Apii Final - Q. 1-95

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1/95 Questions

Asthma is
- A collapsed lung.
- An acute condition resulting from unusually sensitive, irritated conducting airways.
- An obstructive tumor.
- Characterized by fluid buildup in the alveoli.
- Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

About This Quiz

This quiz titled 'APII Final - Q. 1-95' assesses knowledge on respiratory therapy, focusing on pulmonary ventilation, Boyle's law, and pressure measurements. It is designed to test understanding of key respiratory concepts and their applications in clinical settings.

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2.

A glomerulus is
- The expanded end of a nephron.
- A knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle.
- The source of erythropoietin.
- Attached to the collecting duct.
- The horseshoe-shaped segment of the nephron.
Correct Answer

A. A knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle.

Explanation

A glomerulus is a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle. The renal corpuscle is the initial part of the nephron, which is the functional unit of the kidney. The glomerulus is responsible for the filtration of blood and the formation of urine. It acts as a filter, allowing small molecules such as water, salts, and waste products to pass through while preventing larger molecules like proteins and blood cells from entering the urine. The glomerulus plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of fluids and electrolytes in the body.

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3.

Which of the following is greater?
- The partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air
- The partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli
Correct Answer

A. The partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air

Explanation

The partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air is greater than the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli. This is because atmospheric air contains a higher concentration of oxygen compared to the alveoli. Oxygen is inhaled from the atmosphere into the lungs and then diffuses into the blood in the alveoli. During this process, some oxygen is consumed by the body and carbon dioxide is produced. As a result, the concentration of oxygen in the alveoli is lower than in the atmospheric air.

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4.

When there is no air movement, the relationship between the intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure is that
- They are equal.
- Intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric.
- Atmospheric pressure is less than intrapulmonary.
- Atmospheric pressure is more than intrapulmonary.
- Intrapulmonary pressure is less than atmospheric.
Correct Answer

A. They are equal.

Explanation

When there is no air movement, the intrapulmonary pressure, which is the pressure inside the lungs, is equal to the atmospheric pressure, which is the pressure outside the body. This means that the pressure inside the lungs is the same as the pressure outside, resulting in no air movement.

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5.

In quiet breathing,
- Inspiration and expiration involve muscular contractions.
- Inspiration is passive and expiration involves muscular contractions.
- Inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive.
- Inspiration and expiration are both passive.
- None of the above
Correct Answer

A. Inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive.

Explanation

During quiet breathing, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract to expand the chest cavity, allowing air to enter the lungs. This process is called inspiration and involves muscular contractions. On the other hand, expiration during quiet breathing is a passive process where the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, causing the chest cavity to decrease in size and air to be expelled from the lungs. Therefore, the correct answer is that inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive.

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6.

Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is
- Dissolved in plasma.
- Bound to hemoglobin.
- In ionic form as solute in the plasma.
- Bound to the same protein as carbon dioxide.
- Carried by white blood cells.
Correct Answer

A. Bound to hemoglobin.

Explanation

Oxygen is primarily transported by the blood through a molecule called hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is found in red blood cells and has a high affinity for oxygen, allowing it to bind to the oxygen molecules in the lungs and release them in tissues that need oxygen. This process ensures efficient oxygen delivery throughout the body.

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7.

The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is
- Filtration.
- Reabsorbing nutrients.
- Secretion of acids and ammonia.
- Secretion of drugs.
- Adjusting the urine volume.
Correct Answer

A. Reabsorbing nutrients.

Explanation

The proximal convoluted tubule is responsible for reabsorbing nutrients from the filtrate back into the bloodstream. This process ensures that essential substances such as glucose, amino acids, and ions are not lost in the urine but are instead returned to the body for use. Reabsorption occurs through active and passive transport mechanisms, allowing the tubule to regulate the concentration of substances in the body and maintain homeostasis. Therefore, the primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is reabsorbing nutrients.

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8.

