Biopsychosocial Model
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- 1.What is the World Health Organization's definition of health?
- A.
"Heath is having a sound, disease-free body with good cardiovascular performance, sharp senses, a strong immune system, and the ability to withstand physical injury."
- B.
"Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity."
- C.
"Heath is being able to think clearly, having good self-esteem, and enjoying a general feeling of well-being."
- D.
"Health is having good interpersonal skills, meaningful relationships with friends and family, and social support in times of crisis."
- E.
"Health is the absence of aberrant somatic processes, such as biochemical imbalances, viruses, or injuries."
- 2.The biomedical model is considered to be a reductionist model. What does a reductionist viewpoint mean in context of the biomedical model?
- A.
Health professionals focus on investigating factors that promote physical, psychological and social health.
- B.
Health is nothing more than the absence of disease.
- C.
Disease can always be reduced to an underlying biological cause, such as a pathogen.
- D.
A single psychological problem is sufficient to trigger disease.
- E.
A reduction in the scale of medical procedures is desirable. For example, laparoscopic surgery is less invasive than an open procedure.
- 3.Pasteur's germ theory of disease suggests that pathogens invade body cells and cause disease. How the biomedical model incorporated this theory was especially relevant during the early 20th century because:
- A.
Health care costs greatly increased per capita as more citizens started driving automobiles and causing accidents.
- B.
Infectious diseases such as influenza, pneumonia, and consumption (tuberculosis) were among the leading causes of death.
- C.
The placebo effect had not yet been discovered.
- D.
Non-communicable "lifestyle diseases" such as diabetes and heart disease were not preventable in the early 20th century.
- E.
The biomedical model soon became out-dated once antibiotics were discovered.
- 4.What problem does the placebo effect pose to the biomedical model?
- A.
The biomedical model has difficulty explaining the biological basis for how a person's beliefs influence the efficacy of a treatment.
- B.
There are ethical problems when assigning patients to placebo treatments.
- C.
The placebo effect does not pose a problem at all to the biomedical model because it would only affect the patient's emotional state and not have any biological effects.
- D.
It counteracts the biomedical model's concept of the "nocebo effect," where a person attaches negative expectations to a treatment.
- E.
Placebos are considered to be best kept to the realm of science experiments and out of the health care system.
- 5.Engel based the biopsychosocial model on systems theory. This can be understood as:
- A.
A: A hierarchy of systems in which each system can influence higher and lower systems. These interactions and their emergent properties on a person's health could be considered to be influenced by complexity theory.
- B.
B: A hierarchy of systems in which each system is simultaneously part of a larger system and contains smaller subsystems.
- C.
C: A linear cause-effect model that can attribute a single sociological, psychological or biological basis for a given disease.
- D.
Options A and B are true.
- E.
Options A, B and C are true.
- 6.The biopsychosocial model suggests that:
- A.
Psychological factors play an unimportant role in the treatment of chronic diseases.
- B.
A person's health behaviours are an automatic consequence of a given social context.
- C.
A person's health are determined by the interaction of biological, psychological and social processes.
- D.
A healthy body is one that is free of diseases.
- E.
Pathogens and other biological factors are unimportant when considering a person's health.
- 7."The interpersonal relationship between a patient and a health professional will affect the efficacy of a given treatment." Please infer which theory or model could best incorporate this statement.
- A.
Phrenologic theory
- B.
Humoral theory
- C.
Biomedical model
- D.
Biopsychosocial model
- E.
Psychosomatic theory
- 8.As suggested by Engel, please identify the logical fault in a person's position that "I would rather have a physician who has the most up-to-date biomedical knowledge and techniques than one who understands my psyche."
- A.
The statement assumes a false dicotomy; that competence in one area precludes competence in the other area.
- B.
The statement uses emotional reasoning; this is when a person uses their feelings as a substitute for the objective truth.
- C.
The statement is mentally filtering out the influence of social factors on a person's health.
- D.
The statement creates an inappropriate generalisation; perhaps the physician who is out-of-date with medical knowledge is better.
- E.
The statement is Engel's perspective on health care; there is no logical fault and he would strongly agree with the statement.
- 9.An article from Princeton University found that students felt more stressful during the final exam period when compared with 5 days before and 14 days afterwards. Also, their concentrations of S-IgA were lower during the exam period, especially in students who reported less adequate social support during the pre-exam period. Given this information, which one of the following statements is true?
- A.
The students' immune systems were stronger during the exam period.
- B.
The biomedical model can easily identify a pathogen to explain this change in S-IgA concentrations.
- C.
The differences in S-IgA concentrations are arguably because of seasonal variances.
- D.
