Module 3 : Electrical Fundamentals

When resistors are connected in parallel, the total resistance is calculated using the formula 1/Rt = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + 1/R4. In this case, since all four resistors have the same value of 60 ohms, the total resistance would be 1/Rt = 1/60 + 1/60 + 1/60 + 1/60 = 4/60 = 1/15. Taking the reciprocal of this value gives the total resistance as 15 ohms. According to Ohm's Law, V = I*R, where V is the voltage and I is the current. Rearranging the formula to solve for current, I = V/R, we can substitute the given values of V = 150V and R = 15 ohms to find that the total current is 10A.

The slip speed of an AC induction motor is the difference between the synchronous speed and the rotor speed. The synchronous speed is the speed at which the rotating magnetic field of the stator rotates, determined by the frequency of the supply. The rotor speed is the actual speed at which the rotor of the motor is rotating. The slip speed represents the relative speed between the rotating magnetic field and the rotor, which is necessary for the motor to generate torque.

The current can be calculated by dividing the charge by the time. In this case, the charge is 5 coulombs and the time is 10 seconds. Therefore, the current is 5 coulombs / 10 seconds = 0.5 A.

The percentage slip in a synchronous motor is 0 because a synchronous motor operates at synchronous speed, which means that the rotor speed is equal to the speed of the rotating magnetic field. Therefore, there is no slip between the rotor and the rotating magnetic field, resulting in a slip percentage of 0.

The peak value of current is given as 28 A. To find the RMS current, we can use the formula RMS = peak / √2. By substituting the given peak value, we get RMS = 28 / √2 ≈ 19.8 A. Among the given options, the closest approximate value to 19.8 A is 20 A.

Decreasing the current in the field coil of a DC generator will result in a decrease in the magnetic field strength. Since the output voltage of a DC generator is directly proportional to the magnetic field strength, a decrease in the current will cause a decrease in the output voltage. Therefore, the correct answer is that decreasing the current in the field coil of a DC generator will decrease the output voltage.

Self-excited generators derive their field current from the current produced by the armature. In a self-excited generator, the armature current is used to create a magnetic field in the stator. This magnetic field then induces a voltage in the stator windings, which in turn generates a current in the field winding. This self-sustaining process allows the generator to continue generating power without the need for an external power source or a separate field current supply.

The power dissipated in a resistor can be calculated using the formula P = VI, where P is the power, V is the voltage, and I is the current. In this case, the circuit draws 10A of current and is connected to a 220V supply. Therefore, the power dissipated in the resistor is 220V * 10A = 2200W, which is equal to 2.2 kW.

The RMS value of a sinusoidal current is equal to the peak-to-peak value divided by 2√2. In this case, the peak-to-peak value is 40 A, so the RMS value can be calculated as 40 A / (2√2) = 14.12 A.

Reactive power is the power that oscillates between the source and the load in an AC circuit. It is measured in VAR (Volt-Ampere Reactive). VAR represents the reactive component of power, which is necessary for the operation of inductive and capacitive loads. VA (Volt-Ampere) represents the apparent power, which is the combination of real power (Watts) and reactive power. Watts, on the other hand, represent the real power, which is the power actually consumed or dissipated in the circuit. Therefore, the correct unit of reactive power is VAR.

The correct answer is "Series". In a DC shunt motor, the rheostat is connected in series with the field to increase the speed of the motor. By increasing the resistance in the field circuit, the amount of current flowing through the field winding is reduced, which weakens the magnetic field. This allows the motor to rotate at a higher speed.

Frequency and capacitive reactance have an inverse relationship. Capacitive reactance is a measure of the opposition to the flow of alternating current in a capacitor, and it depends on the frequency of the current. As the frequency increases, the capacitive reactance decreases, and vice versa. This relationship is described by the equation Xc = 1/(2πfC), where Xc is the capacitive reactance, f is the frequency, and C is the capacitance. Therefore, as the frequency increases, the capacitive reactance decreases, indicating an inverse proportionality between the two.

The power factor in an AC circuit is the same as the cosine of the phase angle. This is because the power factor represents the ratio of the real power to the apparent power in the circuit. The real power is the component of power that performs useful work, while the apparent power is the product of the voltage and current magnitudes. The phase angle represents the phase difference between the voltage and current waveforms in the circuit. The cosine of the phase angle is used to calculate the power factor, as it relates the real power to the apparent power.

The secondary voltage of a transformer can be calculated using the formula: secondary voltage = (primary voltage * secondary turns) / primary turns. In this case, the primary voltage is 220 VAC, the primary turns are 2400, and the secondary turns are 600. Plugging these values into the formula, we get: secondary voltage = (220 * 600) / 2400 = 55 V. Therefore, the correct answer is 55 V.

Single-phase induction motors are not inherently self-starting because they require an external means to initiate rotation, such as a starting capacitor or centrifugal switch. This is in contrast to three-phase induction motors, which can self-start due to the rotating magnetic field produced by the three-phase power supply. While single-phase induction motors may have more complicated stator windings compared to three-phase motors, they are generally less efficient due to the presence of additional components required for starting.

