How Well Do You Know Colonialism?

Internal colonialism refers to a type of colonialism where the exploitation of resources and power comes from within the state itself. In this form of colonialism, a dominant group within the state subjugates and exploits marginalized groups within its own borders. This can be seen in situations where a dominant ethnic or racial group oppresses and exploits indigenous or minority groups within the same country. The source of exploitation is not external, as in external colonialism, but rather internal, originating from within the state.

Exploitation colonialism is the correct answer because it refers to a type of colonialism where fewer colonists are involved and the main focus is on the exploitation of natural resources. This means that the colonizing power seeks to extract and profit from the resources of the colonized territory, such as minerals, timber, or agricultural products, rather than establishing a large permanent settlement or governing the local population. The emphasis is on economic exploitation rather than establishing a lasting presence or cultural assimilation.

Marxism views colonialism as a form of capitalism because it believes that colonialism is driven by the desire for economic exploitation and the accumulation of wealth. According to Marxism, colonial powers seek to extract resources and exploit cheap labor from colonized regions in order to benefit their own capitalist economies. Colonialism, in this view, is seen as a manifestation of the capitalist system's inherent drive for profit and domination.

Modern colonialism started with the Age of Discovery. This era, also known as the Age of Exploration, began in the 15th century and was characterized by European explorers venturing out to discover new lands and establish colonies. This period marked a significant shift in global history as European powers, such as Spain, Portugal, England, and France, sought to expand their empires and exploit the resources and wealth of newly discovered territories. The Age of Discovery paved the way for the establishment of colonial empires, the exploitation of indigenous peoples, and the eventual domination of European powers over vast parts of the world.

Japan became an active colonizer in the 19th century. During this time, Japan underwent a period of rapid modernization and industrialization known as the Meiji Restoration. As part of their efforts to catch up with Western powers, Japan sought to expand its influence and territory through colonization. This led to the annexation of territories such as Taiwan, Korea, and parts of China. Japan's colonization efforts in the 19th century played a significant role in shaping its imperial ambitions and setting the stage for its involvement in World War II.

In the mid-19th century, the British Empire transitioned from mercantilism to free trade. This shift involved abandoning the idea of strict government control over trade and embracing a system where goods and services could be exchanged without barriers such as tariffs or restrictions. Free trade allowed for increased economic growth, competition, and the opportunity for countries to specialize in their comparative advantages. This change in policy was significant as it marked a departure from the protectionist approach of mercantilism and embraced the idea of open markets and international cooperation.

Surrogate is a type of colonialism where a country or group takes control over another country indirectly by appointing a local leader or government to rule on their behalf. This form of colonialism allows the colonizing power to maintain control and exploit the resources of the colonized country while minimizing direct involvement and responsibility.

Othering refers to the act of perceiving and treating individuals or groups as fundamentally different or "other" than oneself or the dominant societal norm. It involves creating an "us versus them" mentality, where those who do not fit into the societal norm are marginalized, excluded, or stigmatized. Othering can lead to discrimination, prejudice, and the perpetuation of social inequalities.

Settler colonialism involves large-scale immigration, where colonizers permanently settle in the colonized territory and establish their own communities. This type of colonialism aims to replace the indigenous population with the settlers, often resulting in the displacement and marginalization of the native people. Settler colonialism is characterized by the settlers' desire to claim and control the land, resources, and political power of the colonized territory, leading to the establishment of a new society that reflects the culture and values of the settlers.

The European colonial period refers to the time when European powers established colonies and expanded their influence across the world. This era began in the 15th century with the voyages of exploration and continued until 1914, when World War I broke out. The outbreak of the war marked a significant shift in global power dynamics and the decline of colonial empires. Therefore, 1914 is the correct answer as it represents the end of the European colonial period.