Anatomy Unit 4 Exam Practice

The lambdoid suture is a dense, fibrous joint that separates the parietal bones from the occipital bone in the human skull. It is located at the posterior part of the skull and has a distinctive "lambda" shape, resembling the Greek letter. This suture is important for the growth and development of the skull during infancy and childhood. Therefore, the statement that the lambdoid suture separates the parietal from the occipital bone is true.

The tibia and femur are both bones in the leg, while "huh?" is not a bone. The tibia, also known as the shinbone, is located on the inner side of the leg and is the second largest bone in the body. The femur, also known as the thigh bone, is the largest bone in the body and is located in the upper leg.

CN II - visual impulses
CN VI - Lateral Rectus and sensory info to brain
CN III - medial, inferior and superior rectus and inferior oblique
CN IV - Superior oblique

The correct answer is Nucleus pulposus, Annulus fibrosis. The nucleus pulposus is the inner gel-like substance within the intervertebral disc that provides elasticity and compressibility. On the other hand, the annulus fibrosis is the outer ring of fibrous tissue that surrounds the nucleus pulposus and strengthens the disc.

The superior colliculus of the midbrain controls movement of the head and neck in response to visual stimuli. This means that when our eyes detect something visually stimulating, the superior colliculus coordinates the movement of our head and neck to focus on that stimulus. On the other hand, the inferior colliculus controls movement of the head and neck in response to auditory stimuli. This means that when we hear a sound that grabs our attention, the inferior colliculus coordinates the movement of our head and neck to orient towards the source of the sound.

The facial expression muscles, such as those responsible for smiling or frowning, are innervated by CN VII (facial nerve). On the other hand, the muscles of mastication, which are involved in chewing, are innervated by CN V3 (mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve).

The dura mater is the most superficial of the meninges. It is a thick, tough, and fibrous membrane that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord. It is located just beneath the skull and vertebral column. The pia mater and arachnoid mater are located beneath the dura mater and are considered deeper layers of the meninges. The filum terminale is a slender filament that extends from the end of the spinal cord and is not directly related to the meninges.

The correct answer is the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is located at the level of C5-T1 and is responsible for secreting hormones that are involved in protein synthesis and calcium absorption. The parotid gland is a salivary gland that is not located in this region and does not secrete hormones related to protein synthesis and calcium absorption. The adrenal gland is located above the kidneys and is primarily responsible for producing hormones involved in stress response. The salivary glands are responsible for producing saliva and are not involved in protein synthesis or calcium absorption.

The correct answer is CN V1. CN V1 refers to the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve, which supplies sensory innervation to the area above the left eyebrow. Blocking this nerve with a local anesthetic would help to numb the area and alleviate the pain during the stitching procedure.

Cushing's Reflex is the nervous system's response to an increase in cranial pressure, leading to Cushing's Triad. Cushing's Triad is characterized by widening of pulse pressure, bradycardia, and irregular breathing.

The external carotid artery provides blood to the muscles and structures superficial to the cranium, while the internal carotid artery provides blood to the cranium and brain.

The ala of the sacrum are technically remnants of the transverse processes. The sacrum is a triangular bone located at the base of the spine, and it is formed by the fusion of five vertebrae. The transverse processes are bony projections that extend outwards from the sides of each vertebra. During the fusion process, the transverse processes of the individual vertebrae become incorporated into the ala of the sacrum. Therefore, the correct answer is "Transverse processes."

The coronal suture separates the frontal bone from the parietal bone, while the squamous suture separates the parietal bone from the temporal bone.

The spinal cord is a continuation of the medulla oblongata that exits the skull through the foramen magnum and ends at the level of L1/L2, where the medullary cone, a tapering of the spinal cord to a narrow, cone-shape is found. The foramen magnum is the large opening at the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes. L1/L2 refers to the level of the spinal cord where it ends, which is between the first and second lumbar vertebrae. The medullary cone is the tapered end of the spinal cord.