Triboelectric effect refers to the generation of electricity by friction or rubbing of certain materials together. This phenomenon occurs when two different materials come into contact and electrons are transferred from one material to another, resulting in the buildup of static electricity. The term "tribo" comes from the Greek word for rubbing or friction. This effect is commonly observed in everyday situations, such as when you rub a balloon against your hair and it sticks to the wall. Therefore, the correct answer is Triboelectric Effect.

A PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient) resistor is a type of resistor that exhibits an increase in resistance as the temperature increases. This is due to the intrinsic characteristics of the material used in the resistor, which causes the resistance to rise with temperature. This property makes PTC resistors useful in applications where temperature compensation is required, as the resistance can be used to limit current flow and protect circuits from overheating.

A purely resistive circuit has a power factor of 1 because in a purely resistive circuit, the current and voltage are in phase with each other. This means that the power factor is equal to the cosine of the phase angle between the current and voltage, which is 1. A power factor of 1 indicates that the circuit is using all the power that is being supplied to it, with no reactive power or energy being wasted.

The maximum load current imposed by the lamps can be calculated by dividing the total power consumed by the lamps by the voltage supplied. In this case, the total power consumed by the lamps is 110 lamps * 10W = 1100W. Since the lamps are rated at 28V, the maximum load current can be calculated as 1100W / 28V = 39.3A.

The correct answer is "must not be used for nickel cadmium batteries". This is because lead-acid batteries and nickel-cadmium batteries have different characteristics and require different servicing equipment. Using the wrong equipment for nickel-cadmium batteries can lead to damage or malfunction. Therefore, it is important to use the appropriate equipment for each type of battery to ensure proper maintenance and avoid any potential issues.

When a charge of 1.5 C is transferred to a capacitor in 30 seconds, we can use the formula I = Q/t to calculate the current flowing in the capacitor. Here, Q represents the charge transferred and t represents the time taken. Plugging in the values, we get I = 1.5 C / 30 s = 0.05 A = 50 mA. Therefore, the correct answer is 50 mA.

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A material with more than 4 electrons in the valence shell is a good insulator because it means that the valence band is already filled with electrons, making it difficult for any additional electrons to move freely and conduct electricity. Insulators have a large energy gap between the valence and conduction bands, which prevents the flow of electrons. This characteristic makes them poor conductors of electricity.

The RMS value of an AC voltage is equal to the peak value divided by the square root of 2. To find the approximate peak value of the supply voltage, we can multiply the RMS value by the square root of 2. Therefore, 115 V multiplied by the square root of 2 is approximately equal to 163 V, which is the correct answer.

The true power is equal to apparent power when the circuit is purely resistive because in a purely resistive circuit, the power factor is 1. This means that the current and voltage are in phase with each other, resulting in maximum power transfer. In purely inductive or purely capacitive circuits, the power factor is less than 1, leading to a difference between true power and apparent power.

Based on the given motor diagram, the direction of the motor rotation using electron flow will be counter clockwise. This can be determined by the orientation of the magnetic field and the direction of the current flow. The interaction between the magnetic field and the current creates a force that causes the motor to rotate in a specific direction. In this case, the forces will cause the motor to rotate in a counter clockwise direction.

In a purely capacitive circuit, the voltage lags the current by 90 degrees. This is because in a capacitive circuit, the current leads the voltage due to the charging and discharging of the capacitor. As the voltage across the capacitor increases, the current begins to flow and reaches its peak after the voltage has reached its peak. Therefore, the voltage lags behind the current by 90 degrees.

In a delta connected 3-phase system, the line voltage refers to the voltage between any two of the three phases. In this configuration, the line voltage is equal to the phase voltage because each phase is directly connected to a line. Therefore, the line voltage and phase voltage are the same.

When a Ni-Cad battery is fully charged, the volume of electrolyte is low because the water in the electrolyte has been converted into hydrogen and oxygen gases during the charging process. Adding water to the electrolyte at this point helps to replenish the lost water and maintain the proper electrolyte level. Therefore, the correct answer is when fully charged, and the volume of electrolyte is low.

The turns-per-volt rating of a transformer indicates the number of turns required to produce a voltage of 1 volt. In this case, the turns-per-volt rating is 1.2. To find the number of turns required to produce a secondary output of 50 volts, we can multiply the turns-per-volt rating by the desired voltage. Therefore, 1.2 turns/volt multiplied by 50 volts equals 60 turns.

In a transformer, the primary and secondary coils are connected by a magnetic field. According to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, when the voltage in the primary coil decreases, the magnetic field changes, inducing a current in the secondary coil. This means that as the voltage decreases in the primary, the current increases in the secondary. Therefore, the correct answer is that the current increases as the voltage decreases in a transformer.

The Seebeck Effect is a process that generates electricity using heat. It occurs when there is a temperature difference between two different materials or metals, which creates an electric current. This effect is commonly used in thermoelectric devices, such as thermocouples, which convert heat energy into electrical energy.

