Blood And Blood Disorders

Anaemia is a condition characterized by a low red blood cell count or a low amount of haemoglobin in the blood. It is not related to low carbon dioxide levels in the blood. Carbon dioxide levels in the blood are primarily regulated by the respiratory system and are not directly associated with anaemia. Anaemia is typically caused by factors such as iron deficiency, vitamin deficiencies, chronic diseases, or genetic disorders that affect the production or lifespan of red blood cells.

Water is the largest component of blood in our body. It makes up approximately 90% of blood volume and is essential for various bodily functions. Water helps transport nutrients, oxygen, and waste products throughout the body, regulates body temperature, and maintains blood pressure. It also plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of electrolytes and pH levels in the blood. Without adequate water, our body would not be able to function properly. Proteins, red blood cells, and white blood cells are also important components of blood, but they make up a smaller percentage compared to water.

AB is the correct answer because individuals with blood type AB have both A and B antigens on their red blood cells, making them universal recipients. This means they can receive blood from donors with any blood type (A, B, AB, or O) without experiencing an immune reaction.

The Philadelphia chromosome that causes Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia is due to the translocation of chromosome 9 to chromosome 22. This translocation results in the fusion of the BCR (breakpoint cluster region) gene on chromosome 22 with the ABL1 (Abelson) gene on chromosome 9, creating a fusion gene known as BCR-ABL1. This fusion gene produces a protein with abnormal tyrosine kinase activity, leading to uncontrolled cell growth and the development of CML.

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With 2 Thalassemia Beta carrier parents, there is a 25% probability of a child inheriting Thalassemia Beta Major. This is because both parents are carriers, meaning they each have one copy of the Thalassemia Beta gene. When they have a child, there is a 25% chance that the child will inherit two copies of the gene, resulting in Thalassemia Beta Major.

Platelets adhere to the injured surface to form plugs, which is a step in the process of haemostasis. Plasma contains blood coagulation factors that form a fibrin clot, which is another step in haemostasis. The other options, i) and iv), are not true about haemostasis.

Haemophilia is a genetic disorder characterized by the inability of blood to clot properly. It is caused by a mutation in the genes that are responsible for producing blood clotting factors. Since the gene responsible for haemophilia is located on the X chromosome, the disorder is passed down in an X-linked recessive pattern. This means that the gene mutation is carried on the X chromosome and is more commonly expressed in males, who have only one X chromosome. Females can also be carriers of the disorder if they inherit the mutated gene from their mother.

The correct answer is i, iii, iv are true. HIV is indeed a retrovirus, which means it has RNA as its genetic material and uses reverse transcriptase enzyme to convert its RNA into DNA. However, it is not an airborne virus, as it is primarily transmitted through sexual contact, blood-to-blood contact, and mother-to-child during childbirth or breastfeeding. Therefore, statement ii is false.

Limb bones do not contain red bone marrow in adults. Red bone marrow is responsible for the production of blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. While the skull, sternum, and pelvis all contain red bone marrow, limb bones, such as the bones in the arms and legs, do not have red bone marrow in adults. Instead, limb bones primarily consist of yellow bone marrow, which is mainly composed of fat cells.

The correct answer is "ii and iii". This means that the statement "Increase in immature white blood cells and dysfunction in the bone marrow is the blast phase" is not true. Myeloid Leukaemia does cause an enlarged spleen, but the blast phase refers to the rapid growth of immature cells in the bone marrow, not dysfunction.