AP Euro: Chapter 22

The explanation for the given answer is that Western Europe witnessed a significant change in population distribution during a certain period. People started moving away from rural areas and began settling in urban areas or cities. This shift can be attributed to various factors such as industrialization, economic opportunities, better infrastructure, and improved living conditions in cities. As a result, the population in rural settlements decreased while the population in cities increased.

Thomas Malthus, also known as Malthus, was a classical economist who wrote "Essay on the Principle of Population." He proposed that the human population grows geometrically, meaning it increases exponentially, while the food supply grows arithmetically, meaning it increases linearly. Malthus believed that this population growth would eventually surpass the available food supply, leading to a scarcity of resources. He argued that the only way to prevent this inevitable population growth and food shortage was to limit the number of births through measures such as contraception and celibacy.

The correct answer is liberalism, nationalism, democracy, and socialism. These four ideologies posed challenges to the established order and contributed to tensions before 1848. Liberalism advocated for individual rights and limited government interference, which clashed with the traditional hierarchical structures. Nationalism emphasized the importance of national identity and self-determination, challenging the existing multinational empires. Democracy called for equal political participation, challenging the authority of monarchies and aristocracies. Socialism sought to address social inequality and advocated for workers' rights, challenging the capitalist system. These ideologies sparked debates and conflicts, leading to tensions in the pre-1848 era.

The English police were commonly referred to as "bobbies." This term originated from the name of Sir Robert Peel, who established the modern police force in London in 1829. The police officers were called "bobbies" as a nickname in honor of Peel's first name. The term became widely used to describe police officers in England and is still used today.

The correct answer is "America, United States." This suggests that the new prisons were designed or based on the prison systems in the United States. It implies that the new prisons may have adopted similar architectural designs, security measures, or operational procedures as those seen in American prisons.

Britain dominated Europe in multiple ways. Firstly, they had access to natural resources and a growing food supply, which provided them with the necessary materials and sustenance for their industries and population. Secondly, they had a mobile social structure and an advanced textile industry, allowing for social mobility and economic growth. Lastly, they benefited from a strong foreign and domestic demand, while their French competitors faced the destruction of their Atlantic trade and domestic life. This left the English with less competition and further solidified their dominance. Therefore, all of the given options contributed to Britain's domination of Europe.

Classical economics were part of classical liberalism, which was an economic and political ideology that emerged in the 18th century. Classical liberalism emphasized individual freedom, limited government intervention, and free markets. Classical economists such as Adam Smith and David Ricardo were key figures in this movement, advocating for free trade, property rights, and the invisible hand of the market. They believed that the economy should be left to operate on its own without much government interference, and that individuals should have the freedom to pursue their own economic interests.

After the revolutions of 1848, conservative governments were once again in control. This implies that prior to the revolutions, conservative governments were in power, but were temporarily overthrown during the revolutions. However, after the revolutions ended, these conservative governments regained control.

The correct answer is "less" because industrialization often leads to urbanization and the breakdown of traditional family structures. As people move to cities for work, they become more independent and less reliant on their extended family for support. This can result in less close-knit families and a decrease in the overall sense of togetherness.

During the mid-1800s, Eastern Europe remained predominantly rural. This region had a slower pace of industrialization compared to Western Europe, which led to a majority of the population being engaged in agricultural activities. The lack of urbanization and industrial development in Eastern Europe resulted in a more traditional and agrarian society, with a significant portion of the population living in rural areas and relying on farming as their primary source of livelihood.

The early socialists were referred to as utopian socialists because they believed in creating ideal societies based on principles of equality, cooperation, and social justice. They aimed to achieve these goals through peaceful means, advocating for voluntary communal living, shared property ownership, and the abolition of social classes. These utopian socialists, such as Robert Owen and Charles Fourier, envisioned a society where everyone would live harmoniously and enjoy equal rights and opportunities. However, their ideas were criticized for being impractical and disconnected from the realities of economic and political systems.

