Explore renal system functions with 'Block 6 renal physio prt 2', covering topics like urine color implications, factors influencing glomerular filtration rate, carrier-mediated transport, urea reabsorption, and water regulation mechanisms in kidneys.
Constriction of the afferent arteriole
Decrease in the pressure of the glomerulus
An increase in capsular hydrostatic pressure
A decrease in the concentration of plasma proteins in the blood
A decrease in the net glomerular filtration pressure
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A carrier protein that can bind a wide variety of substances
A carrier protein that normally can move materials in either direction across the membrane
A variable distribution of carrier proteins from one portion of the cell surface to another
No saturation point
A distribution of only one type of carrier in any one cell membrane
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Actively secreted in the distal convoluted tubule
Actively reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule
Actively transported into the filtrate by the cells of the collecting duct
Completely eliminated in the urine
Passively reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule
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Active transport of sodium and chloride ions from the ascending limb of the loop of nephron
Active transport of sodium and chloride ions from the ascending limb of the vasa recta
The ascending limb of the loop of nephron to be permeable to water
The vasa recta to be impermeable to water
All of the above
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Antidiuretic hormone(ADH) is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland
The active transport mechanisms in the ascending limb of the loop of nephron cease functioning
The permeability of the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts to water is decreased
The permeability of the ascending limb of the loop of nephron is increased
Glomerular filtration is reduced
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Medulla
Calices
Pyramid
Sinus
Cortex
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Angiotensin
Aldosterone
Hypertension
Hyponatremia
Hypotension
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Oncotic pressure of the blood
Basement membrane of glomerulus
Hydrostatic pressure of the blood
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
Fenestrated capillary endothelium
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Osmosis
Solvent drag
Secondary active transport
The paracellular route
Facilitated diffusion
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The parietal and visceral layers of the glomerular capsule
The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule and the proximal convoluted tubule
The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule and the thin segment of the nephron loop
The proximal and distal convoluted tubules
The ascending limb of the nephron loop and the collecting duct
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Sodium
Potassium
Protein
Glucose
Urea
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Regulating the volume of blood plasma and thus blood pressure in the body
Regulating the concentrations of certain electrolytes and waste products in the blood
Regulating the absorption of substances from the gastrointestinal tract
Regulating the acid-base balance (pH) of the blood plasma
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Cholesterol and esters of other steroid compounds
Crystals and proteins that grow in the renal medulla
Heavy metals that precipitate in the urinary filtrate
Salts of weak acids that serve as buffers in the nephron
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It is controlled by a reflex center located in the sacral levels of the spinal cord.
Stretch receptors in the bladder initiate this reflex when stretched by filling with urine
Firing of the reflex centers, results in simultaneous contraction of the detrusor muscle and relaxation of the external urethral sphincter, pressuring urine into the urethra.
The urge to urinate is a reflex involving the stimulation of specific autonomic nerves
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Renal artery
Interlobar artery
Arcuate artery
Afferent arteriole
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Glomerular capsule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule
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Peritubular capillaries
Afferent arterioles
Arcuate arteries
Efferent arterioles
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Red and white blood cells
Platelets
Proteins
Electrolytes
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About equal to arterial blood pressure at 100 mmHg
Partially due to the very low colloid osmotic pressure of plasma
Opposed by the high osmotic pressure of ultrafiltrate
Estimated to be approximately 10 mmHg
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The GFR averages approximately 180 L per day (about 45 gallons).
The GFR will increase during fight-or-flight situations due to the vasodilation of afferent arterioles.
A decrease in GFR results in a decrease in the total urine output.
Renal autoregulation maintains the GFR at a relatively constant rate despite fluctuations in the mean arterial blood pressure.
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Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion
Excretion
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Na+ is actively pumped out of the epithelial cells across the basal membranes.
From a higher concentration in the filtrate, Na+ diffuses passively toward a lower concentration in the epithelial cells.
Cl- follows Na+ passively from the filtrate and into the epithelial cells.
Reabsorption of dissolved solutes leaves the remaining filtrate entering the loop of Henle very dilute (hypotonic).
Sixty-five percent of the original glomerular ultrafiltrate is reabsorbed here and returned to the blood
Reabsorption in this portion of the nephron is not regulated by hormones.
Although ATP is consumed, the overall energy expenditure here is minimal.
The tubular fluid entering the loop of Henle remains isosmotic with blood at about 300 mOsm.
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Na+, K+, and Cl- are all actively pumped from the filtrate into the ascending limb cells.
Na+ is actively pumped across the basolateral membranes of the epithelial cells to the interstitial tissue fluid.
By passive electrical attraction, Cl- follows the Na+ into the tissue fluid.
K+ passively diffuses back into the filtrate or out the basolateral membrane.
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