The biopsychosocial model would not be able to account for these observations.
- E.
The influence of social and psychological factors in this situation is consistent with the interrelationships suggested by the biopsychosocial model.
- 10.In January 2008, the National Aboriginal Health Organization made the following statement: "For Indigenous Peoples living in Canada and around the world, the inter-relationships between the physical, mental, spiritual, and emotional aspects of being are integral to individual and community health."Although the comparison is imperfect, this holistic perspective has some similarities to the:
- A.
Behavioral model
- B.
Birth cohort perspective
- C.
Biomedical model
- D.
The placebo effect
- E.
Biopsychosocial model
- 11.Which of the following issues does the biopsychosocial model accommodate for that the biomedical model does not?
- A.
That a particular biochemical alteration does not always translate directly into a illness.
- B.
Why modern surgeons use the term "craniotomy" instead of "trepanation."
- C.
Pathogens can cause illnesses and health problems.
- D.
Antibiotics can be used to treat tuberculosis.
- E.
Aseptic (germ-free) surgical procedures will reduce the risk of complications.
- 12.Select the perspective that would most likely describe a patient as being "a case of acute myocardial infarction with ventricular fibrillation."
- A.
Reductionist
- B.
Epidemiological
- C.
Psychosomatic
- D.
Systematist
- E.
Behaviorist
- 13.Select the perspective that would most likely describe a patient as being "a middle-aged real estate salesman with an acute myocardial infarction developed ventricular fibrillation while the intern was attempting an arterial puncture."
- A.
Reductionist
- B.
Epidemiological
- C.
Psychosomatic
- D.
Systematist
- E.
Behaviorist
- 14.Which of the following statements about the biopsychosocial model is true?
- A.
A: When using the biopsychosocial model, an assessment of a person's medical problems would not include his or her illness.
- B.
B: A patient's genetics are unimportant within the context of the biopsychosocial model.
- C.
C: The levels in the hierarchy of natural systems are not weighted equally in all situations.
- D.
Options A and B are true.
- E.
Options A, B, and C are true.
- 15.Which of the following are not components of a diagnosis of a Somatoform Disorder?
- A.
Experiential
- B.
Cognitive
- C.
Behavioural
- D.
Biological
- E.
All of the above are components of a Somatoform Disorder
- 16.According to Weiner (2008), which of these is not a problem associated with the biopsychosocial model?
- A.
Surges in correlations between outcomes and psychosocial factors
- B.
Theory is difficult to test
- C.
Healthy patients are difficult to accurately distinguish from unhealthy ones
- D.
Treatment based on the model requires a large number of specialists
- E.
Specialists are using the theory as a scapegoat for difficult to diagnose patients
- 17.Covic et al (2003) examined a biopsychosocial approach to rheumatoid arthritis in their study. What was the most significant predictor of pain levels and depression in their patients?
- A.
Physical disability
- B.
Feelings of helplessness
- C.
Coping mechanisms
- D.
Satisfaction of care
- E.
Social support
- 18.Bitton et al (2008) examined the biopsychosocial model and its implication in predicting relapse in Crohn's disease. Which of the following factors reduced the chance of relapse in their patients?
- A.
Low stress levels
- B.
Low psychological distress
- C.
Having an effective coping strategy
- D.
All of the above
- E.
None of the above
- 19.Suls and Rothman (2004) propose that the biopsychosocial model be examined closely in a number of areas to make practical use of the model more effective. Which of the following areas IS NOT mentioned in their article?
- A.
Including the new category of spiritualism discovered in recent research
- B.
Defining linkages of the subsystems of the model
- C.
Look at representative samples on a broader level
- D.
Policymaking that includes the model in treatment/prevention
- E.
Communicating between policy makers, practitioners and researchers
- 20.Among other things, scoring highly on the Type A Cognitive Questionnaire (TACQ) means you are more at risk for:
- A.
Death
- B.
Cancer
- C.
Depression
- D.
Having less social support (quantitatively)
- E.
A sedentary lifestyle
- 21.Which of these would Verhoeven et al (2008) say is a cognitive attribute to skin irritability?
- A.
Personality
- B.
Feelings of helplessness
- C.
External stressors
- D.
Anxiety
- E.
Visual triggering by "itchy" pictures
- 22.Which of these examples of placebo analgesia would Price et al (2005) attribute to external factors?
- A.
A physician reducing pain by verbally suggesting that analgesia will take place
- B.
A patient distorts their memory of recent pain
- C.
A patient records their expectancy of pain
- D.
A physician offers a placebo in place of an anti-inflammatory
- E.
MRI technician shows a patient has reduced activation in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex
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