Weber's Theory considers the molecular alignment of the material. This theory suggests that when a material is subjected to a force, the molecules within the material align themselves in the direction of the force. This alignment leads to the material exhibiting certain properties, such as increased conductivity or magnetic behavior. Weber's Theory helps explain the behavior of materials under different forces and has applications in various fields, including electromagnetism and materials science.

The purpose of adding a squirrel cage in a synchronous motor is to provide starting torque. A squirrel cage is a type of rotor design that consists of conductive bars and end rings, which are short-circuited. When an electric current is supplied to the stator windings, it creates a rotating magnetic field. This magnetic field induces currents in the squirrel cage rotor, which in turn produces a torque that helps the motor to start rotating. Without the squirrel cage, the synchronous motor would not be able to generate enough torque to initiate rotation.

The slip rings in an AC generator function by connecting an external circuit to a rotating armature winding. As the armature rotates, the slip rings maintain electrical contact with the stationary brushes, allowing the generated current to be transferred to an external circuit. This enables the generator to provide a continuous flow of electricity to power devices connected to it.

The periodic time of a wave is the time it takes for one complete cycle to occur. In this case, the aircraft generator operates at a frequency of 400 Hz, which means it completes 400 cycles per second. To find the periodic time, we can divide 1 second by the frequency. Therefore, the periodic time is 1/400 seconds, which is equal to 2.5 milliseconds (ms).

A series LC filter is a type of band pass filter because it allows a certain range of frequencies to pass through while attenuating frequencies outside of that range. It consists of an inductor (L) and a capacitor (C) connected in series, which creates a resonant circuit that only allows frequencies within a specific range to pass through. This makes it suitable for applications where a specific band of frequencies needs to be transmitted or received while blocking unwanted frequencies.

The current through resistor R1 is 12 mA.

The unit of magnetomotive force is Ampere-Turns. Magnetomotive force is defined as the amount of magnetic potential energy per unit length in a magnetic circuit. It is calculated by multiplying the current in amperes by the number of turns in the coil. Therefore, the unit of magnetomotive force is ampere-turns, which represents the product of current and number of turns.

The percentage slip in a synchronous motor is 0 because the rotor of a synchronous motor rotates at the same speed as the stator magnetic field. Therefore, there is no relative motion between the rotor and the stator, resulting in no slip.

A series DC motor is the best choice for applications requiring higher torque. This is because the series motor has a high starting torque and can provide a large amount of torque even at low speeds. It is designed to handle heavy loads and can deliver a lot of power. However, it does not provide constant speed as the speed varies with the load. So, although it can provide constant speed and higher torque, it is primarily used when high torque is the main requirement.

The true power dissipated in an AC load can be calculated using the formula P = VIcos(θ), where P is the power, V is the voltage, I is the current, and cos(θ) is the power factor. In this case, the voltage is given as 100V, the current is given as 2A, and the power factor is given as 0.8. Plugging these values into the formula, we get P = 100V * 2A * cos(θ) = 200W * 0.8 = 160W. Therefore, the true power dissipated in the load is 160W.

An autotransformer is a type of transformer that has a common winding, meaning that the primary and secondary coils are connected together. This allows the autotransformer to provide variable voltage output by tapping different points along the winding. Unlike a regular transformer, an autotransformer can both increase or decrease the voltage in the secondary, depending on the tapping point chosen. Therefore, the statement "It can only increase the voltage in the secondary" is incorrect. The statement "The output is constant" is also incorrect because the output voltage can be adjusted by changing the tapping point.

An insulator is a material in which there are no free charge carriers. Unlike conductors, which have free electrons that can move easily within the material, insulators have tightly bound electrons that are not able to move freely. This lack of free charge carriers makes insulators poor conductors of electricity.

When combined with a CSD (Constant Speed Drive), a brushless three-phase AC generator is often referred to as an IDG (Integrated Drive Generator). The IDG is a type of generator commonly used in aircraft systems. It combines the functions of a generator and a constant speed drive into a single unit, providing a reliable and efficient power source. The IDG is designed to maintain a constant frequency output, making it suitable for powering various electrical systems in an aircraft.

The number of poles in a motor can be calculated using the formula: P = (120 * f) / N, where P is the number of poles, f is the frequency in Hz, and N is the speed in RPM. In this case, the frequency is given as 50 Hz and the speed is given as 1000 RPM. Plugging in these values, we get P = (120 * 50) / 1000 = 6. Therefore, the motor has 6 poles.

The energy supplied by the auxiliary power unit (APU) can be calculated by multiplying the power output (1.5 kW) by the duration of operation (20 minutes). Converting the power output to megajoules (MJ) by multiplying by the conversion factor of 0.001, the energy supplied to the aircraft is 1.5 kW * 20 minutes * 0.001 = 0.03 MJ. Therefore, the correct answer is 1.8 MJ.

A brushless generator is a type of revolving field generator. Unlike traditional generators that use brushes and commutators to transfer power between the stationary and rotating parts, a brushless generator uses a rotating magnetic field to induce a current in the stator windings. This design eliminates the need for brushes, resulting in a more efficient and reliable generator. The revolving field refers to the rotating magnetic field produced by the generator's rotor, which is responsible for generating the electrical output.