Followed by domestic and industrial accidents.

The anterior (ventral) horn of the spinal cord contains the cell bodies of motor neurons, which are responsible for transmitting signals from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands. On the other hand, the posterior (dorsal) horn of the spinal cord contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons, which transmit sensory information from the body to the central nervous system.

The atlas is the first cervical vertebra in the spine. It is unique because it does not have a body or spinous process, and instead forms a ring-like structure. This allows for the rotation of the head on top of the axis, the second cervical vertebra, enabling movements such as nodding and shaking the head.

An intracerebral stroke is a type of hemorrhagic stroke that results in the spilling of blood into cerebral tissue, causing deprivation to tissues upstream of the ruptured blood vessel.

The correct answer is Vertebral. The vertebral artery is a branch of the subclavian artery and it passes through the transverse foramen and the foramen magnum into the skull. Inside the skull, two branches of the vertebral artery come together to form the basilar artery.

A subarachnoid stroke is a type of hemorrhagic stroke that results in sudden and severe headaches caused by the spilling of blood into the subarachnoid space.

The cervical plexus consists of spinal nerves C1-C4. The superior loop of the ansa cervicalis consists of spinal nerve C1, while the inferior loop consists of spinal nerves C2-C3.

Cranial nerves I (olfactory nerve) and II (optic nerve) do not associate at the brain stem. Cranial nerves III (oculomotor nerve) and IV (trochlear nerve) both associate at the brain stem. Therefore, the correct answer is CN I and CN II.

The correct answer is superior thyroid, superficial temporal. The superior thyroid artery is the most inferior branch of the external carotid artery, while the superficial temporal artery is the most superior branch.

The cochlear portion of CN VIII is responsible for transmitting auditory information from the inner hair cells of the organ of Corti to the brain. This portion is involved in hearing. On the other hand, the vestibular portion of CN VIII is responsible for transmitting information related to balance and spatial orientation from the vestibular system of the inner ear, which includes the semicircular canals, utricle, and saccule. Therefore, the statement that the cochlear portion is responsive to the inner hair cells of the organ of Corti and the vestibular portion is responsive to the vestibular system is true.

In a cross section of the spinal cord, the peripheral white portion consists of axons forming nerve tracts, while the central gray portion consists of neuron cell bodies. This is because axons are responsible for transmitting signals from the neuron cell bodies to other parts of the body, and the white portion contains bundles of these axons. On the other hand, the gray portion contains the cell bodies of neurons, which are responsible for processing and integrating information.

The infrahyoid muscles are innervated by the ansa cervicalis, which is a nerve loop formed by branches of the cervical spinal nerves. They receive their blood supply from the superior thyroid artery, which is a branch of the external carotid artery.

The anterior longitudinal ligament limits extension and prevents hyperextension of the spine, while the posterior longitudinal ligament limits flexion and prevents hyperflexion of the spine. Both ligaments commonly stabilize the intervertebral discs.

Submandibular and sublingual - CN VII
Lacrimal - CN VII

Astigmatism is a refractive error that occurs when the cornea, the clear front surface of the eye, is irregularly shaped. This irregularity causes light to focus on multiple points instead of a single point on the retina, resulting in blurred or distorted vision. The cornea plays a crucial role in focusing light onto the retina, and any irregularities in its shape can lead to astigmatism. The other parts of the eye mentioned, such as the choroid, iris, and macula lutea, do not directly contribute to the development of astigmatism.

