubrium is the uppermost portion of the sternum, connecting to the clavicles and the first rib. The body is the middle portion of the sternum, forming the bulk of its length. The xiphoid process is the smallest and lowest part of the sternum, located at the bottom. Together, these three parts make up the structure of the sternum.

The carpals are a group of eight small bones located in the wrist. They are arranged in two rows of four bones each. These bones provide stability and flexibility to the wrist joint. Therefore, the correct answer is 8.

The thoracic vertebrae consist of 12 bones. These bones are located in the middle region of the spine, between the cervical vertebrae in the neck and the lumbar vertebrae in the lower back. Each thoracic vertebra is connected to a rib on each side, forming the thoracic cage or rib cage, which protects the vital organs in the chest.

The vertebrae are classified as irregular bones. Irregular bones do not have a definite shape and vary in their appearance. They often have complex shapes with multiple projections and are found in the spinal column, such as the vertebrae. These bones provide support, protection, and flexibility to the spine.

The diaphysis refers to the shaft of a long bone, which is constructed of a thick collar of compact bone that surrounds the medullary cavity. This is in contrast to the epiphysis, which refers to the ends of the long bone. The diaphysis is responsible for providing support and strength to the bone, while also housing the medullary cavity where bone marrow is produced.

Osteoclasts are cells that resorb or break down bone matrix. They play a crucial role in bone remodeling and repair. Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells derived from monocytes and macrophages. They are responsible for the breakdown of old or damaged bone tissue, allowing for the removal of mineralized matrix and the subsequent formation of new bone. This process is essential for maintaining bone health and integrity. Osteoclasts are regulated by various factors, including hormones and cytokines, and their dysfunction can lead to bone diseases such as osteoporosis.

Calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D are needed for normal bone growth and formation. Calcium is the main mineral component of bones and is necessary for their strength and structure. Phosphorus is also essential for bone mineralization and helps in the formation of hydroxyapatite, which gives bones their hardness. Vitamin D plays a crucial role in the absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the intestines and helps regulate their levels in the body. Together, these three nutrients are vital for the development and maintenance of healthy bones.

The Haversian canal is a central channel in bone that contains blood vessels and nerves. It is responsible for supplying nutrients and oxygen to the bone cells and removing waste products. The Haversian canal is a key component of the Haversian system, which is the structural unit of compact bone. It consists of concentric layers of bone tissue called lamellae, which surround the Haversian canal. Therefore, the correct answer is HAVERSIAN CANAL.

Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells that are responsible for synthesizing and secreting the organic components of the bone matrix. They play a crucial role in bone development, growth, and repair. Osteoblasts are found in both the diaphysis (shaft) and epiphysis (ends) of long bones, as well as in other bones throughout the body. They are involved in the process of bone mineralization by depositing calcium and other minerals onto the bone matrix. Osteoblasts eventually become osteocytes, which are mature bone cells that maintain and monitor the bone tissue.

Scoliosis is a structural disorder of the spine characterized by a lateral curvature of the vertebral column. This condition causes the spine to curve sideways, resulting in an "S" or "C" shape. Kyphosis, on the other hand, refers to an excessive forward curvature of the upper back, while lordosis is an excessive inward curvature of the lower back. Therefore, scoliosis is the correct answer as it specifically corresponds to the lateral curvature of the vertebral column.

An open fracture, also known as a compound fracture, is when the bone end comes through the skin. This is different from a closed fracture, where the bone does not break through the skin. The other options listed are different types of fractures, but they do not involve the bone end coming through the skin.

Supination refers to the movement of the forearm and hand where the palm is turned upward or facing forward. This movement is made possible by the rotation of the radius bone in the forearm. It is the opposite of pronation, where the palm is turned downward or facing backward. Supination is an important movement that allows for tasks such as holding a cup or turning a doorknob.

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Osteoclasts are cells that resorb or break down bone matrix. They are responsible for the process of bone resorption, which helps in the remodeling and repair of bones. Osteoclasts play a crucial role in maintaining the balance between bone formation and bone resorption, ensuring the overall health and integrity of the skeletal system. They are multinucleated cells that secrete enzymes and acids to dissolve the mineralized matrix of bone, allowing the release of calcium and other minerals into the bloodstream. This process is essential for bone growth, repair, and remodeling throughout life.