Increasing the number of poles in a generator helps to minimize ripples in the output. This is because more poles create a smoother and more continuous flow of electricity, reducing fluctuations in the generated voltage. By increasing the number of poles, the generator can produce a more stable and consistent output, resulting in reduced ripples.

The purpose of a static discharger is to release excess electrons from an aircraft back into the atmosphere. This helps to prevent the buildup of static electricity on the aircraft's surface, which can interfere with electronic systems and potentially cause damage or arcing between components. By allowing the excess electrons to flow back into the atmosphere, the static discharger helps to maintain the static voltage at a minimum possible level, reducing the risk of electrical issues.

When the area of the conductor in a circuit is reduced by half, the resistance of the circuit increases. According to Ohm's Law, the current in a circuit is inversely proportional to the resistance. Therefore, as the resistance increases, the current drawn will decrease. In this case, since the area of the conductor is reduced by half, the current drawn will also decrease by half.

The electric field strength between two parallel conductors can be determined using the formula E = V/d, where E is the electric field strength, V is the voltage, and d is the distance between the conductors. In this case, the voltage is given as 600V and the distance is given as 25 mm (which is equivalent to 0.025 m). Plugging these values into the formula, we get E = 600V / 0.025 m = 24,000 V/m = 24 kV/m.

If the reactance is directly proportional to the applied frequency, it indicates that the circuit has an inductive component. Inductive circuits exhibit reactance due to the presence of inductors, which are passive electronic components that store energy in a magnetic field. The reactance of an inductor increases with the frequency of the applied signal, making it directly proportional to frequency. Therefore, the correct answer is inductive.

The percentage slip of a motor is calculated by subtracting the synchronous speed from the actual speed, dividing that by the synchronous speed, and then multiplying by 100. In this case, the synchronous speed can be calculated using the formula: synchronous speed = (120 * frequency) / number of poles. Plugging in the given values, we get: synchronous speed = (120 * 50) / 4 = 1500 RPM. The actual speed is given as 1400 RPM. Therefore, the percentage slip is (1500 - 1400) / 1500 * 100 = 7%.

The left-hand rule is used to determine the direction of force on a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field. This rule is applied in motors to understand the direction of rotation based on the interaction between the magnetic field and the current flowing through the motor's coils.

When the area of the two inductors is doubled, the mutual inductance increases by a factor of four. This is because mutual inductance is directly proportional to the square root of the product of the inductance of the two coils and the area of overlap between them. By doubling the area, the square root term increases by a factor of two, resulting in a four-fold increase in mutual inductance.

The correct procedure for mixing battery electrolyte is to always add acid to water, never the reverse. This is because sulfuric acid generates heat when mixed with water. Adding water to acid can cause violent splashing or boiling, leading to severe burns or injuries. The reaction occurs due to the exothermic nature of the process. When acid is added gradually to water while stirring, the heat disperses safely. This guideline is crucial in laboratories and industries to prevent accidents. Proper protective gear, like gloves and goggles, should always be worn during the process.

An alternator uses a 12-pole rotor, which means that it has 12 magnetic poles. The frequency of the alternator's output is directly proportional to the rotor speed. Since the desired frequency is 400 Hz, the rotor must be driven at a speed that allows for the generation of this frequency. The correct answer of 4000 RPM is likely determined by the specific design and specifications of the alternator, taking into account factors such as the number of poles and the desired frequency.

The color band of brown-black-red-silver indicates a resistor with a resistance value of 10 ohms. Using Ohm's Law (V = IR), we can calculate the current in the circuit by dividing the voltage (12V) by the resistance (10 ohms). This gives us a current of 1.2 amps. However, the answer choices are given in milliamperes, so we need to convert 1.2 amps to milliamperes by multiplying by 1000. This gives us a total current of 1200 mA, which is equivalent to 12 mA.

In a revolving field alternator, the DC power is connected to the rotor. The rotor generates a magnetic field as it rotates, which induces an alternating current (AC) in the stator windings. The rotor is typically supplied with DC power through slip rings and brushes, creating the necessary magnetic field for the generation of electricity in the alternator.

An RL circuit consists of a resistor and an inductor connected in series. In a high pass filter, the output is taken across the component that allows high-frequency signals to pass through while attenuating low-frequency signals. In an RL circuit, the inductor opposes changes in current and allows high-frequency signals to pass through, while the resistor provides a constant impedance. Therefore, the output of an RL circuit is connected across the inductor in a high pass filter.

The correct answer is "one complete rotation of a conductor." This definition refers to a cycle in the context of electrical engineering or physics. In this context, a cycle represents a full revolution or rotation of a conductor, typically in an alternating current (AC) system. It signifies the completion of a waveform, where the current or voltage goes through one complete cycle of positive and negative values. This definition is commonly used to measure the frequency or period of an AC signal.

