A54 & A55: Anterior/Posterior Triangles Of The Neck

The hyoid bone is the correct answer because it is the inferior border of the submental triangle. The submental triangle is a small triangular area located in the midline of the neck, just below the chin. The hyoid bone is a U-shaped bone located in the neck, between the chin and the thyroid cartilage. It serves as an attachment point for various muscles and ligaments and plays a role in swallowing and speech.

The carotid triangle is a subdivision of the anterior triangle, and it is the location where the common carotid artery bifurcates into the internal and external carotid arteries. This triangle is an important anatomical landmark in the neck, and its identification is crucial for surgical procedures or diagnostic purposes involving the carotid arteries.

The correct answer is "prevertebral." The deep cervical fascia is a layer of connective tissue that surrounds the neck and divides it into different compartments. It has four layers: the investing layer, pretracheal layer, prevertebral layer, and the alar fascia and carotid sheath layer. The prevertebral layer is located deep to the pretracheal layer and surrounds the vertebral column and associated muscles. It provides support and protection to the structures in the neck, including the cervical vertebrae and the muscles that move the neck and head.

The posterior triangle of the neck can be subdivided into the subclavian/omoclavicular/supraclavicular triangle and the occipital triangle. This means that the posterior triangle can be further divided into these two smaller triangles, one being the subclavian/omoclavicular/supraclavicular triangle and the other being the occipital triangle.

The investing layer of the deep cervical fascia surrounds the sternocleidomastoid muscle and trapezius. This means that the deep cervical fascia forms a sheath around both muscles, providing support and protection. The trapezius muscle is located on the upper back and neck, and it is responsible for movements such as shrugging the shoulders and rotating the head. The investing layer of the deep cervical fascia helps to maintain the position and function of the trapezius muscle.

The arterial supply of the thyroid gland comes from the superior and inferior thyroid arteries.

A cricothyrotomy is a procedure that involves making an incision through the cricothyroid ligament, which is located between the cricoid and thyroid cartilages of the larynx. This allows for the easiest route of access to the airway in emergency situations.

The roots of the brachial plexus can be found in the scalene gap between the middle and anterior scalene. This means that the anterior scalene muscle is located in the same area as the roots of the brachial plexus.

The question is asking for the name of the muscle that, along with the omohyoid, makes up the superficial infrahyoid muscles. The correct answer is sternohyoid.

The posterior triangle of the neck is a region that is bounded by the clavicle, sternocleidomastoid muscle, and the trapezius muscle. These muscles help define the boundaries of the triangle and are important landmarks in the neck. The trapezius muscle is a large muscle that extends from the base of the skull to the middle of the back, and it plays a role in moving and stabilizing the shoulder girdle.

The correct answer is "cervical" because the transverse cutaneous branch of the cervical plexus is derived from the ventral rami of C2 and C3. This indicates that the branch originates from the cervical region of the spinal cord.

The correct answer is "lesser occipital." This is the cutaneous branch of the cervical plexus that is formed from the ventral ramus of C2. The lesser occipital nerve provides sensory innervation to the skin of the posterior part of the scalp and the upper part of the neck.

The correct answer is scalene. The muscles in the prevertebral layer of fascia include the prevertebral muscles, the anterior, middle, and posterior scalene muscles, levator scapulae, and the intrinsic back muscles.

The superior belly of the omohyoid muscle is located in the anterior triangle of the neck. This region is one of the anatomical divisions of the neck and is formed by the midline of the neck, the lower border of the mandible, and the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The omohyoid muscle is a strap-like muscle that runs obliquely across the neck, and its superior belly is situated within this specific triangle.

The internal carotid artery is a major blood vessel in the neck that supplies blood to the brain and orbit. Unlike other arteries in the neck, it does not have any branches. This artery plays a crucial role in delivering oxygen and nutrients to the brain, making it an essential component of the circulatory system.

The trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles are innervated by the eleventh cranial nerve, also known as the accessory nerve (CN XI). This nerve is responsible for controlling the movement of these muscles, which are important for the movement and stabilization of the head and neck.