Robert Owen believed that individuals could be improved if they were placed in the right environment. He believed that by providing people with the correct surroundings, such as good working conditions and education, they could reach their full potential. Owen was a social reformer and early advocate of socialism, and he implemented these ideas in his own industrial community, New Lanark in Scotland. He believed in the power of environment and believed that by creating a positive and supportive environment, individuals could be transformed for the better.

Classical economics encompassed the key idea of laissez-faire, which was primarily advocated by Adam Smith. It supported economic growth through competitive free enterprise and believed that all aspects of economic life, except for maintaining a sound currency, enforcing contracts, protecting property, and implementing low tariffs and taxes, should be left to private initiative. Therefore, the correct answer is "All of the above."

David Ricardo wrote "Principles of Political Economy" and believed in the Iron Law of Wages. The Iron Law of Wages is an economic theory that suggests that wages tend to gravitate towards the minimum level necessary for workers to survive and reproduce. According to Ricardo, this law is driven by the relationship between the supply and demand for labor. As population increases, the supply of labor also increases, leading to a decrease in wages. This theory implies that attempts to raise wages through legislation or unions would be ineffective in the long run.

The correct answer is A, B, and C. Pre-1848 tensions caused by industrialism were influenced by economic challenges, rapid urbanization, and challenges to the artisan class. Industrialism brought about significant economic changes, leading to challenges for workers and the artisan class. Rapid urbanization resulted in overcrowded cities, poor living conditions, and social unrest. These factors combined to create tensions and discontent among the working class and artisan class, leading to various social and political movements during this period.

The new modes of transportation that allowed for cheaper and more rapid passage of materials and products and easier migration of people were railroads, canals, and improved roads. These transportation systems provided efficient and faster ways to transport goods and people, leading to economic growth and increased mobility. The correct answer options include all three modes of transportation in different orders, but they all represent the same concept.

The given statement suggests that these women led precarious lifestyles, had more casual relationships, gave birth to more illegitimate children, and were usually employed in factories. Therefore, the most fitting description for them would be "single," as it implies their lack of a stable marital or long-term relationship status.

The Iron Law of Wages proposed that when wages were high, more children were born to enter the labor market. This is because higher wages would provide families with more resources to support additional children. The law also suggests that the more workers there were, the lower the wages would be. This is due to the increased supply of labor, which can drive down wages as employers have more options to choose from. Once wages were lowered, working people would have fewer children, as they would have less financial stability to support a larger family. With fewer children, wages would rise again, as the reduced labor supply would create more demand for workers and drive up wages. Therefore, all of the above statements are true according to the Iron Law of Wages.

The word "changed" suggests that industrialization had an impact on the working class family, but it did not destroy it completely. Instead, it brought about modifications or alterations in the structure or dynamics of the family. This implies that industrialization likely led to shifts in roles, responsibilities, and living conditions within the working class family, but did not completely eradicate it.

In the concept of Marxism, it is believed that the existence of social classes would lead to a class struggle. This means that the different classes in society, such as the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, would be in conflict with each other due to their conflicting interests. This class struggle is seen as a necessary and inevitable part of the social change that Marxism aims to bring about. By overthrowing the ruling class and establishing a classless society, Marxism believes that the economy would improve overall and a more equitable and just society would be achieved. Therefore, the correct answer is Both A and C.

Germany is the correct answer because it had a tradition of state-directed economic development, which means that the government played a significant role in shaping and directing the economy. Classical Economics, on the other hand, emphasizes free markets and limited government intervention. Therefore, it had less influence in Germany compared to other countries with a different economic tradition.

The correct answer is "Both B and C." This means that married women who were employed in factories considered marriage less of an economic hardship and were associated with domestic duties. This suggests that these women were able to balance their work and family responsibilities, indicating that they experienced fewer family ties.

The correct answer is "All of the above" because Chartism was indeed a political program that sought reforms to benefit skilled British workers, it was the first large scale working class political movement, and it demanded various democratic reforms such as universal male suffrage, annual elections for the House of Commons, the secret ballot, equal electoral districts, and more.

The new goal during prison reform was rehabilitation, which means the focus shifted towards helping prisoners reintegrate into society and become productive members. This approach aims to address the root causes of criminal behavior, provide education and vocational training, and offer counseling and support to help individuals change their behavior and lead law-abiding lives after their release. The emphasis on rehabilitation acknowledges that punishment alone is not effective in reducing recidivism rates and that providing opportunities for personal growth and rehabilitation can lead to better outcomes for both individuals and society as a whole.

The fear of social disorder led to better systems of police and prison reform and reflected a need to impose order on a growing and migrating population. This fear likely arose from the recognition that with a larger and more mobile population, there was a higher potential for crime, violence, and general chaos. As a result, efforts were made to establish and improve law enforcement and correctional systems to maintain social order and ensure the safety and well-being of the community.

The population doubling in the 18th century led to an increase in demand for food, resulting in food supply problems. With more people to feed, the existing agricultural methods and resources were unable to keep up with the growing population's needs, causing difficulties in ensuring an adequate food supply for everyone.

During the 1830s and 1840s, there was a significant boom in the construction of railroads, making it the great age for railroad building. This period witnessed a rapid expansion of rail networks across various regions, connecting cities and facilitating transportation of goods and people. The construction of railroads played a crucial role in the industrialization and economic development of many countries, enabling faster and more efficient transportation, promoting trade, and stimulating economic growth. Therefore, the 1830s and 1840s are often referred to as the great age for railroad building and railroads in general.

Urban artisans were a group of skilled workers who lived and worked in cities during the Industrial Revolution. They were known for their radical political views and activism, advocating for workers' rights and social change. Their skills and knowledge gave them a certain level of influence and power within the working class, making them a significant force in shaping political movements and ideologies. As a result, they became the most radical political element in the European working class.

The given statement suggests that artisans were not harmed by the factories, but instead prospered. This implies that the factories did not negatively impact their livelihoods or economic well-being. However, the artisans were threatened by the organization of production, which implies that the introduction of factory systems and mass production methods posed a challenge to their traditional craft-based practices. Additionally, the artisans were affected by confection, indicating that they were influenced or impacted by the production of confectionery goods. Overall, this explanation highlights the complex relationship between artisans, factories, and the changing dynamics of production during that time.

The correct answer is "consumption" because it implies that the family is now only focused on consuming or using resources. This suggests that they may no longer be producing or contributing in any significant way, and their main priority is simply consuming what is available to them.

The Factory Act of 1833 was a legislation that aimed to improve working conditions in factories and limit child labor. It was a response to the growing concerns about the exploitation of workers during the Industrial Revolution. On the other hand, the Carlsbad Decrees, Six Acts, and secret police were repressive measures implemented by various European governments to suppress political dissent and maintain control. Therefore, the correct answer is "Everything but the Factory Act of 1833" because the other options were repressive measures that caused pre-1848 tensions.

The process of proletarianization emerged from industrialism, especially the factory system. Industrialism refers to the development of industries and the use of machinery in production, which led to the growth of factories. The factory system, in particular, played a significant role in the proletarianization process as it concentrated workers in large-scale production facilities, leading to the formation of a working class or proletariat. This process involved the transformation of peasants and artisans into wage laborers, dependent on capitalist employers for their livelihood. Therefore, the emergence of industrialism and the factory system contributed to the process of proletarianization.

This statement suggests that the government can ensure the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people by granting them maximum individual freedoms. This means allowing people to make their own choices and pursue their own interests without unnecessary interference. However, if this approach does not result in overall happiness, the government can step in and take actions to address any imbalances or issues that may arise. This could involve implementing policies or interventions to improve the well-being and satisfaction of the population.

The correct answer is iron, steel, and skilled labor. The railroad industry required large quantities of iron and steel for constructing tracks, locomotives, and other infrastructure. Skilled labor was also in high demand to design and build these complex systems.

When a specific ruling class became outmoded, it would either be destroyed or replaced. This means that if the ruling class was no longer effective or relevant, it would either be completely eliminated or replaced with a new ruling class. Both options involve getting rid of the old ruling class in order to make way for a new system or leadership.

The revolutions of 1848 were caused by a combination of factors including food shortages, economic depression, high unemployment rates, poor living conditions, and the frustration of urban artisan and laboring classes. These factors created a sense of discontent and unrest among the population, leading to widespread protests, demonstrations, and ultimately, revolutions in many European countries.

Marxism is the correct answer because it is a belief system that argues that economic conditions determine the social structure and that capitalism restricts individual freedom. Marxism advocates for the abolition of capitalism and the establishment of a classless society where the means of production are owned and controlled by the workers. It is based on the ideas of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, who believed that the capitalist system exploited the working class and perpetuated inequality. Marxism seeks to create a society where economic and social power is distributed more equally among all individuals.

The correct answer is A, B, and D. This is because factory workers were often at the mercy of the factory owner, as they had little control over their working conditions and wages. Additionally, some workers did prosper under the new conditions brought about by industrialization, while others were submissive to factory discipline in order to keep their jobs.

The correct answer is "policed" and "policed societies". This suggests that these societies had a system in place where they had paid, professionally trained law enforcement officers who were responsible for maintaining order, protecting property and lives, investigating criminal activity, and apprehending offenders. This implies that these societies had a structured and organized approach to law enforcement, indicating a higher level of social organization and governance.

Classical economics was more accepted in Great Britain because it was the birthplace of major classical economists like Jeremy Bentham. Bentham was a prominent British philosopher and economist who played a significant role in shaping classical economic thought. His ideas on utilitarianism and the principle of maximizing happiness influenced the development of classical economics. The mention of "Bentham" in the question reinforces his significance in the context of classical economics in Great Britain.

The correct answer is the February Revolution. This revolution took place in France in 1848 and resulted in the abdication of King Louis Philippe. It was sparked by widespread discontent and economic hardship, leading to mass protests and the establishment of a provisional government. The revolution marked the end of the July Monarchy and set the stage for the establishment of the French Second Republic.

The given statement suggests that only two countries were able to avoid any significant challenges. The correct answer is Great Britain and Russia, as these are the only two countries listed that fit the criteria. Prussia, Italy, and the combination of Great Britain and Italy are not mentioned in the statement as having escaped without major difficulty. Therefore, the answer is Great Britain and Russia.

Utopian socialists sought to replace the existing capitalist structure and values with visionary solutions or ideal communities. They believed that the social ownership of property would serve the interests of the working class. Additionally, they believed that people should work together to promote their mutual well-being. Therefore, the correct answer is Both A and C, as both statements A and C are true.

According to Marxism, a specific class can rule only as long as it best represents the economically productive forces of society. This means that the ruling class must align its interests and policies with the dominant economic forces in order to maintain its power. Marxism emphasizes the importance of economic factors and class struggle in shaping the dynamics of society and politics. By representing the economically productive forces, the ruling class can ensure its control and dominance over the means of production.

The term "proletarianization" refers to the process of transforming a diverse labor force into a unified proletariat class. In the early 19th century, industrialization and urbanization led to significant changes in the workforce. As people moved from rural areas to cities to work in factories, they became part of a growing working class. This process of proletarianization involved the loss of individual skills and autonomy as workers became dependent on wages and faced exploitation by factory owners. The term accurately describes the transformation of the labor force during this time period.

Saint Simon, a socialist, believed that the focus of government should be on economic issues. He argued for a planned economy and the redistribution of wealth to address social inequalities. Saint Simon believed that the government should play a central role in promoting economic development and ensuring social justice. His ideas laid the foundation for later socialist and communist movements, including those advocated by Robert Owen, Charles Fourier, and Karl Marx. However, Saint Simon's emphasis on economic issues and government intervention distinguishes him as the correct answer in this context.