AP Ch 32 Outline Quiz

Explanation
Plants living on land have several adaptations that allow them to thrive in this environment. They have greater availability of light because they are not submerged in water and can receive sunlight directly. They also have greater access to carbon dioxide, which is essential for photosynthesis. The increased effects of gravity on the plant are a characteristic of land plants, as they need to support their structures against gravity. Increased desiccation of unprotected cells is another characteristic, as land plants need to prevent water loss. However, the diffusion of carbon dioxide and oxygen is not decreased in land plants; in fact, they have specialized structures such as stomata that facilitate gas exchange.

Explanation
The correct answer is "alternation of generations cycle only." This means that the plant life cycle includes only the alternation of generations cycle. The alternation of generations is a reproductive cycle in which plants alternate between a multicellular haploid (gametophyte) stage and a multicellular diploid (sporophyte) stage. In this cycle, the gametophyte produces gametes (eggs and sperm) through mitosis, which then fuse to form a diploid zygote. The zygote develops into a sporophyte, which produces haploid spores through meiosis. These spores then develop into new gametophytes, completing the cycle.

Explanation
In the moss life cycle, the haploid gametophyte generation is dominant. This means that the primary form of the moss is haploid, having only one set of chromosomes. The gametophyte generation produces gametes, which are haploid reproductive cells. This is in contrast to the sporophyte generation, which is diploid and produces spores through the process of meiosis. While the sporophyte generation is still present in the moss life cycle, it is not the dominant form.

Explanation
When a moss spore lands on an appropriate site, it germinates into the first stage of the gametophyte called a protonema. A protonema is a filamentous structure that develops from the germinating spore and serves as a precursor to the leafy gametophyte. It provides a surface for the development of rhizoids, which anchor the moss to the substrate, and eventually gives rise to the leafy shoots of the moss plant. The other options, antheridium, archegonium, and thallus, are structures that develop later in the life cycle of the moss.

Explanation
The correct answer is diploid sporophyte. In the fern life cycle, the diploid sporophyte generation is dominant. This means that the majority of the plant's life cycle is spent in the diploid phase, where the plant produces spores through meiosis. These spores then develop into the haploid gametophyte generation, which produces gametes through mitosis. The fusion of these gametes gives rise to the diploid sporophyte generation again, completing the life cycle.

Explanation
Vascular plants are characterized by their ability to transport water, nutrients, and sugars throughout their bodies using specialized tissues called xylem and phloem. These plants have true roots, stems, and leaves, which are essential for their survival and growth. True roots anchor the plants in the soil and absorb water and nutrients, while stems provide support and transport materials between roots and leaves. Leaves are responsible for photosynthesis, where they capture sunlight and convert it into energy. Therefore, it is correct to say that only vascular plants possess true roots, stems, and leaves.

Explanation
Ferns do not contain extensive xylem to carry nutrients from the leaves to other parts of the plant. While ferns do have xylem, it is not as extensive as in other plants like trees. Ferns rely more on their rhizomes, which are underground stems, to transport nutrients throughout the plant. Therefore, the statement is false.

Explanation
Seed plants are unique in that they produce microspores and megaspores, which are different from the homospores produced by non-seed plants. Microspores develop into male gametophytes, while megaspores develop into female gametophytes. This distinction is one of the key characteristics that sets seed plants apart from non-seed plants. Therefore, the statement "Seed plants produce microspores and megaspores, rather than the homospores produced by nearly all non-seed plants" is true.

Explanation
Pollination in flowering plants can be carried out by wind or animals. Wind-pollinated plants produce light and abundant pollen that can be easily carried by the wind to reach other plants. Animal-pollinated plants, on the other hand, rely on animals such as insects, birds, or mammals to transfer pollen from one flower to another as they visit them for nectar or other rewards. Therefore, the statement "Pollination is carried out by wind or animals in the flowering plants" is true.