Which of the following would be greater?
- Hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is high
- Hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is low
- Neither is greater.
Correct Answer

A. Hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is low

Explanation

When the BPG level is low, hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen is greater. This is because BPG (bisphosphoglycerate) is a molecule that binds to hemoglobin and reduces its affinity for oxygen. When BPG levels are high, more BPG molecules bind to hemoglobin, causing it to release oxygen more readily. Conversely, when BPG levels are low, there are fewer BPG molecules bound to hemoglobin, allowing it to have a higher affinity for oxygen and hold onto it more tightly.

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9.

A 10 percent increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood will
- Decrease the rate of breathing.
- Increase the rate of breathing.
- Decrease pulmonary ventilation
- Decrease the alveolar ventilation rate.
- Decrease the vital capacity.
Correct Answer

A. Increase the rate of breathing.

Explanation

An increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood is detected by chemoreceptors in the brainstem. This triggers an increase in the rate of breathing in order to remove the excess carbon dioxide and bring oxygen into the body. Therefore, an increase in carbon dioxide levels would result in an increase in the rate of breathing.

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10.

Identify the structure labeled "5."
- Renal sinus
- Fibrous capsule
- Renal pyramid
- Renal papilla
- Renal column
Correct Answer

A. Renal pyramid

Explanation

The structure labeled "5" in the given options is the renal pyramid. The renal pyramid is a triangular-shaped structure in the kidney that contains the nephrons, which are the functional units responsible for filtering the blood and producing urine. Each kidney has several renal pyramids, and they are located within the renal medulla.

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11.

Use Figure 20-2 to answer the following questions: What is the relationship between the pressures at label "3
- P outside = P inside
- P outside > P inside
- P outside < P inside
- P outside + P inside
- P outside - P inside
Correct Answer

A. P outside > P inside

Explanation

According to Figure 20-2, the pressure outside (P outside) is greater than the pressure inside (P inside).

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12.

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the interstitial space of peripheral tissues is approximately
- 35 mm Hg.
- 45 mm Hg.
- 55 mm Hg.
- 70 mm Hg.
- 100 mm Hg.
Correct Answer

A. 45 mm Hg.

Explanation

The correct answer is 45 mm Hg. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the interstitial space of peripheral tissues is approximately 45 mm Hg. This is because carbon dioxide is produced as a waste product of cellular metabolism and diffuses out of the cells into the interstitial space. From there, it is transported through the bloodstream to the lungs, where it is eliminated through exhalation. The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the interstitial space is lower than in the cells, but higher than in the capillaries, allowing for efficient diffusion and transport.

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13.

The condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of alveoli is
- Respiratory distress syndrome.
- COPD.
- Anoxia.
- Pulmonary embolism.
- Pneumothorax.
Correct Answer

A. Respiratory distress syndrome.

Explanation

Respiratory distress syndrome is a condition that occurs due to inadequate production of surfactant, a substance that helps keep the alveoli in the lungs open. Without enough surfactant, the alveoli collapse, leading to difficulty in breathing and inadequate oxygenation of the blood. This condition is commonly seen in premature infants, but can also occur in adults. COPD, anoxia, pulmonary embolism, and pneumothorax are all different conditions that can cause respiratory distress, but they are not specifically related to inadequate surfactant production and alveolar collapse.

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14.

In emphysema, which of these occur?
- Alveoli collapse
- Compliance increases
- Elevated PCO2 in the blood
- All of the above
- None of the above
Correct Answer

A. All of the above

Explanation

In emphysema, all of the above occur. Emphysema is a chronic lung disease characterized by the destruction of the alveoli, which leads to the collapse of these air sacs. This results in a decrease in the surface area available for gas exchange and a decrease in lung function. Additionally, emphysema causes a decrease in lung compliance, making it more difficult for the lungs to expand and contract properly. This can lead to shortness of breath and difficulty breathing. Finally, emphysema can cause an increase in the levels of carbon dioxide (PCO2) in the blood, as the damaged alveoli are less effective in removing this waste gas from the body.

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15.

Boyle's law states that gas volume is
- Directly proportional to pressure.
- Directly proportional to temperature.
- Inversely proportional to pressure.
- Inversely proportional to temperature.
- Both directly proportional to pressure and directly proportional to temperature.
Correct Answer

A. Inversely proportional to pressure.

Explanation

Boyle's law states that the volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure. This means that as the pressure of a gas increases, its volume decreases, and vice versa. This relationship holds true as long as the temperature and amount of gas remain constant. Therefore, the correct answer is "inversely proportional to pressure."

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16.

The function of pulmonary ventilation is to
- Remove carbon dioxide from the blood.
- Supply oxygen to the blood.
- Maintain adequate alveolar ventilation.
- Remove air from dead air space.
- Prevent gas exchange in the bronchioles.
Correct Answer

A. Maintain adequate alveolar ventilation.

Explanation

The function of pulmonary ventilation is to maintain adequate alveolar ventilation. Pulmonary ventilation refers to the process of breathing, which involves inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide. Adequate alveolar ventilation ensures that there is a sufficient exchange of gases in the alveoli of the lungs, allowing oxygen to enter the bloodstream and carbon dioxide to be removed. This is essential for maintaining proper oxygenation of the body's tissues and removing waste gases.

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17.

Which of the following would be greater?
- The percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.6
- The percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.2
- Neither is greater.
Correct Answer

A. The percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.6
18.

Which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin to peripheral tissues?
- Decreased temperature
- Decreased pH
- Increased tissue PO2
- Decreased amounts of DPG
- None of the above
Correct Answer

A. Decreased pH

Explanation

A decreased pH would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin to peripheral tissues. This is because a decrease in pH (an increase in acidity) causes a shift in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the right, making it easier for hemoglobin to release oxygen to the tissues. This is known as the Bohr effect, and it allows for increased oxygen delivery to tissues that have a higher metabolic demand.

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19.

Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as
- Solute dissolved in the plasma.
- Carbaminohemoglobin.
- Bicarbonate ions.
- Solute dissolved in the cytoplasm of red blood cells.
- Carbonic acid.
Correct Answer

A. Bicarbonate ions.

Explanation

Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood in multiple forms, but the majority of it is carried as bicarbonate ions. When carbon dioxide enters the red blood cells, it combines with water to form carbonic acid, which then dissociates into bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions. The bicarbonate ions are then transported out of the red blood cells and into the plasma, where they can be carried to the lungs for elimination. This bicarbonate ion transport is an important mechanism for maintaining the acid-base balance in the body.

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20.

The term hypercapnia refers to
- The cessation of breathing.
- Elevated PCO2.
- Elevated PO2.
- An increase in pH.
- Labored breathing.
Correct Answer

A. Elevated PCO2.

Explanation

Hypercapnia refers to the condition of having an elevated level of carbon dioxide (PCO2) in the blood. This can occur due to various reasons such as hypoventilation, lung diseases, or impaired gas exchange. When the PCO2 levels rise, it can lead to respiratory acidosis and can have detrimental effects on the body's pH balance. Therefore, the correct answer is elevated PCO2.

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21.

Identify the structure labeled "10."
- Renal pelvis
- Minor calyx
- Ureter
- Major calyx
- Renal column
Correct Answer

A. Ureter

Explanation

The structure labeled "10" in the given options is the ureter. The ureter is a tube-like structure that connects the kidneys to the urinary bladder. It carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder for storage and eventual elimination from the body.

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22.

The filtrate first passes from the glomerular capsule to the
- Nephron loop (loop of Henle).
- Proximal convoluted tubule.
- Distal convoluted tubule.
- Collecting duct.
- Minor calyx.
Correct Answer

A. Proximal convoluted tubule.

Explanation

The proximal convoluted tubule is the correct answer because it is the next structure that the filtrate passes through after leaving the glomerular capsule. This tubule is responsible for reabsorbing most of the water and solutes from the filtrate back into the bloodstream. It is located in the renal cortex and has a convoluted shape, which increases its surface area for reabsorption. After passing through the proximal convoluted tubule, the filtrate continues its journey through the nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct, and eventually into the minor calyx.

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23.

The U-shaped segment of the nephron is the
- Nephron loop (loop of Henle).
- Proximal convoluted tubule.
- Distal convoluted tubule.
- Collecting loop.
- Minor calyx.
Correct Answer

A. Nephron loop (loop of Henle).

Explanation

The correct answer is the nephron loop (loop of Henle). The nephron loop is a U-shaped segment of the nephron that plays a crucial role in the process of urine formation. It is responsible for reabsorbing water and certain ions from the filtrate, thereby concentrating the urine. The loop of Henle consists of a descending limb and an ascending limb, each with distinct characteristics and functions. The descending limb allows for passive reabsorption of water, while the ascending limb actively transports ions out of the tubule. Overall, the nephron loop is essential for maintaining a balance of water and electrolytes in the body.

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24.

Substances secreted by the distal convoluted tubule include
- Hydrogen.
- Penicillin.
- Creatinine.
- Potassium ions.
- All of the above
Correct Answer

A. All of the above

Explanation

The distal convoluted tubule is responsible for the reabsorption and secretion of various substances in the kidneys. Hydrogen ions, penicillin, creatinine, and potassium ions are all examples of substances that can be secreted by the distal convoluted tubule. Therefore, the correct answer is "all of the above" as all of these substances can be secreted by this part of the kidney.

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25.

________ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume.
- Residual inhaled volume
- Expiratory reserve volume
- Inspiratory reserve volume
- Enhanced tidal volume
- Inspiratory capacity
Correct Answer

A. Inspiratory reserve volume

Explanation

The inspiratory reserve volume refers to the amount of air that can be inhaled above the resting tidal volume. It represents the maximum amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal inhalation. This additional volume allows for increased oxygen intake during physical activity or in situations where more air is needed, such as during exercise or when experiencing respiratory distress.

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26.

Carbonic anhydrase
- Is in RBCs.
- Is an enzyme.
- Can increase the amount of bicarbonate ion in plasma.
- Can convert carbon dioxide into carbonic acid.
- All of the above
Correct Answer

A. All of the above

Explanation

Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme found in red blood cells that plays a crucial role in the transportation and regulation of carbon dioxide in the body. It catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide into carbonic acid, which can then dissociate into bicarbonate ions. By increasing the amount of bicarbonate ions in the plasma, carbonic anhydrase helps maintain the acid-base balance in the body. Therefore, all of the statements mentioned in the options are correct, making "all of the above" the correct answer.

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27.

The obstructive lung disease in which elastic fibers are lost, leading to collapse of alveoli and bronchioles, is called
- Asthma.
- Bronchitis.
- Emphysema.
- Tuberculosis.
- Pneumonia.
Correct Answer

A. Emphysema.

Explanation

Emphysema is the correct answer because it is a type of obstructive lung disease characterized by the loss of elastic fibers in the lungs. This loss of elasticity causes the alveoli (air sacs) and bronchioles to collapse, leading to difficulty in exhaling and impaired airflow. Asthma, bronchitis, tuberculosis, and pneumonia are all different respiratory conditions that do not specifically involve the loss of elastic fibers and collapse of alveoli and bronchioles.

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28.

Triangular or conical structures located in the renal medulla are called
- Pyramids.
- Renal columns.
- Renal pelvises.
- Nephrons.
- Calyces.
Correct Answer

A. Pyramids.

Explanation

Triangular or conical structures located in the renal medulla are called pyramids. These pyramids are made up of tiny tubules called nephrons, which are responsible for filtering the blood and producing urine. The pyramids contain the collecting ducts that carry the urine to the renal pelvis, which then transports it to the bladder for elimination. The renal columns are areas of cortical tissue that separate the pyramids, while the renal pelvises are the expanded upper ends of the ureters. Calyces are cup-like structures that collect urine from the pyramids and transport it to the renal pelvis.

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29.

Use Figure 20-2 to answer the following questions: What pressure will be present in the space labeled "5"?
- Alveolar pressure
- Intrapulmonary pressure
- Subalveolar pressure
- Subatmospheric pressure
- Atmospheric pressure
Correct Answer

A. Intrapulmonary pressure

Explanation

The pressure present in the space labeled "5" is intrapulmonary pressure. This is because the term "intrapulmonary" refers to the pressure within the lungs. Therefore, the pressure in the space labeled "5" is specifically referring to the pressure within the lungs, which is known as intrapulmonary pressure.

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30.

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is
- Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is
- Greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.
- Equal to the pressure in the atmosphere.
- Greater than intraalveolar pressure.
- Less than intrapulmonic pressure.
Correct Answer

A. Greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.

Explanation

When the pressure inside the lungs is greater than the pressure in the atmosphere, air moves out of the lungs. This is because air always moves from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure. When the pressure inside the lungs is greater than the pressure in the atmosphere, there is a pressure gradient that allows air to flow out of the lungs and into the lower pressure environment of the atmosphere.

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31.

Which of the following muscles might be recruited to increase inspired volume?
- Sternocleidomastoid
- Pectoralis minor
- Scalenes
- Serratus anterior
- All of the above
Correct Answer

A. All of the above

Explanation

All of the muscles listed (sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor, scalenes, and serratus anterior) can be recruited to increase inspired volume. These muscles are involved in the process of inhalation and play a role in expanding the thoracic cavity, allowing for increased air intake into the lungs. By contracting and expanding, these muscles help to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity, creating a pressure gradient that allows air to flow into the lungs. Therefore, all of these muscles can be recruited to increase inspired volume.

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32.

________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions.
- Residual volume
- Expiratory reserve volume
- Inspiratory reserve volume
- Tidal volume
- Inspiratory capacity
Correct Answer

A. Tidal volume

Explanation

Tidal volume is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions. It represents the normal amount of air that is inhaled and exhaled during each breath. The other options mentioned are not correct as they represent different measurements of lung capacity or volumes that are not specific to a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions.

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33.

Which of the following can be calculated if the tidal volume and respiratory rate are known?
- Respiratory minute volume
- Inspiratory reserve volume
- Expiratory reserve volume
- Anatomical dead space
- Forced vital capacity
Correct Answer

A. Respiratory minute volume

Explanation

The respiratory minute volume can be calculated if the tidal volume and respiratory rate are known. The respiratory minute volume is the total volume of air that is inhaled and exhaled in one minute. It is calculated by multiplying the tidal volume (the volume of air inhaled or exhaled in one breath) by the respiratory rate (the number of breaths taken per minute).

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34.

Prolonged deep inspirations can result from stimulating the ________ center.
- Apneustic
- Pneumotaxic
- Expiratory
- Baroreceptor
- Chemoreceptor
Correct Answer

A. Apneustic

Explanation

Prolonged deep inspirations can result from stimulating the apneustic center.

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35.

The most important chemical regulator of respiration is
- Oxygen.
- Carbon dioxide.
- Bicarbonate ion.
- Sodium ion.
- Hemoglobin.
Correct Answer

A. Carbon dioxide.

Explanation

The most important chemical regulator of respiration is carbon dioxide. During respiration, carbon dioxide is produced as a waste product by cells. It diffuses into the bloodstream and is carried to the lungs, where it is exhaled. The level of carbon dioxide in the blood is closely monitored by chemoreceptors in the brain and blood vessels. High levels of carbon dioxide trigger an increase in respiratory rate and depth, ensuring that more carbon dioxide is eliminated from the body. This mechanism helps to maintain the balance of gases in the body and regulate the pH of the blood.

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36.

Which of these age-based changes is false?
- The lungs lose elastic tissue.
- The lung's compliance changes.
- Vital capacity increases.
- Respiratory muscles weaken.
- Costal cartilages become more flexible.
Correct Answer

A. Vital capacity increases.

Explanation

As a person ages, various changes occur in the respiratory system. The lungs lose elastic tissue, causing them to become less flexible. The compliance of the lungs also changes, meaning they become stiffer and less able to expand and contract easily. The respiratory muscles weaken, leading to a decrease in respiratory function. Additionally, the costal cartilages become more flexible, which can affect the ability of the ribcage to expand during breathing. However, vital capacity, which is the maximum amount of air a person can exhale after a deep breath, generally decreases with age rather than increases.

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37.

Identify the structure labeled "6."
- Renal pelvis
- Minor calyx
- Ureter
- Major calyx
- Renal column
Correct Answer

A. Renal column

Explanation

The structure labeled "6" in the given options is the renal column. The renal column is a part of the kidney that separates the renal pyramids. It contains blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue that provide support to the kidney.

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38.

The portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting duct is the
- Nephron loop (loop of Henle).
- Proximal convoluted tubule.
- Distal convoluted tubule.
- Papillary tubule.
- Calyx.
Correct Answer

A. Distal convoluted tubule.

Explanation

The distal convoluted tubule is the portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting duct. This tubule is located after the loop of Henle and the proximal convoluted tubule. It plays a crucial role in the reabsorption of water and electrolytes, as well as in the regulation of pH and concentration of urine. The collecting duct, which receives the filtrate from the distal convoluted tubule, further concentrates the urine before it is excreted from the body.

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39.

Expiratory movements are produced by contraction of the ________ muscle(s).
- Scalene
- Diaphragm
- Internal intercostal
- External intercostal
- Serratus anterior
Correct Answer

A. Internal intercostal

Explanation

Expiratory movements are produced by contraction of the internal intercostal muscles. These muscles are located between the ribs and play a role in decreasing the size of the thoracic cavity during expiration. When they contract, they pull the ribs downward and inward, reducing the volume of the chest cavity and pushing air out of the lungs. The other muscles listed, such as the scalene, diaphragm, external intercostal, and serratus anterior, are involved in other respiratory movements but not specifically in expiration.

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40.

Pulmonary ventilation refers to the
- Movement of air into and out of the lungs.
- Movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood.
- Movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the interstitial space.
- Movement of dissolved gases from the interstitial space to the cells.
- Utilization of oxygen.
Correct Answer

A. Movement of air into and out of the lungs.

Explanation

The correct answer is "movement of air into and out of the lungs." Pulmonary ventilation refers to the process of breathing, where air is drawn into the lungs through inhalation and expelled through exhalation. This movement of air allows for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the external environment.

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41.

The unit of measurement for pressure preferred by many respiratory therapists is
- Mm Hg.
- Torr.
- Cm H2O.
- All of the above
- None of the above
Correct Answer

A. Torr.

Explanation

The unit of measurement for pressure preferred by many respiratory therapists is torr. Torr is a unit of pressure equal to one millimeter of mercury (mm Hg), which is commonly used in medical settings to measure blood pressure and respiratory pressures. It is also equivalent to one centimeter of water (cm H2O), another unit of pressure often used in respiratory therapy. Therefore, torr encompasses both mm Hg and cm H2O, making it the correct answer.

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42.

Boyle's Law of Gases states that
- The pressure and volume of a gas are equal.
- As the temperature goes up, the pressure goes up.
- The total gas pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressures.
- The concentration of dissolved gas is proportional to its partial pressure.
- If the volume goes up, the pressure goes down.
Correct Answer

A. If the volume goes up, the pressure goes down.

Explanation

According to Boyle's Law of Gases, there is an inverse relationship between the volume and pressure of a gas. This means that as the volume of a gas increases, the pressure decreases, and vice versa. This relationship holds true as long as the temperature and amount of gas remain constant. Therefore, the correct answer is that if the volume goes up, the pressure goes down.

