Basics Of Internal Medicine Quiz

Explanation
The correct answer is Diabetes because it is a chronic condition characterized by high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period of time. Unlike the other options listed, diabetes is a long-term condition that typically requires ongoing management and treatment to prevent complications.

Explanation
Internal Medicine physicians are most likely to diagnose chronic conditions such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and osteopenia. Internal Medicine is a specialty that focuses on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of adult diseases. These physicians have extensive training in managing complex medical conditions and are skilled in performing comprehensive evaluations, ordering appropriate tests, and developing treatment plans for chronic conditions. They are well-equipped to provide ongoing care and management for patients with these conditions.

Explanation
Complications of prolonged uncontrolled hypertension can include kidney failure, heart failure, and stroke. Uncontrolled high blood pressure can damage the arteries and blood vessels, leading to decreased blood flow to the kidneys, which can eventually result in kidney failure. It can also strain the heart, causing it to weaken over time and potentially leading to heart failure. Additionally, hypertension increases the risk of stroke by damaging the blood vessels in the brain or causing blood clots. However, melanoma and osteoporosis are not directly associated with uncontrolled hypertension.

Explanation
A physician would prescribe omeprazole to a patient with heartburn because it is a medication commonly used to reduce the production of stomach acid, providing relief from symptoms such as burning sensation in the chest or throat. Oxycontin is a strong opioid pain medication, Omnicef is an antibiotic, and Osmitrol is a diuretic used to treat fluid retention. None of these medications are specifically indicated for heartburn.

Explanation
Simvastatin is a medication commonly prescribed by physicians to reduce the risk of cardiac arrest. It belongs to a class of drugs called statins, which work by lowering cholesterol levels in the blood. High cholesterol is a major risk factor for heart disease and can contribute to the development of conditions that increase the likelihood of cardiac arrest, such as atherosclerosis. By reducing cholesterol levels, simvastatin helps to prevent the buildup of plaque in the arteries, improving blood flow and reducing the risk of cardiac events like heart attacks and cardiac arrest.

Explanation
A commonly ordered blood test in internal medicine is the Complete Blood Count (CBC), which provides information about the different types of blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. This test can help diagnose various conditions such as anemia, infections, and blood disorders. Another commonly ordered blood test is the Lipid Profile, which measures the levels of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. This test is important in assessing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Lastly, the Fasting Glucose test is used to measure blood sugar levels and diagnose diabetes or monitor its management.

Explanation
Anything above 140/90 is considered hypertensive.

Explanation
GERD, which stands for gastroesophageal reflux disease, is a condition where stomach acid flows back into the esophagus, causing irritation and inflammation of its lining. This can lead to symptoms such as heartburn, chest pain, and difficulty swallowing. Therefore, the correct answer is the esophagus. The sinuses, colon, and ears are not directly affected by GERD.

Explanation
Statins are used to treat hyperlipidemia

Explanation
HbA1c is the correct answer because it is a value used to measure the average blood glucose level over a period of time. It provides information about a person's blood sugar control over the past 2-3 months. H1bcA, HbA2c, and HcAb2 are not valid measures for average blood glucose level.

Explanation
Neurological back pain radiates to the extremities, musculoskeletal does not.

Explanation
The given answer includes feelings of sadness, loss of interest, insomnia, and fatigue as signs of depression. These symptoms are commonly associated with depression and are often experienced by individuals with this mental health condition. However, hallucinations, hyperactivity, and feelings of joy and excitement are not typically considered signs of depression. Instead, these symptoms may be indicative of other mental health conditions or mood disorders.

Explanation
Citalopram is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) that is commonly used to treat depression. It works by increasing the levels of serotonin in the brain, which helps to improve mood and reduce feelings of sadness or anxiety. Alprazolam, lorazepam, and diazepam are benzodiazepines that are typically used to treat anxiety disorders, not depression. Therefore, citalopram would be the appropriate choice for treating depression.

Explanation
SSRI's are often used for long term control of anxiety.

Explanation
Melatonin, Ambien, Lunesta, and Sonata are all medications that can be used to treat insomnia. Melatonin is a hormone that helps regulate sleep-wake cycles and can be used as a natural sleep aid. Ambien, Lunesta, and Sonata are prescription medications that belong to a class of drugs called hypnotics, which help induce sleep and improve sleep quality. Lisinopril, atorvastatin, and Seroquel are not typically used to treat insomnia.

Explanation
A BMI of 37 would be classified as obese because it falls within the range of 30 or above, which is considered obese according to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification.

Explanation
A patient would be sent to a pulmonologist, allergist or ENT. A gastroenterologist treats the digestive system.

Explanation
Osteoarthritis is a joint disease that is characterized by the degeneration of the joint cartilage and the underlying bone. It is commonly referred to as degenerative joint disease because it involves the gradual breakdown and loss of cartilage, leading to pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility in the affected joint. Inflammatory joint diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, involve inflammation of the joint lining and surrounding tissues, while fractured and bruised joints result from trauma or injury. Therefore, the correct answer is degenerative.