The ligamenta flava is responsible for preserving the curvature of the vertebral column and protecting the intervertebral discs. It is a strong elastic ligament that connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae, helping to maintain the stability and flexibility of the spine. The supraspinous ligament runs along the posterior aspect of the vertebral column and provides additional support, but it does not specifically preserve the curvature or protect the intervertebral discs. The ligamentum nuchae is located in the neck and is not directly involved in preserving the curvature of the vertebral column. The interspinous ligament connects the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae and also provides support, but it does not specifically preserve the curvature or protect the intervertebral discs.

interspinous, supraspinous, ligamenta flava, intertransverse (prevents lateral flexion), posterior longitudinal, and ligamentum nuchae (prevents cervical hyperflexion) ALL LIMIT FLEXION

ONLY ONE THAT LIMITS EXTENSION IS ANTERIOR LONGITUDINAL

The dorsal nuclei of CN X supplies the parasympathetic fibers to the GI (gastrointestinal) system, the nucleus ambiguous of CN X supplies the parasympathetic fibers to the heart, and the solitary nucleus supplies the afferents (sensory input) of taste and visceral organs.

The meningeal layer of the dura mater is a tough, fibrous membrane that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord. It is composed of two layers - the periosteal layer and the meningeal layer. The periosteal layer is the outermost layer of the dura mater, while the meningeal layer is the innermost layer. In certain areas, such as the falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, and tentorium cerebelli, the meningeal layer may separate from the periosteal layer, creating dural infoldings. These dural infoldings provide additional support and stabilization for the brain within the skull.

The correct answer is Macula Lutea. The macula lutea is a small, yellowish area located at the center of the retina. It contains the fovea centralis, which is responsible for the sharpest vision and highest point of focus in the eye. The macula lutea plays a crucial role in tasks that require detailed vision, such as reading and recognizing faces.

The parasympathetic efferent fibers of CN III supply the sphincter pupillae of the iris and the ciliary muscle of the ciliary body. These fibers are responsible for constriction of the pupil and accommodation of the lens for near vision. On the other hand, the somatic efferent fibers of CN III supply most of the extraocular muscles. These muscles control the movement of the eye, including elevation, depression, adduction, and abduction.

Alar ligament is also called the check ligament.

The mastoid process is a bony prominence located behind the ear. It serves as an attachment site for several muscles involved in head and neck movement. The sternocleidomastoid muscle inserts on the mastoid process, helping to rotate and flex the head. The Longissimus muscle also inserts on the mastoid process, aiding in head extension and rotation. The Splenius Capitis muscle attaches to the mastoid process, assisting in head and neck extension and rotation. However, the Splenius Cervicis muscle does not insert on the mastoid process. Instead, it attaches to the transverse processes of the upper cervical vertebrae.

The transverse foramen is a structure found in the cervical vertebrae that allows the passage of the vertebral artery. The vertebral artery is a branch of the subclavian artery and supplies blood to the base of the brain. Therefore, the correct answer is "Transverse foramen, vertebral."

CN III (oculomotor nerve) originates in the superior colliculus of the midbrain. It supplies somatic efferent fibers, which control the movement of the extraocular muscles. The Edinger-Westphal nucleus, also located in the midbrain, supplies parasympathetic effect fibers. These fibers control the constriction of the pupil and the accommodation of the lens for near vision. Therefore, the correct answer is CN III, somatic efferent, Edinger-Westphal.

This creates a wider/fatter lens.

Focusing on far object will relax the ciliary muscle and tense the suspensory ligaments creating a flatter lens.

"INC" from lateral to medial. N represents vagus nerve and ansa cervicalis.

The muscle that functions to elevate the hyoid bone during speaking or swallowing and is innervated by CN V3 is the Anterior Digastric.

All of the muscles listed are derived from the nuchal ligament except for the rhomboid major. The nuchal ligament is a strong band of connective tissue that runs along the back of the neck, providing support and stability. The trapezius, rhomboid minor, serratus posterior superior, and splenius capitis all have attachments to the nuchal ligament, allowing them to contribute to the movement and stabilization of the neck and upper back. However, the rhomboid major does not have any direct attachment to the nuchal ligament. Instead, it originates from the spinous processes of the upper thoracic vertebrae and inserts into the medial border of the scapula.

To clarify - in one ppt he puts CN VI, VII, VIII as in between the junction of pons and medulla and in other ppt he says V, VI, VII, VIII all originate from the pons.

XI - originates from superior spinal cord