Anesthesia Technology Exam Questions And Answers

The O2 fail safe works by cutting off the supply of N2O if the O2 supply fails. This is a safety mechanism to prevent the administration of a hypoxic mixture, which is a mixture with low oxygen levels that can be dangerous for patients. By cutting off the N2O supply, the fail safe ensures that only a safe mixture of gases is being delivered to the patient in case of an O2 supply failure.

Soda Lime is a substance commonly used in laboratories to absorb carbon dioxide. It is a mixture of sodium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide. The approximate water content of Soda Lime is 14-19%. This means that for every 100 grams of Soda Lime, there is approximately 14-19 grams of water. The water content is important to consider because it can affect the performance and effectiveness of Soda Lime in absorbing carbon dioxide.

The boiling point is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the barometric pressure. At this temperature, the pressure exerted by the vapor molecules escaping from the liquid surface is equal to the pressure exerted by the atmosphere on the liquid. This causes the liquid to rapidly vaporize and form bubbles throughout the entire volume, resulting in the process known as boiling.

All of the above options are correct answers because they all represent potential hazards associated with ventilators. Barotrauma refers to lung injury caused by excessive pressure during ventilation. Low PEEP (Positive End-Expiratory Pressure) can lead to alveolar collapse and inadequate oxygenation. Failure to resume ventilation after turning off the ventilator can result in inadequate respiratory support and potential respiratory distress. Therefore, all of these hazards should be considered and managed to ensure the safe and effective use of ventilators.

A G cylinder of oxygen (O2) contains about 5,300 liters of gas. This large cylinder is often used in medical facilities to provide a substantial supply of oxygen. The measurement in liters helps medical staff know how much oxygen is available for use in various treatments and procedures, ensuring they have enough to meet the needs of patients without frequent replacements.

The Saturated Vapor Pressure (SVP) of desflurane (Des) is approximately 669 mmHg at 20°C. Desflurane has a notably high SVP compared to other inhalation anesthetics, which means it vaporizes very easily at room temperature. This characteristic requires special vaporizers that can handle and accurately control its high vapor pressure, ensuring safe and effective delivery during anesthesia. Desflurane is used because it allows for rapid changes in anesthetic depth with fast recovery times, making it suitable for shorter procedures.

Adiabatic compression refers to the process of compressing a gas without any heat exchange with the surroundings. During this compression, the temperature of the gas increases significantly. The danger with adiabatic compression is that if the compressed gas is flammable or combustible, the high temperature can lead to a fire hazard when the gas is recompressed. The increase in temperature can cause the gas to reach its ignition point, resulting in a potential fire or explosion. Therefore, the correct answer is "Fire hazard with recompression."

A wick in a vaporizer increases the surface area available for the liquid to evaporate. By increasing the surface area, more liquid can be exposed to heat, which leads to faster and more efficient vaporization. This allows the vaporizer to produce more vapor and enhance the overall vaping experience.

Vapor pressure refers to the pressure exerted by molecules that have escaped from the surface of a liquid and are in the gas phase. This pressure is exerted on the walls of a container that holds the liquid. It is a measure of the tendency of molecules to escape from the liquid phase and enter the gas phase. As the temperature increases, more molecules gain enough energy to break away from the liquid surface, leading to an increase in vapor pressure.

The hanger yoke is part of the high pressure cylinder. It is a component that supports and holds the cylinder in place. It is typically made of sturdy materials such as metal and is designed to withstand the high pressure within the cylinder. The hanger yoke plays an important role in ensuring the stability and safety of the high pressure cylinder during operation.

Adiabatic expansion refers to the process where a gas expands rapidly without any heat exchange with its surroundings. This can lead to a significant increase in temperature, which can potentially cause a fire hazard when the gas is recompressed. The rapid compression of the gas can ignite any flammable substances present, leading to a fire. Therefore, the danger associated with adiabatic expansion is the fire hazard that arises during the recompression process.

The pressure limit on most ventilators is 40. This means that the ventilator will not exceed a pressure of 40 when delivering air to the patient. This limit is set to ensure the safety of the patient and prevent any potential harm or discomfort that may be caused by excessive pressure.

The main purpose of the circle system is to prevent rebreathing of CO2. This system ensures that exhaled gases are effectively removed from the patient's respiratory system and not inhaled again. By continuously delivering fresh gas and removing waste gases, the circle system helps maintain a safe and balanced gas mixture for the patient. This prevents the accumulation of CO2 in the respiratory system and ensures proper oxygenation during anesthesia. Additionally, the circle system also allows for a rapid transition to an ambu bag if needed and supports the scavenger system in removing waste gases from the operating room.

Heat needs to be supplied to the liquid anesthetic to maintain a constant temperature because anesthetic agents are volatile and can evaporate easily. By supplying heat, the temperature of the liquid anesthetic can be controlled, ensuring that it remains at the desired level for administration. Additionally, heat is required to keep a constant saturated vapor pressure (SVP) of the anesthetic. This is important because the SVP determines the concentration of the anesthetic vapor in the gas mixture delivered to the patient. By maintaining a constant SVP, the anesthetic concentration can be accurately controlled.

Heating increases the SVP (Saturation Vapor Pressure). When a substance is heated, its molecules gain energy and move faster, causing an increase in the rate of evaporation. This leads to an increase in the number of molecules in the gas phase, resulting in a higher vapor pressure. Therefore, heating can increase the SVP of a substance.

Joe Dimaggio won the MVP in 1947, despite Ted Williams winning the triple crown. This is considered a disgrace because winning the triple crown is a significant accomplishment in baseball, which involves leading the league in batting average, home runs, and runs batted in. However, the MVP is determined by a vote from the Baseball Writers' Association of America, and they chose to award it to Joe Dimaggio instead of Ted Williams.

The hypoxic guard system is the last safeguard in preventing a hypoxic mix. This system is designed to monitor the oxygen concentration in the breathing gas mixture and ensure that it remains at a safe level. If the oxygen concentration drops below a certain threshold, the hypoxic guard system will activate and either shut off the flow of nitrous oxide or increase the flow of oxygen to maintain a safe mixture. This helps to prevent the risk of hypoxia, which is a condition where there is an inadequate supply of oxygen to the body's tissues.

The Saturated Vapor Pressure (SVP) of enflurane is 175 mmHg at 20°C. This measurement reflects how much the anesthetic vaporizes at a given temperature, influencing how it is administered during medical procedures. Enflurane's SVP is moderate compared to other anesthetics, meaning it vaporizes at a reasonable rate, facilitating controlled delivery through anesthetic machines to maintain effective anesthesia during surgeries.

Cooling decreases the saturation vapor pressure (SVP) because it lowers the temperature, reducing the energy of the water molecules and decreasing their ability to escape into the gas phase. Passing gas over the liquid also decreases SVP as it increases the concentration of gas molecules above the liquid, reducing the chances of water molecules escaping into the gas phase. However, heating increases the SVP as it raises the temperature, increasing the energy of the water molecules and promoting their transition into the gas phase. Therefore, heating does not decrease SVP.

The Saturated Vapor Pressure (SVP) of isoflurane is 239 mmHg at 20°C. This indicates that isoflurane has a high tendency to evaporate, which is a key characteristic for anesthetic agents used in surgeries. The high SVP means that isoflurane can efficiently transition from liquid to gas at room temperature, facilitating its controlled delivery through anesthesia systems. This property helps ensure that the anesthetic is effectively administered, maintaining stable concentrations during procedures.

The potential power sources for a ventilator are compressed gas and electricity. Compressed gas can be used to power the ventilator by providing the necessary air pressure for ventilation. Electricity is also a common power source for ventilators, as they require electrical energy to operate the motor and control the various functions of the device. The other options, heat and a spinning bicycle for first-year CRNA residents, are not suitable power sources for a ventilator. Heat is not typically used to power medical devices, and a spinning bicycle would not provide the necessary energy to operate a ventilator.