A step down transformer is designed to decrease the voltage from the primary coil to the secondary coil. Since the power in a transformer is constant, if the voltage is reduced, the current must increase to maintain the same power. Therefore, in a step down transformer, the secondary current is higher than the primary current.

The speed of a motor is directly proportional to the frequency of the applied voltage. This means that as the frequency increases, the speed of the motor also increases. The frequency of the applied voltage determines the rate at which the motor's magnetic field changes, which in turn affects the speed at which the motor rotates. Therefore, increasing the frequency of the applied voltage will result in a higher speed of the motor.

The energy storage capacity of a cell is determined by the amount of material available for chemical reaction. This is because the chemical reactions that occur within the cell are responsible for storing and releasing energy. The more material available for these reactions, the greater the energy storage capacity of the cell. Terminal voltage and electrolyte specific gravity may impact the efficiency or performance of the cell, but they do not directly determine its energy storage capacity.

The percent regulation of a transformer is a measure of its ability to maintain a constant voltage output under varying load conditions. It is calculated by taking the difference between the no-load voltage and the full-load voltage, dividing it by the no-load voltage, and then multiplying by 100. In this case, the difference between the no-load voltage of 100 V and the full-load voltage of 101 V is 1 V. Dividing 1 V by 100 V and multiplying by 100 gives a percent regulation of 1%. Therefore, the correct answer is 1%.

A frequency converter is used to adjust the output speed of the motor. By changing the frequency of the electrical power supplied to the motor, the speed of the motor can be controlled. This is particularly useful in applications where precise speed control is required, such as in industrial machinery or in variable speed drives. By adjusting the frequency, the motor can be made to run at different speeds, allowing for greater flexibility and efficiency in various operations.

The maximum voltage is generated in the operation of the generator when the conductor is at 270 degrees. This is because at this position, the conductor is perpendicular to the magnetic field lines, resulting in the maximum rate of change of magnetic flux. According to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, a greater rate of change of magnetic flux induces a higher voltage in the conductor. Therefore, when the conductor is at 270 degrees, it experiences the maximum voltage generation.

The frequency of an AC waveform is the number of complete cycles it completes in one second. To find the frequency, we can use the formula: frequency = 1 / period. In this case, the period is given as 4 ms. To convert this to seconds, we divide by 1000, giving us a period of 0.004 seconds. Plugging this into the formula, we get a frequency of 1 / 0.004 = 250 Hz. Therefore, the correct answer is 250 Hz.

The commutator in a DC generator is used to periodically reverse the connections to the rotating coil winding. This is necessary because the coil winding needs to continuously change the direction of the current flow in order to maintain a steady flow of electricity in one direction. By reversing the connections, the commutator ensures that the current flow in the coil changes direction every half rotation, allowing for the generation of a direct current.

In a series DC motor, it is necessary to connect a load before starting the motor. This is because the load provides the necessary resistance for the motor to function properly. Without a load, the motor may experience high speeds and excessive current, which can damage the motor. Connecting a load before starting ensures that the motor operates within its designed parameters and prevents any potential damage.

When a circuit is at resonance, the reactance of the inductor (XL) and the reactance of the capacitor (Xc) cancel each other out, resulting in a purely resistive impedance. This means that the impedance of the circuit is equal to the resistance. Therefore, the correct answer is "equal to the resistance."

The output frequency of an AC generator is determined by the number of poles and the rotational speed. In this case, the generator has twelve poles and runs at 600 rpm. The formula to calculate the frequency is given by f = (p * n) / 120, where f is the frequency, p is the number of poles, and n is the rotational speed in rpm. Plugging in the values, we get f = (12 * 600) / 120 = 60 Hz. Therefore, the output frequency of the generator is 60 Hz.

The brushes fitted to a DC motor/generator should have a low coefficient of friction to minimize wear and frictional losses. This allows for smooth rotation and efficient operation of the motor/generator. Additionally, they should have a low contact resistance to ensure good electrical conductivity between the brushes and the commutator/collector, which is necessary for the transfer of electrical current.

A series LC circuit is used as a Band Pass Filter because it allows a certain range of frequencies to pass through while attenuating frequencies outside of that range. In a series LC circuit, the inductance (L) and capacitance (C) values are chosen to create a resonance frequency at which the circuit has maximum impedance. This resonance frequency acts as the center frequency for the band pass filter, and the circuit allows frequencies close to the resonance frequency to pass through relatively unaffected. Frequencies further away from the resonance frequency are attenuated, effectively filtering them out.

Lead acid batteries are recharged by constant voltage. This means that during the recharging process, a constant voltage is applied to the battery terminals. This voltage helps to reverse the chemical reactions that occur during discharge, allowing the battery to regain its stored energy. By maintaining a constant voltage, the charging process can be controlled and optimized to ensure the battery is charged efficiently and safely.

The primary current of a transformer can be determined using the turns ratio. In this case, the transformer has a turns ratio of 1200:60, which simplifies to 20:1. This means that for every 20 turns on the primary side, there is 1 turn on the secondary side. Since the load current on the secondary side is 20 A, the primary current can be calculated by dividing the secondary current by the turns ratio. Therefore, the primary current is 1 A.

