Block 7 Repro Pace Style W Xpl
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The optimal temperature (in degrees Fahrenheit) for producing sperm is:
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93.0
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94.6
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96.0
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98.6
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99.0
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this is a quiz from Creighton University Medical school It is very similar to our pace quizzes,
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- 2.
A developing sperm is in the rete testis. If the sperm is on the way out of the testis, where did it just come from, and where will it go next?
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Vas deferens, epididymis
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Epididymis, seminiferous tubule
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Efferent ductules, epididymis
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Efferent ductules, vas deferens
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Seminiferous tubule, efferent ductules
Correct Answer
A. Seminiferous tubule, efferent ductulesExplanation
The correct path out of a testis is seminiferous tubule, rete testis, efferent ductules, epididymis, vas deferens. The only answer that follows this path is E.Rate this question:
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- 3.
Luteinizing hormone is inhibited primarily by a product of ________, and follicle stimulating hormone is inhibited primarily by a product of _________.
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Sertoli cells, Leydig cells
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Sertoli cells, Sertoli cells
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Leydig cells, Sertoli cells
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Leydig cells, Leydig cells
Correct Answer
A. Leydig cells, Sertoli cellsExplanation
Sertoli cells make inhibin, which inhibits FSH. Leydig cells make testosterone which inhibits LH. Testosterone also inhibits GnRH, which is produced in the hypothalamus to promote production of the three glycoproteins LH, FSH, and TSH in the anterior pituitaryRate this question:
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- 4.
Testosterone is not involved in which of the following?
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Initiation of spermatogenesis
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Inhibition of GnRH
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Inhibition of LH
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Bone Growth
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Erythropoietin secretion
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Actually, all of the above are related to testosterone
Correct Answer
A. Actually, all of the above are related to testosteroneExplanation
Testosterone is involved in all of the processes mentioned. It plays a crucial role in the initiation of spermatogenesis, inhibits the release of GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) which in turn inhibits the production of LH (luteinizing hormone), it also contributes to bone growth, and stimulates the secretion of erythropoietin, a hormone that promotes the production of red blood cells. Therefore, all of the given options are related to testosterone.Rate this question:
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- 5.
Epispadias differ from hypospadius in that
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Epispadias do not involve an abnormal location of urethral opening
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Epispadias are always found with extrophy of the bladder
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Epispadias occur earlier in development and are unrelated to the cause of hypospadius
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Epispadias are derived from similar developmental abnormalities, and only differ in the location of the urethral opening
Correct Answer
A. Epispadias occur earlier in development and are unrelated to the cause of hypospadiusExplanation
Hypospadius are related to deficiencies in testosterone. Epispadias occur earlier in development and are unrelated to hypospadius. Epispadias are associated with extrophy of the bladder, and hypospadius is not.Rate this question:
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- 6.
The earliest that the sex of a fetus can be determined by ultrasound is approximately:
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8th week
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12th week
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16th week
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20th week
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24th week
Correct Answer
A. 12th weekExplanation
Dr. Nichols said that a good guess can be made by the 9 week. However, 8 weeks is clearly too early, so A is incorrect. 12 weeks is the number given in his PowerPoint.Rate this question:
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- 7.
Which of the following conditions would most be most likely to result in infertility?
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Uterus bicornis
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Uterus bicornis unicollis
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Uterus arcuatus
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Atresia of the cervix
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Uterus didelphys with double vagina
Correct Answer
A. Atresia of the cervixExplanation
Only D would completely prevent pregnancy from happening. All other answers would likely result in fertility issues but would still allow pregnancy to occur.Rate this question:
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- 8.
The first polar body:
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Is produced only in oogenesis after meiosis I
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Is produced only in oogenesis after meiosis II
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Is produced both in spermatogenesis and oogenesis after meiosis I
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Is produced both in spermatogenesis and oogenesis after meiosis II
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Is produced only in spermatogenesis after meiosis I
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Is produced only in spermatogenesis after meiosis II
Correct Answer
A. Is produced only in oogenesis after meiosis IExplanation
Only oogenesis produces polar bodies. After completion of meiosis I, one polar body is produced. After meiosis II, either two or three polar bodies have been produced, depending on whether the first polar body replicatedRate this question:
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- 9.
A deficiency in 5-alpha reductase would most likely result in:
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True hermaphrodite
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Female pseudo-hermaphrodite from increased DHT levels
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A male pseudo-hermaphrodite from decreased DHT levels
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Miscarriage
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Extrophy of the bladder
Correct Answer
A. A male pseudo-hermaphrodite from decreased DHT levelsExplanation
Testosterone is converted into dihydrotestosterone (DHT) by 5-alpha reductase. DHT is crucial for proper male development. Failure to produce enough testosterone and/or DHT may result in male pseudohermaphrodism (male genotype with feminized phenotype).Rate this question:
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- 10.