The high pressure system in this context refers to the components that are involved in delivering oxygen at high pressure. The pipeline pressure gauge is included in the high pressure system as it is used to measure the pressure of the oxygen in the pipeline. The O2 flush is also included as it is a mechanism that allows for a rapid flow of oxygen to be delivered. Both of these components are essential in maintaining and regulating the high pressure system.

A precordial monitor is a device used to monitor the electrical activity of the heart. Unlike the other options listed, which measure various physiological parameters such as carbon dioxide levels, lung function, and oxygen saturation, the precordial monitor specifically monitors the heart's electrical activity. It cannot be deactivated because it is continuously needed to monitor and record the heart's rhythm and detect any abnormalities or irregularities.

Aluminum cylinders pose a hazard of fire. Aluminum is a highly flammable metal, and when exposed to heat or flames, it can ignite and burn rapidly. This can lead to dangerous situations, especially in environments where fire safety is crucial, such as industrial settings or areas with flammable materials. Therefore, it is important to handle and store aluminum cylinders with caution to prevent the risk of fire.

CO2 and N2O are gases that can exist in their liquid form when they are stored in cylinders under high pressure and low temperature conditions. This is because these gases have a lower boiling point compared to other gases listed. When the pressure is increased and the temperature is decreased, CO2 and N2O can condense into a liquid state inside the cylinders.

The Saturated Vapor Pressure (SVP) of sevoflurane (Sevo) is 160 mmHg at 20°C. SVP is a measure of how much a liquid anesthetic agent tends to evaporate at a given temperature. A lower SVP, like that of sevoflurane, indicates that it evaporates less aggressively compared to agents with a higher SVP. This characteristic affects how the anesthetic is administered and controlled during medical procedures, ensuring the agent vaporizes effectively at manageable levels.

A H tank of nitrous oxide (N2O) contains about 13,800 liters of gas when full. This large capacity is typical for H cylinders, which are used in medical settings where substantial amounts of nitrous oxide are required, such as in surgical procedures where it serves as both an anesthetic and an analgesic agent. The large volume ensures that there is an ample supply of nitrous oxide, reducing the need for frequent cylinder changes and helping to maintain consistent delivery during extended medical procedures.

Temperature compensation in vaporizers is achieved through two methods: thermocompensation and supplied heat. Thermocompensation involves adjusting the vaporizer's output based on changes in temperature to maintain a consistent vapor pressure. This ensures that the vaporizer delivers the desired concentration of vapor regardless of temperature fluctuations. Supplied heat refers to the external heating provided to the vaporizer to maintain a constant temperature, which in turn ensures consistent vaporization. Therefore, both thermocompensation and supplied heat are necessary for accurate temperature compensation in vaporizers.

Vapor is defined as the gas phase of a substance that is normally in liquid form at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. This means that when a liquid reaches a certain temperature and pressure, it changes into a gas state, which is known as vapor. Therefore, the correct answer is "Gas phase of a substance that is liquid at room temperature and atmospheric pressure."

A H tank of oxygen typically contains about 6,600 liters of gas. This type of large cylinder is used in medical settings to provide a substantial supply of oxygen, supporting various medical procedures and emergencies. The volume in liters indicates how much oxygen is available for use, ensuring there's enough to meet patient needs without frequent replacement or refilling. The large capacity of the H tank helps in maintaining a continuous and reliable oxygen supply in hospitals and other healthcare facilities.

Specificity refers to the ability of a vaporizer to deliver a specific agent or multiple agents accurately and consistently. In the context of specific vaporizers, "agent specific" means that the vaporizer is designed to deliver a specific agent, ensuring precise administration of that particular substance. On the other hand, "multiple agent" indicates that the vaporizer is capable of delivering multiple agents, allowing for the administration of different substances as required. Therefore, both "agent specific" and "multiple agent" are related to specificity in specific vaporizers.

