Anatomy And Physiology Chapter 5

Melanin is the pigment responsible for skin color. It is produced by specialized cells called melanocytes, which are located in the epidermis. The amount and type of melanin produced by these cells determine a person's skin color. Melanin absorbs UV radiation from the sun, protecting the skin from harmful effects such as sunburn and skin cancer. The more melanin present in the skin, the darker the skin color. Conversely, less melanin leads to lighter skin tones.

Hair is indeed found over most of the body, except for a few areas such as the soles of the feet, palms of the hands, nipples, lips, and certain parts of the external genitalia. These areas are devoid of hair follicles, which is why there is no hair growth in these regions.

The hypodermis is located below the skin. It is the deepest layer of the skin and is composed of connective tissue and fat cells. This layer provides insulation and cushioning for the body, as well as storing energy in the form of adipose tissue. It also helps to attach the skin to underlying tissues and organs.

The given information describes the dermis, which is the correct answer. The dermis is composed of fibrous connective tissue, specifically collagen, which provides strength and toughness to the skin. It also contains elastic fibers, which give the skin its extensibility and elasticity.

The hypodermis is the part of the skin that performs these functions. It attaches the skin to underlying tissues and organs, serves as a site for subcutaneous injections, and is the site of white blood cell action. It also acts as a heat insulator, stores fat, and helps conserve body heat while retarding the penetration of external heat.

The two major layers of the skin are the epidermis and dermis. The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin and acts as a protective barrier against external factors. It is composed of several layers of cells, including the outermost layer called the stratum corneum. The dermis is the layer beneath the epidermis and is responsible for providing structural support to the skin. It contains blood vessels, hair follicles, sweat glands, and nerve endings. Together, the epidermis and dermis work together to maintain the integrity and function of the skin.

The given information describes the characteristics of the layer of the epidermis called the stratum basale. It is the innermost layer of the epidermis where mitotic cell division takes place. New cells are produced in this layer and then move towards the surface of the skin, forming distinctive layers in the epidermis. As these cells migrate, they acquire keratin, a protein that provides strength and protection to the skin. Therefore, the correct answer is "Stratum basale."

The correct answer is "sweat gland" because sudoriferous glands are also commonly referred to as sweat glands. These glands are responsible for producing and secreting sweat, which helps regulate body temperature and eliminate waste products from the body through the skin.

The given answer, "STRATUM CORNEUM," is the correct name for the described layer of the skin. It is the outermost layer of the skin and consists of numerous layers of dead, flat, keratinized cells. These cells are constantly sloughed off and replaced, with new cells taking approximately two weeks to complete their journey through the epidermis.

When there is an accumulation of melanin at one site, it causes freckles. Melanin is the pigment responsible for the color of our skin, hair, and eyes. Freckles are small, flat, tan or light brown spots that appear on the skin due to an increased production of melanin in certain areas. They are often more noticeable in individuals with fair skin and tend to darken with sun exposure.

The hair follicle is the correct answer because it contains the hair root and the bulb of the follicle, which is where new hair growth occurs. The dermal papillae nourish the bulb, and the new cells from the bulb become part of the root.

The arrector pili muscle is responsible for contracting and raising the hair in the follicle on end, which causes the appearance of goose bumps. This muscle is connected to the hair follicle and contracts in response to cold temperatures, fear, or other stimuli, causing the hair to stand up.

Dermal papillae are conelike projections of the dermis that fit into recesses of the epidermis. They possess blood vessels and touch receptors, and they are responsible for forming fingerprints and toe prints.

The correct answer for this question is "SUBCUTANEOUS LAYER". The hypodermis is also known as the subcutaneous layer. It is the innermost layer of the skin, located beneath the dermis. The subcutaneous layer consists of fat cells and connective tissue, and it serves as a protective cushion, insulation, and energy storage for the body.

Apocrine glands are the correct answer for this question. These glands empty their secretion into the hair follicles and are located in the axillary and genital regions. They become active at puberty and produce sweat that contains proteins and fats, resulting in a milky appearance. The sweat itself is odorless, but body odor occurs due to bacterial decomposition of the sweat.

The correct answer is ECCRINE GLAND or ECCRINE SUDORIFEROUS GLAND. These sweat glands are found all over the body and secrete sweat directly onto the skin surface. The sweat produced by these glands is clear and watery in nature. They are activated when there is an increase in body temperature and their main function is to cool the body.

The gland being referred to in this question is the ceruminous gland. This gland is responsible for producing cerumen, which is commonly known as earwax. Cerumen is found in the external auditory canal and serves the purpose of keeping foreign particles and insects out of the auditory canal.

The hair is composed of two main parts: the root and the shaft. The root is the lower part of the hair that is embedded in the follicle and is responsible for hair growth. It is nourished by blood vessels and contains the hair bulb, which produces new cells that form the hair shaft. The shaft, on the other hand, is the visible part of the hair that extends above the surface of the skin. It is made up of dead cells and is responsible for protecting the hair and providing structural support.

The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin and is made up of stratified squamous epithelium. This type of tissue is composed of multiple layers of flattened cells, which provide protection to the underlying layers of the skin. The stratified arrangement of cells allows for durability and resistance to abrasion, making it suitable for the outermost layer of the skin. Additionally, the squamous shape of the cells allows for easy diffusion of substances through the tissue.