The correct answer is "auricular." The question is asking for the name of the cutaneous branch of the cervical plexus that is made from the ventral rami of C2 and C3. The term "auricular" refers to the ear, so the auricular cutaneous branch is the branch that supplies sensory innervation to the skin of the ear.

The omohyoid, sternohyoid, and sternothyroid muscles are innervated by ansa cervicalis. The ansa cervicalis is a nerve loop formed by the joining of the superior root of C1 and the inferior root of C2 and C3 spinal nerves. It provides motor innervation to these muscles, which are located in the neck region.

The supraclavicular cutaneous branch of the cervical plexus is formed by the ventral rami of C3 and C4. This branch supplies sensory innervation to the skin over the supraclavicular region, which is located above the clavicle. This information is found in Lecture 54/55, page 8.

The anterior triangle of the neck is divided into several smaller triangles, including the submental triangle, the submandibular triangle, the carotid triangle, and the muscular triangle. The submandibular triangle is located below the mandible and contains the submandibular gland, lymph nodes, and other structures.

The carotid sheath is a connective tissue structure that surrounds and protects the common carotid artery, internal carotid artery, vagus nerve, and the internal jugular vein. The internal jugular vein is an important vein in the neck that drains blood from the brain, face, and neck. It runs alongside the carotid arteries and the vagus nerve within the carotid sheath. Therefore, the correct answer is internal jugular.

The right subclavian artery originates from the brachiocephalic artery. This is supported by the information provided in Lecture 54/55, page 11, which states that the left subclavian artery originates from the arch of the aorta.

The thyrohyoid motor branch of the cervical plexus is made from the ventral rami of C1 via CNXII.

The carotid sinus is a specific location on the common carotid artery that is located slightly to the side of the internal carotid artery. It contains pressure receptors that play a role in the cardiovascular reflex. These pressure receptors are responsible for monitoring blood pressure and helping to regulate it.

The ansa cervicalis is a motor branch of the cervical plexus that is formed by the ventral rami of the C1, C2, and C3 spinal nerves. It innervates various muscles in the neck, including the infrahyoid muscles (sternohyoid, omohyoid, sternothyroid, and thyrohyoid).

The phrenic nerve is located on the anterior surface of the anterior scalene muscle. This nerve plays a crucial role in the function of the diaphragm, which is the main muscle responsible for breathing. It innervates the diaphragm and provides motor and sensory signals to this muscle. The location of the phrenic nerve on the anterior surface of the anterior scalene muscle allows it to efficiently transmit signals between the brain and the diaphragm, ensuring proper breathing function.

The correct answer is "thyrocervical." The subclavian artery branches into the vertebral artery, internal thoracic artery, thyrocervical trunk, and costocervical trunk. The thyrocervical trunk supplies blood to the thyroid gland and the muscles of the neck and shoulder.

Horner's Syndrome is characterized by the loss of sympathetic nerve supply to one side of the head. This can result in symptoms such as drooping of the eyelid (ptosis), constriction of the pupil (miosis), decreased sweating (anhidrosis), and a sunken appearance of the eye (enophthalmos). The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for controlling these functions, so when it is affected, these symptoms can occur. Parasympathetics, on the other hand, are not typically associated with Horner's Syndrome.

The collar nodes mentioned in the question include various nodes located in different regions of the neck. These nodes are the occipital, posterior auricular, superficial cervical, anterior auricular, parotid, and submandibular nodes. The missing node, which completes the list, is the submental node.

The deep infrahyoid muscles consist of the thyrohyoid and sternothyroid muscles. These muscles are located below the hyoid bone and play a role in swallowing and stabilizing the hyoid bone during speech and swallowing. The sternothyroid muscle specifically originates from the posterior surface of the manubrium of the sternum and inserts onto the oblique line of the thyroid cartilage.