When the size and length of a conductor are doubled, the resistance will remain the same. This is because resistance is directly proportional to the length of the conductor and inversely proportional to its cross-sectional area. When both the length and size of the conductor are doubled, the increase in resistance due to the increased length is offset by the decrease in resistance due to the increased cross-sectional area. As a result, the overall resistance remains unchanged.

In a shunt-wound generator, some of the armature current flows through the field. This is because the field winding is connected in parallel with the armature winding. As a result, a portion of the armature current splits and passes through the field winding, creating a magnetic field. This magnetic field interacts with the armature's magnetic field, inducing voltage and generating power. However, not all of the armature current flows through the field, as some of it is used to power the load connected to the generator.

The condition of a nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) battery is best determined by performing a measured discharge test in the workshop. This involves discharging the battery at a specific rate and measuring the capacity it can deliver. This method provides an accurate assessment of the battery's health and performance.

The unit of electrical resistance is the Ohm. Resistance is a measure of how much a material opposes the flow of electric current. Ohm's Law defines the relationship between voltage (V), current (I), and resistance (R) as V = IR, where V is voltage, I is current, and R is resistance.

In a star-connected three-phase system, the line current is equal to the square root of 3 times the phase current. Since the line current is given as 6 A, we can calculate the phase current by dividing the line current by the square root of 3. Therefore, the phase current is also 6 A.

The percentage slip of an induction motor is calculated by subtracting the actual speed of rotation from the synchronous speed, dividing the result by the synchronous speed, and then multiplying by 100. In this case, the synchronous speed is 3600 rpm and the actual speed of rotation is measured as 3450 rpm. The difference between these two speeds is 150 rpm. Dividing 150 by 3600 gives a result of 0.0417. Multiplying this by 100 gives a percentage slip of approximately 4.2%.

A thermocouple is used as a sensor to indicate a change in a parameter due to its low voltage output. This is because a thermocouple generates a small voltage when there is a temperature difference between its two junctions. The magnitude of this voltage is directly proportional to the temperature difference. Therefore, by measuring the low voltage output of a thermocouple, one can determine the change in temperature or the parameter being measured.

In a series RL circuit, the total current is determined by the impedance, which is a combination of the resistance and reactance. The reactance in an RL circuit is directly proportional to the frequency. As the frequency increases, the reactance also increases, causing the total impedance to increase. According to Ohm's Law, the total current is inversely proportional to the impedance. Therefore, as the impedance increases, the total current decreases. Hence, if the frequency in a series RL circuit is increased, the total current of the circuit will decrease.

The circuit in the image is a parallel circuit. In a parallel circuit, the total current is the sum of the currents in each branch. The voltage across each resistor is the same, which is the voltage of the power source.

To find the total power in the circuit, we can first find the equivalent resistance of the circuit. Then, we can use the following equation to find the total power:

P = V^2 / R

where P is power, V is voltage, and R is resistance.

Since the resistors in a parallel circuit are connected across the same potential difference, the voltage across each resistor is 12V.

To find the equivalent resistance of the resistors in parallel, we can use the following equation:

1/Req = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3

where Req is the equivalent resistance, R1, R2, and R3 are the resistances of the individual resistors.

In the circuit in the image, R1 = R2 = R3 = 2Ω. Substituting these values into the equation, we get:

1/Req = 1/2 + 1/2 + 1/2

1/Req = 3/2

Req = 2/3 Ω

Now that we know the equivalent resistance of the circuit, we can find the total power using the equation P = V^2 / R. Substituting the values we know, we get:

P = (12V)^2 / (2/3 Ω)

P = 72 W

Therefore, the total power in the circuit is 72 watts.

It's important to note that the value of one resistor (ΣΚΩ) is incorrect. The symbol Σ (sigma) is a mathematical symbol used for summation and does not represent a unit of resistance. A commonly used unit for resistance is the ohm (Ω).

An induction motor operates when the rotor speed is less than synchronous speed because it relies on the principle of electromagnetic induction to generate the rotating magnetic field necessary for operation. The rotating magnetic field induces currents in the rotor, causing it to rotate. If the rotor speed exceeds the synchronous speed, the induced currents would oppose the rotating magnetic field, resulting in a decrease in torque and motor instability. Therefore, the rotor speed must be less than the synchronous speed for the motor to operate effectively.

A series motor is used for heavier loads because it has a high starting torque and can provide a large amount of power. This type of motor is designed to handle high current and is suitable for applications that require high torque at low speeds, such as in industrial machinery or electric vehicles. The series motor has a simple construction and is able to deliver a lot of power, making it an ideal choice for heavier loads.

A band stop filter is a type of electrical filter that only allows non-resonant frequencies to pass through. It effectively blocks a specific range of frequencies, creating a "stop band" where signals within that range are attenuated or rejected. This type of filter is commonly used to eliminate unwanted frequencies or interference in electronic circuits.

The power required to store energy is given by the equation P = E/t, where P is power, E is energy, and t is time. In this case, the energy to be stored is 20 J and the time interval is 0.5 sec. Plugging these values into the equation, we get P = 20 J / 0.5 sec = 40 W. Therefore, the correct answer is 40 W.

The star (or wye) connection is often preferred for small electrical device applications due to its ability to provide a neutral connection, which is useful for distributing power to single-phase loads. Additionally, the star connection offers a balanced voltage across the load, making it suitable for various small-scale electrical devices.

The synchronous speed of a three-phase induction motor is given by the formula: Synchronous speed (in RPM) = (120 * Frequency) / Number of Poles. In this case, the frequency is 60Hz and the number of poles is 3 pairs, which means 6 poles. Plugging these values into the formula, we get (120 * 60) / 6 = 1200 RPM. Therefore, the correct answer is 1200 RPM.

In a series resonant circuit, the resonant frequency is determined by the values of the inductor and capacitor. The formula for calculating the resonant frequency is 1 / (2π√(LC)), where L is the inductance and C is the capacitance. In this case, the inductance is given as 2 mH (millihenries) and the capacitance is given as 2 mF (millifarads). Plugging these values into the formula, we get 1 / (2π√(2 mH * 2 mF)). Simplifying further, we get 1 / (2π√(4 * 10^-6 H * 10^-3 F)), which is equal to 1 / (2π√(4 * 10^-9)). Taking the square root and dividing by 2π, we get approximately 80 Hz. Therefore, the correct answer is 80 Hz.

A series LC circuit allows resonant frequency and blocks non-resonant frequency because it consists of a combination of an inductor (L) and a capacitor (C) connected in series. At the resonant frequency, the reactance of the inductor cancels out the reactance of the capacitor, resulting in a purely resistive impedance. This allows the circuit to resonate and pass the resonant frequency with minimum impedance. At non-resonant frequencies, the reactances of the inductor and capacitor do not cancel out, leading to a higher impedance and effectively blocking those frequencies.

To discharge an inductor, the time constant of the circuit is important. The time constant is given by the formula:

tau = L divided by R

where:

L is the inductance in Henrys

R is the resistance in Ohms

The time constant represents the time it takes for the current to decrease to about 36.8 percent of its initial value. For practical purposes, we consider the inductor to be effectively discharged after 5 time constants.

Given:

L equals 10 Henrys

The desired discharge time is 20 milliseconds, which is equivalent to 0.02 seconds

To find the resistance required to achieve this discharge time:

Set the total discharge time equal to 5 time constants:

5 times tau equals 0.02 seconds

Solve for tau:

tau equals 0.02 divided by 5 equals 0.004 seconds

Use the time constant formula to solve for R:

tau equals L divided by R

0.004 equals 10 divided by R

R equals 10 divided by 0.004

R equals 2500 Ohms

Therefore, the value of the resistance connected in series with a 10 Henry inductor to discharge it in a 20 millisecond period should be 2500 Ohms.

The purpose of the GCU (Gate Control Unit) in brushless motor operation is to rectify the AC voltage to DC. This is necessary because brushless motors require a DC power supply to operate efficiently. The GCU converts the alternating current (AC) voltage from the power source into direct current (DC) voltage, which is then used to power the brushless motor. By rectifying the voltage, the GCU ensures that the motor receives the correct type of power it needs to function properly.

The output being connected across the capacitor indicates that the circuit is designed to allow low-frequency signals to pass through while attenuating high-frequency signals. This is characteristic of a low pass filter, which allows low-frequency components of a signal to pass through while attenuating higher frequencies.

The internal resistance of a battery can be calculated using Ohm's Law, which states that the voltage across a resistor is equal to the current flowing through it multiplied by its resistance. In this case, we have a 12V battery supplying 1A of current to a 10 ohm resistor. By rearranging Ohm's Law, we can find the internal resistance of the battery. The voltage across the resistor can be calculated as 1A * 10 ohms = 10V. Since the battery is rated at 12V, the remaining 2V must be the voltage drop across the internal resistance. Therefore, the internal resistance of the battery is 2V / 1A = 2 ohms.

A current transformer connected in the neutral line can detect an out-of-balance condition in an AC three-phase system. This is because the neutral line carries the return current, and any imbalance in the system will result in an unequal distribution of current among the phases. By using a current transformer in the neutral line, the current flowing through it can be measured and compared to the expected balanced values. If there is a significant difference, it indicates an out-of-balance condition in the system.

In a lead-acid battery, the chemical reactions that occur during the charging and discharging process cause the positive plates to distort. Having an even number of positive plates helps to distribute this distortion evenly throughout the battery, preventing any one plate from becoming excessively distorted. This helps to maintain the structural integrity of the battery and prolong its lifespan.

The percentage slip in an induction motor is calculated by subtracting the synchronous speed from the rotor speed, dividing the result by the synchronous speed, and multiplying by 100. In this case, the synchronous speed can be calculated by multiplying the frequency of the AC supply (60 Hz) by the number of poles (4) and dividing by 120. Therefore, the synchronous speed is 1200 rpm. The percentage slip can be calculated as (1200 - 1700) / 1200 * 100 = 6%.

