A&p Skeletal System Practice Test

Arthritis is a medical condition characterized by the inflammation of joints. Inflammation can cause pain, stiffness, and swelling in the affected joints. This condition can be caused by various factors such as age, injury, autoimmune diseases, or infections. Therefore, it is correct to say that arthritis is an inflammation of the joints.

The skeletal system serves multiple functions. Firstly, it provides support and structure to the body, allowing for movement. Secondly, it stores inorganic salts, particularly calcium, which is essential for various bodily functions. Lastly, the skeletal system plays a role in the production of blood cells through a process called hematopoiesis. Therefore, all of the given options are correct functions of the skeletal system.

Short bones are a type of bone that have a cube-like or round shape, with approximately equal length, width, and thickness. They are typically found in the wrists and ankles, where their compact shape provides stability and support for the joints. Therefore, the statement that short bones can be found in the wrists and ankles is true.

Osteoblasts are specialized cells responsible for the formation of new bone tissue. They play a crucial role in skeletal development by producing and secreting the proteins and minerals necessary for bone formation. Additionally, osteoblasts are involved in bone remodeling, which is the process of removing old or damaged bone and replacing it with new bone. Therefore, the statement that the primary role of osteoblasts is to lay down new bone during skeletal development and remodeling is true.

Bones are indeed the organs of the skeletal system. They provide support and structure to the body, protect vital organs, and allow for movement. The skeletal system is made up of bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons, and it plays a crucial role in maintaining the body's shape and facilitating various bodily functions. Therefore, the statement "Bones are the organs of the skeletal system" is true.

Different races have distinct physical characteristics, including differences in skull morphology. These variations can be observed in terms of skull shape, size, and other features. For example, individuals of African, Asian, and European descent may have different proportions, bone structures, and facial features. These differences are a result of genetic and environmental factors that have shaped populations over time. Therefore, the statement that different races have different characteristics on their skulls is true.

During intramembranous bone formation, osteoblasts start to form spongy bone tissue within the membrane layers. This is the initial step in the process. As the bone tissue develops, blood vessels penetrate the spongy tissue, providing oxygen and nutrients to support its growth. Finally, compact bone and periosteum form around the spongy bone, completing the formation of the mature bone structure. Therefore, all of the given options are steps involved in intramembranous bone formation.

The correct answer is No, the specific bone tissue is replaced over time. This is because bone tissue undergoes a process called remodeling, where old bone is constantly being broken down and replaced with new bone. This process allows bones to adapt to changes in the body and repair any damage or stress that they may undergo. Therefore, the specific bone tissue that exists in a person's body at one point in time will not remain the same throughout their entire life.

After the bone fracture, fibrocartilage is slowly replaced with bone by osteoblasts, forming a large, knob-like bony callus. In the fourth step, the bony callus is trimmed away by osteoclasts, and the bone then resembles its original form. This step helps to reshape the bone and remove any excess or unnecessary bony callus that may have formed during the healing process.

Compound fractures, also known as open fractures, occur when the broken bone pierces through the skin. This condition is considered severe and requires immediate medical attention. The bone's exposure to the external environment increases the risk of infection and complicates the healing process. Therefore, it is crucial to accurately identify and treat compound fractures to prevent further damage and promote proper healing.

The soft spot between the plates of bone, which doesn't fuse until after birth, is called a fontanel. This is a common term used in anatomy to refer to the flexible areas on a baby's skull where the bones have not yet fully developed and fused together. These fontanels allow for the baby's brain to grow and accommodate the rapid brain development that occurs during the early stages of life.

Ossification refers to the process of forming new bone tissue. During ossification, specialized cells called osteoblasts produce new bone tissue, which replaces old or damaged bone. This process is crucial for bone growth, repair, and remodeling. It is not the process of reusing or breaking down old bone tissue, nor does it encompass all of the above options.

In children, all bones contain red bone marrow. This is because red bone marrow is responsible for producing blood cells, and children have a higher need for blood cell production compared to adults. As children grow and develop, their bones are actively growing and remodeling, requiring a constant supply of new blood cells. Therefore, it is true that in children, all bones contain red bone marrow.

Spongy bone lowers the density of a bone. This is because spongy bone is less dense compared to compact bone. Spongy bone consists of a lattice-like structure with open spaces filled with bone marrow, making it lighter and less dense. This helps to reduce the overall weight of the bone while still providing strength and support.

All bone starts out as connective tissue because bones are made up of cells called osteoblasts, which produce the extracellular matrix of bone tissue. This matrix is composed of collagen fibers and a mineralized substance called hydroxyapatite, which gives bones their hardness and strength. As the osteoblasts produce and deposit this matrix, they become surrounded by it and eventually mature into osteocytes, which are the mature bone cells. Therefore, connective tissue is the initial type of tissue from which all bone develops.

As we grow, red bone marrow is gradually converted to yellow bone marrow, which stores fat. This conversion occurs as the body's need for blood cell production decreases with age. Yellow bone marrow contains more fat cells and fewer blood-forming cells compared to red bone marrow. This change is a normal part of the aging process and does not affect the overall function of the bone marrow.

Bone tissue consists of living osteocytes (bone cells) and tough, non-living bony matrix between the cells. The osteocytes are responsible for maintaining the bone tissue and regulating its metabolism, while the bony matrix provides the structural support and strength to the bone. Together, the osteocytes and bony matrix work in harmony to ensure the integrity and functionality of the bone tissue.

After the break, fibrocartilage forms and is slowly replaced by bone osteoblasts. This process results in the formation of a large, knob-like bony callus.

Both compact and spongy bones are types of bone tissues that make up the skeletal system. They are both rigid and provide support to the body. Compact bone is dense and forms the outer layer of bones, while spongy bone is porous and found in the inner layer. Both types of bone tissue work together to provide strength and support to the body, enabling movement and protecting vital organs. Therefore, the statement that both compact and spongy bones are rigid and provide support is true.

The formation of endochondral bone involves multiple steps. Ossification occurs in the diaphysis at the primary ossification center, where bone tissue replaces cartilage. The epiphyseal plates, located between the primary and secondary ossification centers, allow for bone lengthening. Additionally, the bone thickens as compact bone is deposited under the periosteum. Therefore, all of the given statements are correct and are steps involved in the formation of endochondral bone.

After a fracture, a large blood clot, or hematoma, forms. This is the first step to healing a fracture because the blood clot helps to stabilize the broken bone and provides a framework for new tissue to grow. The clot also attracts cells that are responsible for repairing the bone, such as osteoclasts, which remove damaged tissue, and osteoblasts, which build new bone. Therefore, the formation of a blood clot is crucial in initiating the healing process for a fracture.

After a bone break, the second step for healing bone is the regrowth of blood vessels. Near these regrowing blood vessels, new spongy bone forms. In areas where there are fewer vessels, fibrocartilage fills in the gaps. This process helps in the formation of new bone tissue and the eventual restoration of the bone's original form.

Perforating canals are small channels that run horizontally through the compact bone. These canals connect the central canals of adjacent osteons and allow for the passage of blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels. They play a crucial role in supplying nutrients and removing waste products from the bone tissue.

The correct answer is femur, humerus, radius. These are the long bones in the human body that can be used to calculate height. By measuring the length of these bones and using specific formulas, it is possible to estimate a person's height. These bones are commonly used in forensic anthropology and archaeology to determine the height of individuals based on skeletal remains.

Intramembranous bone formation occurs when bones develop directly from mesenchymal connective tissue, without going through a cartilage stage. This process primarily forms flat bones, such as those found in the skull, clavicle, and sternum. Short, long, and round bones, on the other hand, undergo endochondral ossification, where a cartilage model is first formed and then replaced by bone tissue. Therefore, the correct answer is flat.

Spongy bone is found at long bones' epiphysis

The central canal is a structure found in the osteon, which is the basic unit of compact bone. The central canal contains blood vessels and nerves that supply the bone tissue with nutrients and oxygen. Therefore, the central canal supplies the osteocytes (bone cells) and the bony matrix (the mineralized extracellular matrix of bone) with the necessary resources for their function and maintenance.

Endochondral bones form primary bones in the body, not flat bones or cartilage. The term "endochondral" refers to a specific process of bone development where bones start as cartilage models and eventually become primary bones, such as long bones like the femur, tibia, or humerus, during the endochondral ossification process. Flat bones, on the other hand, typically develop through a different process known as intramembranous ossification, which doesn't involve cartilage as an initial step.

Calcium is needed in the blood because it plays a crucial role in muscle and nerve function. Calcium ions are essential for muscle contraction and transmission of nerve impulses. Without sufficient calcium in the blood, these processes would be impaired, leading to muscle weakness and nerve dysfunction. Therefore, calcium is vital for maintaining proper muscle and nerve function in the body.

Bones consist of moist, living tissue because they are made up of cells and contain blood vessels and nerves. The living tissue in bones is responsible for their growth, repair, and remodeling. It also allows bones to be flexible and withstand stress.

Male and female skeletons differ in the shapes of their skull and pelvis. The skull of males tends to be larger and more robust, with more pronounced brow ridges, while the female skull is generally smaller and more delicate. Additionally, the pelvis of females is wider and shallower to accommodate childbirth, while the male pelvis is narrower and more compact. These differences in the shapes of the skull and pelvis are important for identifying the sex of skeletal remains in forensic anthropology.

Irregular bones are found in the vertebrae and the face

Calcium plays a crucial role in bone health by contributing to the strength and density of the bone matrix. The bone matrix is composed of collagen fibers and minerals, primarily calcium, which provide structural support to the bone. Calcium helps to mineralize and harden the bone matrix, making it strong and resistant to fractures. Therefore, the correct answer is that calcium makes the bone matrix strong.

Throughout adulthood, the mass of bone generally remains relatively constant. While bone is constantly being broken down and rebuilt, the rate of bone formation and bone resorption are usually balanced, resulting in a stable bone mass. This equilibrium can be influenced by factors such as age, hormonal changes, and lifestyle choices, but in general, the overall mass of bone tends to stay about the same throughout life.

Round (sesamoid) bones are found in the patella (kneecap) and the wrist.

From examining skeletal remains, gender, race, age, and height can be determined. Gender can be determined by analyzing the pelvic bones and skull features. Race can be determined by examining the skull shape and facial features. Age can be estimated by analyzing the growth plates in the long bones and the wear on the teeth. Height can be estimated by measuring the length of certain bones, such as the femur. However, birth place and name cannot be determined from skeletal remains.

The factors that affect bone growth include nutrition, hormones, and physical stress. Nutrition plays a crucial role in providing the necessary nutrients such as calcium, vitamin D, and protein that are essential for bone development. Hormones, such as growth hormone and sex hormones, also play a significant role in bone growth and development. Physical stress, such as weight-bearing activities and exercise, stimulates bone remodeling and increases bone density. Therefore, all of these factors collectively contribute to bone growth.

Arthritis is a condition characterized by inflammation in the joints. Swelling is a common symptom of arthritis, as the inflammation causes fluid buildup in the affected joints. Pain is also a prominent symptom, as the inflammation and damage to the joint tissues can cause discomfort. Loss of motion is another symptom, as the inflammation and damage can restrict the joint's ability to move properly. Numbness, tingling sensation, and rapid nerve firing are not typically associated with arthritis and may indicate other conditions.

Adults still have red bone marrow, but it is primarily found in certain flat bones. Red bone marrow is responsible for producing red and white blood cells, as well as platelets. While red bone marrow is more prevalent in children, it does not disappear completely in adults. Instead, it is mostly found in the flat bones such as the sternum, ribs, pelvis, and skull. These bones provide a suitable environment for the production of blood cells. Therefore, the correct answer is "Yes, in certain flat bones."

Long bones can be found in the hands, legs, arms, and feet. These bones are characterized by their elongated shape and are responsible for providing support, mobility, and strength to the body. The hands, legs, arms, and feet contain several long bones such as the metacarpals and phalanges in the hands, femur and tibia in the legs, humerus and ulna in the arms, and metatarsals and phalanges in the feet. The skull, spine, nose, and fingers do not contain long bones.