The definition provided describes the formation of a structure that originates from the outer layer of skin (epidermis) and extends into the inner layer (dermis). This structure is referred to as glands. Glands are responsible for secreting substances such as hormones, oils, or sweat, and they can be found throughout the body.

The skin is thinnest in the areas of the eyelids, eardrum, and external genitalia. These areas have thinner skin compared to other parts of the body due to their delicate nature and the need for increased sensitivity and flexibility. The eyelids have thin skin to allow for easy movement and protection of the eyes. The eardrum has thin skin to facilitate sound transmission and the external genitalia have thin skin to enhance sensation and flexibility during sexual activity.

The correct answer is "SUBACEOUS GLAND". Subaceous glands are responsible for producing oil, known as sebum, which is then released into the hair follicles. The functions of the sebum include increasing the pliability and softness of the skin and hair, limiting evaporative water loss, and inhibiting bacterial growth.

Ultraviolet radiation is responsible for determining the rate of melanin production. Melanin is a pigment that gives color to the skin, hair, and eyes. When the skin is exposed to UV radiation from the sun, it triggers the production of melanin as a protective response. The more UV radiation the skin is exposed to, the more melanin is produced, resulting in a darker skin tone. This is why people tend to tan when they spend time in the sun. UV radiation also plays a role in determining hair and eye color, as it affects the production of melanin in these areas as well.

Hair is formed by keratinized cells. Keratin is a protein that is found in the outer layer of the skin, nails, and hair. These cells undergo a process called keratinization, where they become hard and tough, forming the structure of the hair. The keratinized cells are arranged in a specific pattern, giving hair its texture, strength, and flexibility.

The nail is made up of keratinized epidermal cells. Keratin is a tough and fibrous protein that forms the structural component of nails, hair, and skin. The epidermal cells in the nail undergo a process called keratinization, where they become filled with keratin and harden, forming the nail plate. These keratinized cells provide strength and protection to the nail, allowing it to function as a tool for gripping and manipulating objects.

The squamous stratified epithelium is the part of the skin that serves as a boundary and protects the body against the entrance of pathogens, ultraviolet radiation, and excessive water loss. This type of epithelium consists of multiple layers of flat, scale-like cells that provide a strong barrier to external threats and help maintain the integrity of the skin.

The correct answer is "ADIPOSE TISSUE AND LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE". The hypodermis is the layer of tissue located beneath the dermis of the skin. It is primarily composed of two types of tissues: adipose tissue and loose connective tissue. Adipose tissue is responsible for storing fat and providing insulation and cushioning, while loose connective tissue provides support and flexibility to the skin. Both of these tissues work together to fulfill the functions of the hypodermis.

The three types of skin pigments are carotene, hemoglobin, and melanin. Carotene is a yellow-orange pigment found in fruits and vegetables, which can give a slight yellowish tint to the skin. Hemoglobin is a red pigment found in red blood cells, responsible for the red color of blood vessels near the surface of the skin. Melanin is a brown pigment produced by specialized cells called melanocytes, which gives color to the skin, hair, and eyes. These three pigments contribute to the overall color and appearance of the skin.

Melanin is a pigment produced by specialized cells called melanocytes. One of its primary functions is to protect the skin from the harmful effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. UV radiation from the sun can cause damage to the skin, including sunburn, premature aging, and an increased risk of skin cancer. Melanin acts as a natural sunscreen by absorbing and dispersing UV radiation, preventing it from penetrating deeper layers of the skin. This helps to reduce the risk of UV-induced damage and provides some level of protection against the harmful effects of sun exposure.

The skin performs five major functions: body temperature regulation, excretion, protection, sensory perception, and synthesis of vitamin D.

The nail serves two main functions. Firstly, it allows for object manipulation, as it provides a hard surface that can be used for gripping and holding onto objects. This is particularly useful for tasks that require precision or strength. Secondly, the nail provides protection to the sensitive tips of our fingers and toes. It acts as a shield, preventing injuries and reducing the risk of damage to the underlying tissues.

The integumentary system consists of various glands that are responsible for producing different substances. The three types of integumentary glands are ceruminous glands, sebaceous glands, and sudoriferous glands. Ceruminous glands are found in the ear canal and produce earwax, which helps to protect the ear from foreign particles. Sebaceous glands are found all over the body and produce sebum, an oily substance that helps to moisturize and protect the skin. Sudoriferous glands, also known as sweat glands, are responsible for producing sweat, which helps to regulate body temperature.

The dermal papillae blood vessels have two important functions. Firstly, they supply nutrients to the epidermis, which is the outermost layer of the skin. This is crucial for the maintenance and repair of the skin cells. Secondly, these blood vessels play a role in temperature regulation. They help in the regulation of blood flow to the skin, which can aid in cooling down or warming up the body depending on the external conditions.

The nail is composed of three main structures: the body, lanula, and root. The body of the nail is the visible part that extends beyond the fingertip. The lanula is the white, crescent-shaped area at the base of the nail, also known as the "half-moon." The root of the nail is the part that is embedded in the skin and is not visible. These three structures work together to provide support and protection to the fingertip.