The submandibular triangle is a anatomical region in the neck that contains several structures, including the submandibular gland, the facial artery and vein, and the nerve to the mylohyoid muscle. The mylohyoid muscle is a muscle located in the floor of the mouth that helps in the movement of the tongue and swallowing. Therefore, it is correct to say that the submandibular triangle includes the nerve to the mylohyoid muscle.

The cervical plexus is formed from the ventral rami of C1 to C4. The ventral rami are the branches of the spinal nerves that emerge from the front (ventral) side of the spinal cord. These rami contain motor and sensory fibers that innervate various structures in the neck and upper shoulder region. Therefore, the ventral rami of C1 to C4 contribute to the formation of the cervical plexus.

The occipital part of the posterior triangle is known as the "carefree" area because it lacks nerves and vessels. This means that there are no major structures in this region that could potentially be damaged or cause complications during surgical procedures or other interventions. The absence of nerves and vessels in this area makes it a relatively safe and easy area to work with.

The branches of the external carotid artery within the carotid triangle include the facial, lingual, superior thyroid, and occipital arteries. Another branch that is found in this area is the ascending pharyngeal artery. This artery supplies blood to the pharyngeal muscles and the soft palate.

The branches of the external carotid artery in the retromandibular space include the posterior auricular artery, superficial temporal artery, and the maxillary artery.

The correct answer is suprascapular. The branches of the thyrocervical trunk include the suprascapular artery, the transverse cervical artery, and the inferior thyroid artery.

The spinal accessory nerve, CN XI, can be found under the sternocleidomastoid muscle in the occipital part of the posterior triangle. This muscle is located in the neck and is responsible for various movements including rotation and flexion of the head and neck. The spinal accessory nerve innervates the sternocleidomastoid muscle, so it makes sense for it to be located underneath it.

The costocervical trunk gives rise to two branches: the superior intercostal artery and the deep cervical artery. This information is found in Lecture 54/55, page 14.

Goiter refers to the diffuse, irregular enlargement of the thyroid gland. It is characterized by areas of thyroid hypertrophy and colloid cyst formation. This condition can be caused by various factors such as iodine deficiency, autoimmune disorders, or certain medications. Goiter can lead to symptoms like swelling in the neck, difficulty swallowing or breathing, and changes in the voice. Treatment options include medication, iodine supplements, or in severe cases, surgery to remove the enlarged thyroid gland.

The dorsal scapular artery is the only branch of the third part of the subclavian artery that may or may not be present. This means that in some individuals, the dorsal scapular artery may be present, while in others it may be absent.

The correct answer is "jugulodigastric." This answer is derived from the given information that the superior deep cervical nodes include the jugulodigastric nodes.

The pretracheal layer is a group of fascias that enclose structures in the neck region. One of these structures is the trachea, which is the windpipe responsible for carrying air to and from the lungs. Another structure enclosed by the pretracheal layer is the thyroid gland, which produces hormones that regulate metabolism. The esophagus, which is the tube that carries food from the mouth to the stomach, is also surrounded by the pretracheal layer. Therefore, the correct answer is esophagus.

The supraclavicular triangle is a region located above the clavicle. It contains important structures such as the subclavian artery and subclavian vein. Additionally, it also contains the brachial plexus, which is a network of nerves that innervates the upper limb. These nerves originate from the spinal cord in the neck and pass through the supraclavicular triangle before branching out to supply the arm. Therefore, the brachial plexus is an important structure found within the supraclavicular triangle.

The floor of the posterior triangle includes the scalene, omohyoid, levator scapulae, and the splenius capitus. The splenius capitus is a muscle located in the posterior triangle of the neck. It originates from the spinous processes of the upper thoracic vertebrae and inserts onto the mastoid process of the temporal bone. This muscle helps to extend and rotate the head and neck.

During thyroid surgery, the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve is the most commonly injured nerve. This nerve is responsible for innervating the cricothyroid muscle, which controls the tension and pitch of the vocal cords. Injury to this nerve can result in voice changes, such as hoarseness or difficulty in reaching high pitches. The internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve is less commonly injured, while the recurrent laryngeal nerve is also at risk during thyroid surgery but not as frequently as the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve.