Biosciences II Practice Exam 3

Cnidarians, such as "jellies," have a specialized structure called a nematocyst, which contains a stinging thread. This structure is used by cnidarians for capturing prey and defending themselves against potential threats. The nematocyst is a crucial adaptation that allows cnidarians to survive and thrive in their aquatic environments.

The correct answer is xylem and phloem. The vascular tissue system in plants is responsible for the transport of water, nutrients, and sugars throughout the plant. Xylem is responsible for the transport of water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant, while phloem is responsible for the transport of sugars and other organic compounds from the leaves to the rest of the plant. Therefore, xylem and phloem are the structures contained in the vascular tissue system of a plant.

The development of seed plants was significant because it enabled plants to become more dominant producers in most terrestrial ecosystems. This means that seed plants were able to outcompete other types of plants and become more successful in terms of growth and reproduction. As a result, seed plants became the dominant form of plant life on land, playing a crucial role in shaping terrestrial ecosystems.

They absorb nutrients released by digestion in the host's intestine. Absorption occurs across the tapeworm's body surface.

Convergent evolution is the best term to explain why marsupials are only found in Australia, except for the Opossum in North America. Convergent evolution refers to the process where unrelated species develop similar traits or characteristics due to adapting to similar environments or ecological niches. In this case, marsupials in Australia and the Opossum in North America have independently evolved similar reproductive and physiological traits, such as pouches for carrying their young, due to similar environmental pressures. This is an example of convergent evolution, where different species develop similar traits in response to similar selective pressures.

Bryophytes, which include mosses and liverworts, have flagellated sperm that require moisture for successful fertilization. In dry habitats or conditions, the lack of moisture makes it difficult for the sperm to swim to the egg and fertilize it. Therefore, bryophytes are not found in such environments as they are dependent on water for their reproductive processes.

Water is drawn through the pores into the central cavity, the spongocel, and then flows out of the sponge through a larger opening called the osculum.

The correct answer is "Muscular foot, mantle, radula... coelomates." This is because the muscular foot, mantle, and radula are three main body parts of molluscs. The muscular foot is used for locomotion, the mantle is a fold of tissue that covers the body and secretes the shell in some species, and the radula is a specialized feeding structure. Molluscs are classified as coelomates because they have a true coelom, which is a fluid-filled body cavity surrounded by mesoderm.

Cnidarians, such as jellyfish and corals, have two variations in their body plan: the polyp and the medusa. The polyp form is characterized by a cylindrical body with tentacles surrounding a central mouth, typically attached to a substrate. On the other hand, the medusa form is bell-shaped with tentacles hanging down and a mouth at the center, allowing for free-floating movement in the water. These two variations represent different stages in the cnidarian life cycle, with the polyp form usually being sessile and asexual, while the medusa form is typically free-swimming and sexual.

Reptiles have internal fertilization, meaning that the sperm is deposited inside the female's body, where it fertilizes the eggs. This is different from external fertilization, where the eggs are fertilized outside of the body, typically in water. Internally fertilizing allows reptiles to reproduce successfully in various environments, including on land. The male reptile transfers sperm to the female through specialized reproductive organs, ensuring that the eggs are fertilized before they are laid. This method of fertilization increases the chances of successful reproduction and offspring survival.

Arthropods have an open circulatory system, in which fluid called hemolymph is propelled by a heart through short arteries and then into spaces called sinuses. In an open circulatory system, the hemolymph freely flows through the body cavity, bathing the organs directly. This allows for efficient exchange of nutrients and waste products between the hemolymph and the organs.

The correct answer is Calcarea/ Silicea, Cnidaria, Lophotrochozoa, Ecdysozoa, Deuterostomia. This is the correct order of the phlylogeny starting with sponges (Calcarea/ Silicea), then moving on to jellies (Cnidaria), clams & segmented worms (Lophotrochozoa), sea stars (Ecdysozoa), and finally vertebrates (Deuterostomia).