A patient complains of painful erections. He admits to an upward bend in the shaft of his penis. The most likely cause for this abnormality is:
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Condylmona acuminatum (genital warts)
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Excessive fibrosis following trauma
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Neoplasm
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Incomplete closure of the urethral folds (hypospadius)
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Chronic syphilis
Correct Answer
A. Excessive fibrosis following traumaExplanation
Peyronie's disease is a disorder of inappropriate fibrosis of the penis. This typically results in an upward bend of the erect penis, and may result in painful erections. Hypospadius also may cause a bend in the penis, but will typically cause a downward bend. Moreover, hypospadius would likely have been addressed soon after birth. None of the other conditions are likely to result in a bent shaft.Rate this question:
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- 11.
Which of the following is a common feature of benign prostatic hypertrophy and prostate cancer?
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Symmetrical enlargement
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Elastic consistency
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Discrete palpable nodule
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Indistinguishable median sulcus
Correct Answer
A. Indistinguishable median sulcusExplanation
The features of benign hypertrophy include symmetrical enlargement, protusion into the rectal lumen, smooth, no nodules, as well as elastic or rubbery consistency. Prostate cancer is largely the opposite of this, including features such as hard consistency, asymmetry, and nodules. Both may have an unidentifiable median sulcus.Rate this question:
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- 12.
The location and size (from side to side) of a normal prostate observed by a digital rectal exam is:
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Anterior to rectal wall, 2.5 cm
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Anterior to rectal wall, 5 cm
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Anterior to rectal wall, 7cm
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Posterior to rectal wall, 2.5 cm
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Posterior to rectal wall, 5 cm
Correct Answer
A. Anterior to rectal wall, 2.5 cmExplanation
The correct answer is anterior to rectal wall, 2.5 cm. During a digital rectal exam, the prostate gland can be felt by inserting a finger into the rectum. The normal position of the prostate is in front of the rectal wall, which is why it is described as "anterior." The size of a normal prostate, when measured from side to side, is typically around 2.5 cm.Rate this question:
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- 13.
HPV, or Human Papilloma Virus, is a cause of genital warts. Which of the following types of HPV is most likely to cause benign disease? Which are associated with malignant disease? (There are two best answers to each question)
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HPV-5
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HPV- 6
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HPV-10
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HPV-11
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HPV- 12
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HPV-16
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HPV-18
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HPV-19
Correct Answer
A. HPV- 6Explanation
Answer: B,D HPV 6 and 11 are the most common cause of condyloma acuminatum, or benign genital warts, accounting for ~90% of all cases. Answer F,G HPV 16 and 18 are associated with carcinoma of the penis. The role of HPV in malignancy is unclear.Rate this question:
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- 14.
A 55 year old patient presents with numerous wart-like lesions on his penis that have not healed over the past year. Some areas are bleeding and appear infected. Biopsy reveals hyperchromic, dysplastic epithelial cells that have broken through the basement membrane. After treatment of the primary lesions, what is the next appropriate step?
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Yearly follow-up to examine for recurrence
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Inguinal and iliac lymph node biopsy
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CT to look for local and distant metastasis
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Advise patient to improve hygiene and to be circumcised
Correct Answer
A. Inguinal and iliac lymph node biopsyExplanation
Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis accounts for less than 1% of male cancer in the US. However, it is up to 20x more common in many other parts of the world. Risk factors include an uncircumcised penis, poor hygiene, HPV-16 and HPV-18, and cigarette smoking. Inguinal and iliac lymph nodes are highly susceptible to metastasis. Therefore, the next best step is to biopsy these lymph nodes.Rate this question:
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- 15.
A baby boy with microcephaly and rocker-bottom feet is born 4 weeks early. He is breathing on his own, but has difficulty eating. Additionally, his left testicle remains in the inguinal canal. Which of the following is best accounts for his condition?
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Trisomy 13
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5-alpha reductase deficiency
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Androgen insensitivity
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All of the baby boy's features are common in a premature baby
Correct Answer
A. Trisomy 13Explanation
The testicles typically descent around the 7th or 8th month. It would not be uncommon to see undescended testes (aka cryptorchidism) at this stage. However, microcephaly and foot deformity should alert you to a more severe problem. Descent of the testes occurs in two distinct stages. First, the trans-abdominal stage depends on mullerian inhibiting substance, produced by Sertoli cells. The second stage, or trans-inguinal stage, is controlled by androgens. However, according to 7th Edition Robbins pg. 1038, cryptorchidism is only "rarely associated with hormonal disorders". Chromosomal disorders are more likely. Common features of trisomy 13 include microcephaly, cleft lip, heart defects, and rocker-bottom feet.Rate this question:
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- 16.