The boiling point of desflurane is approximately 23°C (73.4°F). This is a relatively low boiling point compared to other anesthetic agents, which means desflurane turns into vapor quite easily at room temperature. This characteristic requires specific types of vaporizers designed to control its rapid vaporization effectively. The low boiling point of desflurane allows for quick adjustments in the depth of anesthesia, making it a favored choice for surgeries where rapid changes in anesthetic depth are necessary.

In reference to a ventilator, "double-circuit" typically means a system where pneumatic force is used to compress the bellows, which in turn empties its contents to the patient. This setup involves one circuit where the driving gas (like air or oxygen) is used to compress another circuit containing the patient's breathing gas. The compression and decompression of the bellows facilitate the inhalation and exhalation process for the patient. This type of system ensures precise control over the ventilation mechanics, which is crucial for patient care in critical settings. The other options, while plausible in different contexts, do not accurately describe what "double-circuit" typically means in this setting.

In the presence of the pumping effect, overdosing can occur. This means that a higher amount of the agent being dispensed than intended is delivered. The pumping effect refers to the phenomenon where the pressure inside a container increases when a liquid is being dispensed from it. This increased pressure can cause more of the agent to be dispensed, leading to overdosing. Underdosing, on the other hand, would mean that a lower amount of the agent is dispensed than intended. Since the correct answer states "overdosing," it implies that all of the mentioned options (wrong agent being dispensed, underdosing, and overdosing) can be seen in the presence of the pumping effect.

The boiling point of sevoflurane (Sevo) is approximately 58°C. This higher boiling point compared to some other anesthetic agents like desflurane means that sevoflurane vaporizes at a higher temperature. The higher boiling point facilitates more controlled vaporization, making it easier to manage and regulate during medical procedures. This characteristic is important for maintaining consistent delivery rates through anesthetic vaporizers, ensuring effective anesthesia during surgeries without rapid fluctuations in concentration.

Driving the bellows refers to manually operating the ventilator to provide breaths to the patient. If there is a failure from the central supply, using the ventilator to manually deliver breaths would waste oxygen. Therefore, the patient is taken off the ventilator to conserve oxygen and find an alternative solution for their respiratory support.

The Ohmeda 7900 smart vent offers two features that previous anesthesia ventilators did not have: electronic peep and pressure controlled ventilation mode. Electronic peep allows for the adjustment of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) electronically, providing better control and customization for patients. Pressure controlled ventilation mode allows for precise control of the inspiratory pressure delivered to the patient during ventilation, ensuring more accurate and tailored ventilation settings.

The correct answer is "Only pushed during expiration." This means that the O2 flush valve is only activated or pushed when the patient is exhaling. This feature ensures that a surge of oxygen is delivered to the patient's lungs during expiration, helping to clear out any remaining carbon dioxide and improve oxygenation. It is important for the valve to only be pushed during expiration to avoid any potential harm or discomfort to the patient during the inhalation phase.

The correct answer is "The number of calories needed to convert one gram of liquid into vapor." Heat of vaporization refers to the amount of energy required to convert a substance from its liquid phase to its gaseous phase at a constant temperature and pressure. It is measured in calories per gram (cal/g) and represents the amount of heat energy absorbed or released during the phase change.

The boiling point of halothane is approximately 50°C. This relatively moderate boiling point means that halothane vaporizes at a temperature that requires controlled heating in anesthetic vaporizers. The boiling point is a crucial factor for the proper administration of halothane, ensuring that it becomes vapor at a manageable rate for inhalation anesthesia. This allows for steady and predictable delivery during surgeries, facilitating effective and safe anesthesia management.