Floating ribs are the last two pairs of ribs in the ribcage that are not attached to the sternum or the cartilage of another rib. They are only connected to the spine. There are a total of 12 pairs of ribs, with the first 7 pairs being true ribs, the next 3 pairs being false ribs, and the last 2 pairs being floating ribs. Therefore, the correct answer is 4.

The carpals are a group of eight small bones located in the wrist. They are arranged in two rows and are responsible for providing stability and flexibility to the wrist joint. Therefore, the correct answer is 8.

There are 14 bones in the phalanges of one hand. The phalanges are the bones that make up the fingers and thumb. Each finger has three phalanges (proximal, middle, and distal), while the thumb has two (proximal and distal). Therefore, when we add up the number of phalanges in each finger and thumb, we get a total of 14 bones.

There are 14 bones in the phalanges of one foot. The phalanges are the bones that form the toes, and each foot has three phalanges in each toe, except for the big toe which only has two. Therefore, there are a total of 14 phalanges in one foot.

The epiphysis is the correct answer because it refers to the end part of a long bone that is covered by a thin layer of articular hyaline cartilage. This cartilage helps to reduce friction and absorb shock during joint movement. The epiphysis also contains red marrow, which is responsible for producing blood cells. This explanation fits with the given statement and accurately describes the epiphysis.

The given answer "SYNOVIAL" is the correct answer because synovial joints have a multiaxial range of motion, meaning they allow movement in or around all three planes. Synovial joints are characterized by the presence of a synovial membrane, which secretes synovial fluid that lubricates the joint and reduces friction during movement. Examples of synovial joints include the knee, elbow, and shoulder joints.

Flexion is the movement that decreases the angle between two parts. It is a bending movement that occurs at a joint, bringing the bones closer together. This movement is commonly seen in joints such as the elbow, knee, and spine. Flexion allows for a wide range of movements, such as bending the arm, bringing the leg towards the chest, or flexing the neck.

The correct answer is synovial. Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the human body. These joints are characterized by the presence of a synovial cavity, which contains synovial fluid that lubricates the joint and reduces friction. Synovial joints allow for a wide range of movement and are found in the knees, elbows, shoulders, and other major joints. Fibrous joints are immovable or slightly movable, while cartilaginous joints allow for limited movement.

Pronation refers to the rotation of the forearm and hand in such a way that the palm faces downwards. This movement is possible due to the specific structure and arrangement of bones in the forearm, namely the radius and ulna. When the radius crosses over the ulna, it causes the palm to turn downwards. Pronation is an important movement in activities such as throwing, writing, and turning a doorknob.

Plantar flexion is the movement of the foot and toes downward, as in pointing the toes or standing on tiptoe. This movement is commonly seen in activities such as walking, running, and ballet dancing. It is achieved by contracting the calf muscles, specifically the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles, which pull the heel up and the toes down. Plantar flexion is an important movement for walking and maintaining balance, as it allows the foot to push off the ground and propel the body forward.

Supination refers to the movement of the forearm and hand where the palm is turned upward or facing forward. This movement occurs at the radioulnar joint and allows for the rotation of the radius and ulna bones. It is an example of a movement that can occur at a diarthrosis joint, which is a freely movable joint. The other options listed are either incorrect terms or do not relate to the movement described in the question.

Spongy bone is the correct answer because it forms the interior of the epiphyses, which are the bone ends. Spongy bone is less dense and has a lattice-like structure, allowing it to provide support and strength while also reducing the weight of the bone. It contains red marrow, which is responsible for producing blood cells, making it important for hematopoiesis. In contrast, compact bone forms the diaphysis, or the shaft of the bone, and is denser and more solid in structure.

The scapula is classified as a flat bone. Flat bones are thin, flat, and often curved bones that provide protection to internal organs and serve as attachment sites for muscles. The scapula, also known as the shoulder blade, is a large, triangular-shaped flat bone located on the back of the shoulder. It helps to stabilize and move the shoulder joint and provides attachment points for various muscles involved in arm and shoulder movements.