Circumcision does not significantly reduce the likelihood of which of the following
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Squamous cell carcinoma
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HIV
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Urinary tract infection
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Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
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Actually, all of the above have reduced likelihood
Correct Answer
A. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)Explanation
There has been clear evidence to suggest that circumcision reduces the likelihood of HIV and UTIs, as well as squamous cell carcinoma. No such evidence exists for BPH.Rate this question:
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- 17.
Which of the following experimental approaches would be most likely to prevent benign prostatic hyperplasia (BpH)?
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5-alpha reductase inhibitor targeted to stromal cells of the prostate
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5-alpha reductase inhibitor targeted to epithelial cells of the prostate
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Testosterone inhibitor targeted to stromal cells of the prostate
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Testosterone inhibitor targeted to epithelial cells of the prostate
Correct Answer
A. 5-alpha reductase inhibitor targeted to stromal cells of the prostateExplanation
The proposed mechanism for BPH is that testosterone is converted to DHT by 5-alpha reductase in the stromal cells of the prostate. DHT then binds to androgen receptors in both stromal cells and epithelial cells, resulting in production of growth factors which produce hyperplasia. Other factors are likely important, since experiments with 5-alpha reductase inhibitors did not benefit all patients who took it. (Robbins 7th Ed, pg 1049). 5-alpha reductase is a better target than testosterone since DHT is 10x more potent at activating androgen receptors. Other appropriate targets for therapy may include the androgen receptors and growth factor receptors.Rate this question:
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- 18.
Which of the following is not a common feature of eunuchoidism?
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Sitting height less than one-half of standing height
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Osteoporosis
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Diminished axillary and pubic hair
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Small testes
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Small prostate
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Gynecomastia (male breasts)
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Anosmia (no sense of smell)
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Actually, all of the above are features of eunuchoidism
Correct Answer
A. Gynecomastia (male breasts)Explanation
Eunuchoidism is the failure of puberty to begin and proceed. There should be no hormonal increase that would result in gynecomastia. A less obvious feature is that these individuals tend to have long legs and therefore a sitting height less than half of their standing height. Anosmia is commonly seen in eunuchoids because there is often a problem in the pituitary which may affect the nearby olfactory system.Rate this question:
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- 19.
A 7 year old boy presents with Turner stage 4 genital and pubic hair development (significant enlargement of penis and scrotum, darkening of scrotal skin, and adult type pubic hair). Which of the following would you most likely find in a patient with adrenogenital syndrome?
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Increased ACTH, increased cortisol, decreased aldosterone
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Decreased ACTH, decreased cortisol, decreased alsosterone
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Increased urinary 17-ketosteroids
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Hyperglycemia
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Anosmia
Correct Answer
A. Increased urinary 17-ketosteroidsExplanation
Precocious sexual development can be the result of 21-beta-hydroxylase deficiency. This deficiency will reduce the output of both mineralocorticoids (from the zona glomerulosa) and glucocorticoids (zona fasciculata). The anterior pituitary responds by increasing ACTH. As a result, there is overproduction of androgens (zona reticularis), which can lead to early sexual development. The increase in androgens will be broken down into excretory metabolites such as 17-ketosteroids, leading to increased urinary levels. Hyperglycemia is more likely to be seen in cortisol excess, and anosmia is associated with eunuchoidism (failure to enter puberty).Rate this question:
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- 20.
Which of the following features is common to both 21-beta-hydroxylase deficiency and 17-alpha hydroxylase deficiency?
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Increased cortisol
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Increased androgens
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Early onset of puberty
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Increased aldosterone
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Increased ACTH
Correct Answer
A. Increased ACTHExplanation
Both deficiencies result in a decrease in cortisol levels which results in an increase in ACTH. 21-beta-hydroxylase causes adrenogenital syndrome, where only androgens are increased. 17-alpha-hydroxylase deficiency results in decrease in all except mineralocorticoids. Here's a visual:
----------------------------21-β-hydroxylase deficiency .............17-α-hydroxylase deficiency
zona granulosa - aldosterone + aldosterone
zona fasciculata - cortisol - cortisol
zona reticularis + androgens - androgensRate this question:
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Apr 18, 2023Quiz Edited by
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Mar 26, 2012Quiz Created by
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