The tidal volume sensor on a ventilator primarily tells you how much volume is being delivered to the patient with each breath. Tidal volume is the amount of air inhaled or exhaled during a normal breath. This sensor helps in accurately monitoring and adjusting the amount of air that reaches the patient's lungs, which is crucial for ensuring the patient receives the appropriate ventilation support according to their medical needs. This information is vital for maintaining optimal respiratory support, especially in critical care settings. The sensor does not measure the volume remaining in the circuit or the volume being returned.

The method of regulating output concentration can be achieved by two approaches: concentration calibration and measuring flow. Concentration calibration involves adjusting the concentration of the output based on a pre-determined calibration curve or standard. Measuring flow, on the other hand, allows for the control of output concentration by precisely measuring the flow rate and adjusting it accordingly. Both of these methods are effective in regulating the output concentration.

The Saturated Vapor Pressure (SVP) of halothane is 243 mmHg at 20°C. This relatively high SVP indicates that halothane vaporizes easily at room temperature, making it very volatile. SVP is a measure of the tendency of a liquid to evaporate into a gas under existing conditions, without any increase in temperature. In the context of anesthesia, the high SVP of halothane means it can quickly become a gas, aiding in its effective delivery and regulation during medical procedures.

When using a ventilator, the driving gas flow ceases when the tidal volume is delivered and when a set pressure is reached. This means that once the desired volume of air has been delivered to the patient's lungs and the predetermined pressure has been achieved, the gas flow stops. Compliance no longer being capable of being overcome is not a valid explanation for when the driving gas flow ceases.

The functions of oxygen in the anesthesia machine include providing gas flow through the flowmeter, ensuring the safety of the system with the fail-safe valve, maintaining a low pressure system, delivering a high flow of oxygen with the O2 flush valve, and serving as the driving gas for the ventilator.

The function of the fail safe valve used with oxygen is to ensure that the set oxygen concentration does not decrease at the CGO (Central Gas Outlet). This valve is designed to prevent any decrease in the oxygen concentration, which is crucial for patient safety and to avoid hypoxic mix. It acts as a safeguard to maintain the desired oxygen levels and prevent any failure in the oxygen supply system.

By incorporating wicks and baffles in a vaporizer, the efficiency can be increased. Wicks help in absorbing the liquid and delivering it to the heating element, ensuring a continuous supply of vapor. This prevents any dry spots and enhances the overall efficiency. Baffles, on the other hand, are designed to redirect the airflow within the vaporizer, creating turbulence and increasing the surface area for heat exchange. This promotes better vaporization and improves the efficiency of the device. Copper construction is not mentioned as a method to increase efficiency in this context, so it is not applicable.

Injection is the method by which all of the gas is vaporized into the gas flow. This involves injecting the gas into the flow, causing it to mix and vaporize completely. The other options, bubble through and flow over, do not necessarily result in complete vaporization of the gas. Therefore, injection is the correct method for achieving complete vaporization.

The methods of vaporization include flow over, injection, and bubble through. Flow over refers to the process of passing a liquid over a heated surface to convert it into vapor. Injection involves injecting a liquid into a heated chamber or system to vaporize it. Bubble through involves introducing a gas or vapor through a liquid to create bubbles, which then evaporate and vaporize the liquid. These methods are all used to convert a liquid into vapor by applying heat or introducing gas or vapor into the system.

Resistance is classified with specific vaporizers based on two factors: plenum and low resistance. A plenum is a chamber that holds the vaporizing agent, and it is an important component in vaporizers. Low resistance is another classification, indicating that the vaporizer has a low level of resistance to the flow of the agent. Therefore, both plenum and low resistance are correct classifications for resistance with specific vaporizers.

Thermocompensation is regulated through the use of a valve to change flow based on temperature and a temp compensating bypass. By using a valve, the flow of a substance can be adjusted based on the temperature, ensuring that the system remains regulated. Additionally, a temp compensating bypass can be used to maintain a consistent temperature by diverting excess heat or cold away from the system. Therefore, both options mentioned in the answer are correct methods of regulating thermocompensation.