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43.

Under quiet conditions, blood returning to the heart retains about ________ of its oxygen content when it leaves the lungs.
- 25 percent
- 50 percent
- 75 percent
- 90 percent
- 100 percent
Correct Answer

A. 75 percent

Explanation

Under quiet conditions, blood returning to the heart retains about 75 percent of its oxygen content when it leaves the lungs. This means that even after oxygen is delivered to the body's tissues, there is still a significant amount of oxygen remaining in the blood. This is important because it ensures that enough oxygen is available to meet the body's demands, especially during periods of increased activity or stress.

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44.

The renal sinus is
- The innermost layer of kidney tissue.
- Part of a renal pyramid.
- An internal cavity lined by the fibrous capsule.
- A large branch of the renal pelvis.
- A renal corpuscle.
Correct Answer

A. An internal cavity lined by the fibrous capsule.

Explanation

The renal sinus is an internal cavity lined by the fibrous capsule. The fibrous capsule is a layer of connective tissue that surrounds the kidney and helps maintain its shape. The renal sinus contains the renal pelvis, blood vessels, nerves, and fat. It acts as a space for these structures to pass through and provides support and protection for the kidney.

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45.

Renal columns are
- Internal cavities lined by the fibrous capsule.
- Expanded ends of the ureters.
- The basic functional units of the kidney.
- Bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex.
- Conical structures that are located in the renal medulla.
Correct Answer

A. Bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex.

Explanation

Renal columns are bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex. The renal columns are located in the renal medulla and serve to separate and support the renal pyramids. They contain blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue that help maintain the structural integrity of the kidney. These columns also provide a pathway for blood vessels and urine drainage between the pyramids, allowing for efficient filtration and excretion of waste products by the kidney.

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46.

The glomeruli are best described as being tufts of
- Arteries.
- Veins.
- Venules.
- Capillaries.
- Arterioles.
Correct Answer

A. Capillaries.

Explanation

The glomeruli are small, ball-shaped structures located in the kidneys. They are responsible for filtering waste products and excess fluids from the blood to form urine. Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels in the body, with thin walls that allow for the exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products between the blood and surrounding tissues. The glomeruli consist of a network of capillaries, making capillaries the best description for the glomeruli.

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47.

Each of the following is a normal constituent of urine, except .
- Urea.
- Proteins.
- Amino acids.
- Creatine.
- Hydrogen ions.
Correct Answer

A. Proteins.

Explanation

Proteins are not normally found in urine. Urine is primarily composed of water, urea, amino acids, creatinine, and various ions. Proteins are usually too large to pass through the filtration system of the kidneys and are therefore not present in normal urine. Their presence in urine can indicate a potential health issue such as kidney damage or urinary tract infection.

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48.

Use Figure 20-2 to answer the following questions: What is the relationship between the pressures at label "8"?
- P outside = P inside
- P outside > P inside
- P outside < P inside
- P outside + P inside
- P outside - P inside
Correct Answer

A. P outside < P inside

Explanation

The relationship between the pressures at label "8" is that the pressure outside (P outside) is less than the pressure inside (P inside).

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49.

At a PO2 of 70 mm Hg and normal temperature and pH, hemoglobin is ________ percent saturated with oxygen.
- 10
- 25
- 50
- 75
- More than 90
Correct Answer

A. More than 90

Explanation

At a PO2 of 70 mm Hg and normal temperature and pH, hemoglobin is more than 90 percent saturated with oxygen. This means that a large majority of the available hemoglobin molecules have bound to oxygen molecules.

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Apii Final - Q. 1-95

Asthma is

Quiz Preview

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Use Figure 20-2 to answer the following questions: What is the relationship between the pressures at label "8"?

At a PO2 of 70 mm Hg and normal temperature and pH, hemoglobin is ________ percent saturated with oxygen.