Arthropods have specialized appendages, which are unique structures that have evolved for specific functions such as walking, feeding, sensing, or reproduction. These appendages can vary greatly in form and function across different arthropod groups. They are typically jointed and equipped with sensory organs, claws, or other adaptations that allow arthropods to perform a wide range of tasks necessary for their survival and success in various environments.

The given question is asking for the third main category of plants, following seedless vascular plants and seed plants. The correct answer is "Nonvascular plants." Nonvascular plants, also known as bryophytes, do not have specialized tissues for transporting water and nutrients like vascular plants do. They rely on diffusion and osmosis to obtain what they need. Examples of nonvascular plants include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.

Anthers are the male reproductive structures of flowering plants where pollen is produced. They are located at the tip of the stamen and contain pollen sacs. These sacs release pollen grains, which are the male gametes, during the process of pollination. Therefore, it is correct to say that pollen is found on anthers.

The correct order of plant development starts with bryophytes, which are non-vascular plants like mosses and liverworts. These plants do not have true roots, stems, or leaves. Next, vascular plants evolved, which include ferns and gymnosperms. Vascular plants have specialized tissues for transporting water, nutrients, and sugars. Seeds evolved later, allowing plants to reproduce and disperse more efficiently. Finally, flowers evolved in angiosperms, which are the most advanced group of plants. Flowers are reproductive structures that attract pollinators and produce seeds. Therefore, the correct order is bryophytes, vascular plants, seeds, and flowers.

Flight is an attribute of insects that can contribute to their success. The ability to fly allows insects to explore and exploit different habitats, find food and mates, and escape from predators. Flight also enables them to disperse over large distances, colonize new areas, and adapt to changing environments. Additionally, flying insects have access to a wider range of food sources and can efficiently pollinate plants, which is crucial for ecosystem functioning and food production. Therefore, flight plays a significant role in the evolutionary and ecological success of insects.

Old World monkeys do not have a prehensile tail while New World monkeys have a prehensile tail. This means that New World monkeys are able to grasp and manipulate objects with their tail, while Old World monkeys do not have this ability. This distinction in tail structure is one of the key differences between these two groups of monkeys.

Paedomorphosis is the correct answer because it refers to the retention of larval features in sexually mature adults, which is commonly found in amphibians. This phenomenon allows the adults to retain characteristics such as gills, tail, and other juvenile traits, even after reaching sexual maturity. This adaptation is advantageous in certain environments and can provide benefits such as enhanced swimming abilities or increased survival rates.

Remember, monotremes such as the Platypus can lay eggs!

Remember, anthropoids are monkeys and apes.

Angiosperms having separate male (stamens) and female (carpels) structures implies that they cannot self-fertilize. Since the male and female reproductive structures are distinct, angiosperms rely on cross-fertilization between different individuals for successful reproduction. This prevents self-fertilization and promotes genetic diversity within the species. Therefore, the statement "Cannot self-fertilize" is a logical inference based on the given information about the reproductive structures of angiosperms.

Multicellular dependent embryos, gametangia (male or female), and apical meristem are all derived traits of plants. Multicellular dependent embryos refer to the stage in the plant life cycle where the embryo is protected and nourished within the parent plant. Gametangia are specialized structures that produce gametes (male or female) for sexual reproduction. Apical meristem is a region of actively dividing cells at the tips of roots and shoots, responsible for the growth and development of plants. These traits are unique to plants and have evolved over time.

The Plant Kingdom contains red algae, chlorophytes, charophyceans, and embryocetes. These are all types of plants that belong to different groups within the plant kingdom. Red algae are a type of algae that are typically found in marine environments. Chlorophytes are green algae that can be found in various habitats including freshwater and marine environments. Charophyceans are a group of green algae that are closely related to land plants. Embryocetes are a group of plants that produce embryos, which is a characteristic feature of land plants.