Osteocytes are mature bone cells that are found within the lacunae of bone tissue. They are responsible for maintaining the health and integrity of the bone matrix. Osteocytes communicate with each other and with other bone cells through small channels called canaliculi. They play a crucial role in bone remodeling and repair, as well as in the regulation of calcium and phosphate levels in the body. Osteocytes are derived from osteoblasts, which are responsible for bone formation, and they can also differentiate into osteoclasts, which are responsible for bone resorption. Therefore, osteocytes are an important component of bone tissue and contribute to its overall structure and function.

The xiphoid process is the bottom part of the sternum. It is a small, cartilaginous extension at the lower end of the sternum, located just below the sternal body. It is the smallest and most inferior part of the sternum, serving as an attachment point for various muscles and ligaments in the abdominal region.

Scoliosis is the correct answer because it refers to a structural disorder of the spine characterized by a lateral curvature of the vertebral column. In scoliosis, the spine curves sideways, causing the shoulders, hips, or waist to appear uneven. This condition can occur in various degrees of severity and can be caused by factors such as genetics, muscle imbalances, or neuromuscular conditions. Treatment options for scoliosis include observation, bracing, and in severe cases, surgery.

The correct answer is "closed." A closed fracture refers to a broken bone where the skin remains intact, meaning there is no open wound. This type of fracture is also known as a simple fracture.

An impacted fracture occurs when the broken ends of a bone are jammed together. This type of fracture typically occurs when a bone is forced into another bone, causing compression and jamming of the fractured ends. The jamming of the ends can make it difficult for the bone to heal properly and may require realignment or surgical intervention.

An oblique fracture is a type of fracture where the break runs at an angle across the bone. This means that the bone is not broken in a straight line, but rather at a diagonal or slanted angle. This type of fracture can occur when there is a rotational force applied to the bone, causing it to break in a diagonal direction.

Yellow marrow is found in the center of bones and is fat.

The manubrium is the top part of the sternum.

Extension refers to the straightening or increasing the angle between two parts. It is the opposite of flexion, which refers to bending or decreasing the angle between two parts. In the context of the skeletal system, extension typically refers to the movement of a joint that increases the angle between the bones involved, such as straightening the arm at the elbow joint.

Kyphosis is known as "old woman's hump" because it is a condition characterized by an excessive forward curvature of the upper spine, causing a hunched or rounded appearance of the back. This condition is more commonly observed in older women, hence the term "old woman's hump." Lordosis refers to an excessive inward curvature of the lower back, while scoliosis refers to an abnormal sideways curvature of the spine.

Fontanels are soft spots on a baby's head that allow the bony plates of the skull to flex during birth. This flexibility enables the child's head to pass through the birth canal. Fontanels are important for the growth and development of the skull in infants.

Abduction refers to movement away from the midline of the body. It is the opposite of adduction, which is movement towards the midline. In the context of the given options, abduction is the only term that directly relates to movement. The other options are either anatomical structures or other types of movements. Therefore, the correct answer is abduction.

Adduction is the movement of a body part towards the midline of the body. This can occur at various joints in the body, such as the hip, shoulder, or wrist. It is the opposite of abduction, which is the movement of a body part away from the midline. In adduction, the body part is brought closer to the center of the body, allowing for actions such as bringing the arms down to the sides or bringing the legs together.

The correct answer is a list of the three functional classes of joints: synarthroses, amphiarthroses, and diarthroses. Synarthroses are immovable joints, such as sutures in the skull. Amphiarthroses are slightly movable joints, such as syndesmoses which connect bones with ligaments. Diarthroses are freely movable joints, such as the knee or shoulder joints. These three classes categorize joints based on their degree of movement and provide a framework for understanding the different types of joints in the human body.

Lordosis is the correct answer because it refers to the abnormal inward curvature of the lumbar spine, causing the lower back to appear more pronounced or arched. Kyphosis, on the other hand, is the abnormal outward curvature of the thoracic spine, leading to a rounded or hunched back. Scoliosis is the sideways curvature of the spine, which can occur in any region. Therefore, out of the given options, only lordosis specifically relates to the curvature of the lumbar spine.

The hip bones are classified as irregular bones. Irregular bones do not fit into any other classification category due to their unique shape and structure. They have complex shapes with varying sizes and are found in specific locations in the body, such as the hip bones.