Increasing the size of the conductor reduces the copper loss in a DC generator. This is because copper loss is caused by the resistance of the conductor, and increasing the size of the conductor reduces its resistance. A larger conductor allows for a greater flow of current, reducing the amount of energy lost as heat due to resistance. Therefore, increasing the size of the conductor helps to minimize copper loss and improve the efficiency of the DC generator.

Vinegar is the correct answer because it is an acid that can effectively neutralize the alkaline electrolyte spill of Nickel Cadmium. When vinegar is applied to the spill, it reacts with the alkaline substance, balancing the pH level and preventing any further damage. Vinegar's acidic properties make it a suitable choice for neutralizing the spill and ensuring safety.

The peak to peak voltage is the difference between the maximum and minimum values of the voltage waveform. In this case, since the RMS voltage is given as 70V, we can use the relationship between RMS voltage and peak to peak voltage for a sinusoidal waveform. The peak to peak voltage is equal to 2 times the RMS voltage. Therefore, 2 x 70V = 140V. However, since the given options do not include 140V, the closest option is 200V.

A wider bandwidth means that the filter allows a larger range of frequencies to pass through. The Q factor is a measure of the selectivity or sharpness of the filter's response curve. A lower value of Q factor indicates a wider response curve, meaning that the filter is less selective and allows a broader range of frequencies to pass through. Therefore, a filter with a wider bandwidth is known to have a lower value of Q factor.

In a shunt motor, the resistor is connected in series with the supply. This is because a shunt motor is a type of DC motor where the field winding is connected in parallel with the armature winding. The resistor, also known as the field rheostat, is used to control the field current and hence the speed of the motor. By connecting it in series with the supply, the resistor can effectively regulate the amount of current flowing through the field winding, allowing for speed control of the motor.

The voltage applied to a capacitor can be calculated using the formula V = Q/C, where V is the voltage, Q is the charge, and C is the capacitance. In this case, the charge is given as 160 microCoulomb and the capacitance is given as 68 microFarad. Plugging these values into the formula, we get V = 160 microCoulomb / 68 microFarad = 2.35V. Therefore, the correct answer is 2.35V.

The total power supplied in a three-phase system can be calculated using the formula P = √3 * V * I * cos(θ), where P is the power, V is the line voltage, I is the line current, and cos(θ) is the power factor. Plugging in the given values, we get P = √3 * 110 V * 12 A * 0.8 = 1.8 kW.

The value of inductance can be calculated using the formula L = (V / I) / (2 * π * f), where V is the voltage, I is the current, and f is the frequency. Plugging in the given values, we get L = (50 V / 0.2 A) / (2 * π * 400 Hz) = 100 mH. Therefore, the value of inductance is 100 mH.

In a simple cell or battery, electrons are removed from the negative (cathode) and deposited on the positive (anode). Electrons flow from the negative terminal (cathode) to the positive terminal (anode) through an external circuit, creating an electric current.

A photocell is a device that converts light energy into electrical energy. It works by using a semiconductor material that absorbs photons and releases electrons, which creates an electric current. The property of a high response rate means that the photocell can quickly and efficiently convert light into electricity. This is important in applications where a fast response is needed, such as in sensors or detectors. The other options, generating a high voltage and being only responsive to bright light, are not necessarily true for all photocells, making them incorrect.

When the number of turns is halved, it means that the coil has half the number of loops it originally had. Inductance is directly proportional to the number of turns, so if the number of turns is halved, the inductance will also be halved. In this case, since the number of turns is halved twice (from original to half, and then half again), the inductance will decrease to a quarter of its original value.

In a star-connected three-phase system, the line voltage is equal to the square root of 3 times the phase voltage. Therefore, to find the approximate value of the phase voltage, we divide the line voltage (200V) by the square root of 3. This calculation gives us an approximate value of 115V, which matches the second option.

To find the output power of the transformer, we can use the principle that in an ideal transformer, the input power is equal to the output power (neglecting losses).

Given:

Primary turns: 2000

Secondary turns: 120

Turn ratio: 4:1

Input power: 66,666.67 kVA

For an ideal transformer, the output power is equal to the input power:

Output power = Input power

Therefore, the output power of the transformer is 66,666.67 kVA.

When a resistor and a capacitive reactance are connected in series, the total impedance of the circuit can be calculated using the formula Z = √(R^2 + Xc^2), where R is the resistance and Xc is the capacitive reactance. In this case, Z = √(120^2 + 160^2) = √(14400 + 25600) = √40000 = 200 ohms. The current flowing in the circuit can be calculated using Ohm's Law, which states that I = V/Z, where V is the voltage and Z is the impedance. Substituting the values, I = 200/200 = 1 A.

When the circuit is non-resistive, it means that there is no resistance in the circuit and only reactive components like inductors or capacitors are present. In such a scenario, the apparent power, which is the combination of real power and reactive power, will be equal to the reactive power. This is because there is no resistance to consume real power, and all the power in the circuit is reactive power.