3D152 Volume 1 UREs

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1. The information-carrying components that occur on either side of a carrier are called

Explanation

"The modulating signal is represented as a band of frequencies (sine waves of different frequencies) extending from some lower frequency, fL, to some upper or highest frequency, fH. Notice that the output signal includes two bands of frequencies: one at frequencies above the carrier, fc, and one below the carrier. These we call the upper sideband and lower sideband, respectively. The upper sideband (USB) has the same shape and orientation as the band of modulating signal frequencies. The lower sideband (LSB), however, is the mirror image of the original modulating signal." Page 1-8

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About This Quiz
3D152 Volume 1 UREs - Quiz

The '3D152 Volume 1 UREs' quiz assesses knowledge in analog and digital modulation techniques, including PCM, CVSD, and SSBSC. It is designed for Air Force communications personnel to understand signal conversion and bandwidth requirements.

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2. Three categories of synchronization used in digital data circuits are

Explanation

"Timing for digital devices fall into three categories: synchronous, asynchronous, and isochronous. These terms characterize the methods used to synchronize the send and receive devices." Page 2-4

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3. The only basic waveform in nature is a

Explanation

"The only basic waveform in nature is a pure sine wave; any other waveform is a “composite” or “resultant” wave." Page 1-9

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4. What converts analog signal information into an analog carrier signal?

Explanation

"The definition of analog modulation is the conversion of an analog signal (the information) into another analog signal (the carrier). The type of modulation technique depends on the feature of the carrier signal that is used to represent the information." Page 1-2

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5. What term is associated with the delay or lag introduced in the application of voltage from one section to the next?

Explanation

"The transmission line presents a delay in each section, and the amount of delay is dependent upon the
frequency of the information signal. Thus, a delay, also known as latency or lag, is introduced in the application of voltage from one section to the next" Page 3-6

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6. When using an ohmmeter to take a resistance reading, what preliminary precaution should you take?

Explanation

"Disconnect all sources of voltage from the circuit before you connect an ohmmeter; if you connect it into a “hot” circuit, the meter may burn out." Page 3-12

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7. In Time Division Multiplexing (TDM), the transmitting multiplexer will put a bit or a byte from each of the incoming lines into a specifically allocated what?

Explanation

"The transmitting multiplexer will put a bit or a byte from each of the incoming lines into a specifically allocated time slot" page 1-36

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8. If 100 percent modulation is exceeded and there is distortion in the modulating signal, additional sidebands are generated. We identify these sidebands as what?

Explanation

"if 100-percent modulation is exceeded and/or there is
distortion in the modulating signal, additional sidebands are generated because of the harmonic
content of the distorted modulating signal. These additional sidebands, known as splatter, cause
unwanted bandwidth and distortion in the transmitted AM signal." Page 1-10

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9. What is the main advantage of differential phase shift keying (DPSK)?

Explanation

"DPSK encodes different digital values as changes in signal phase. DPSK is easier to implement and is more robust than PSK because DPSK looks for differences, rather than for specific values. This form of modulation can be found in local area network technologies." Page 1-3

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10. In what type of signal does the signal level move to one of the discrete signal levels, but returns to the zero level after a predetermined time?

Explanation

"When a signal transition occurs, the signal level moves to one of the discrete signal levels, but after a predetermined time (normally 50 percent of a bit), it returns to zero voltage (RZ).Figure 2–5 shows the three most common signal formats in the DII." Page 2-8

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11. When is the voltage applied in loop-start signaling?

Explanation

"The voltage or 48-volt battery is not activated until the telephone handset is lifted, off-hook." Page 2-13

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12. Which push-buttons would you select to get 125-ohm (Ω) impedance on the time domain reflectometer?

Explanation

"When you push the 50Ω button in, that action selects the 50Ω impedance. Push in the 75Ω button when you require the 75Ω impedance. With both buttons pushed in, the time domain reflectometer receives 125Ω impedance. When both buttons are out, it receives 95Ω impedance." Page 3-13

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13. The method of multiplexing the T1 multiplexer uses is

Explanation

"T1 uses the TDM process (fig. 1–38). These inputs can be a combination of digital, video, and audio signals." Page 1-38

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14. Individual pulses within a digital signal are

Explanation

"In digital signals, we call each condition, state, or pulse a binary digit. We shorten this term to “bit.”" Page 2-1

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15. The upper sideband in a single-sideband suppressed carrier (SSBSC) modulation is eliminated by

Explanation

"This process is shown in figure 1–5. Here, we use a filter that passes only the signal components in
the frequency range between fc – fH and fc – fL. Thus, the output of the filter contains only the lower
sideband. In particular, if we modulate a 27-MHz carrier frequency (in the Citizen’s Band frequency
range) with a voice signal band of 300 to 3400 Hz, the single-sideband suppressed carrier (SSBSC)
output is a band of frequencies between 26.9966 and 26.9997 MHz." Page 1-8

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16. Which section of a bit error rate test (BERT) set measures the received test pattern?

Explanation

"At the distant end, the receiver receives the test pattern. The received pattern is compared with an identical pattern generated by the receiving BERT set. Therefore, a BERT can measure all disrupting influences that may cause errors. The errors, if any, are counted and displayed. The test set determines the bit error rate (BER) by comparing the bits received in error with the total number of bits received." Page 3-25

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17. The definition of electronic attack can be found in which publication?

Explanation

According to Air Force Doctrine Document (AFDD) 2–5.1, Electronic Warfare Operations, dated 5 November 2002, electronic attack is “the component of EW involving the use of electromagnetic, directed energy, or anti-radiation weapons to attack personnel, facilities or equipment with the intent of degrading, neutralizing or destroying enemy combat capability.” Page 3-9

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18. What are the two major sections of a bit error rate test (BERT) set?

Explanation

"The test set consists of a data code generator (transmitter) section and a code detector (receiver)
section." Page 3-25

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19. The most common wave-division multiplexing (WDM) system uses how many wavelengths?

Explanation

"The most common WDM system uses two wavelengths, although four or more-wavelength systems are available." Page 1-40

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20. How many bits are in the extended superframe format (ESF) framing sequence?

Explanation

"The ESF frame is based on the D4 frame. The difference between ESF and D4 framing is that the ESF superframe consists of 24 frames to create a 24-bit framing sequence." Page 2-10

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21. Any actions we take to protect our forces, facilities, and equipment for electronic action that can destroy or degrade our capabilities is considered

Explanation

"Any actions that we take to protect our people, facilities, and equipment from any EA action that can degrade or destroy our capabilities, fall under the heading of EP." Page 3-9

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22. We can express the 6-to–1 improvement of the single-sideband suppressed carrier (SSBSC) modulation over conventional amplitude modulation (AM) as

Explanation

"We can express the 6-to-1 improvement of SSBSC over DSBSC
as 8 decibels (dB) of improvement." Page 1-9

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23. What unit is most commonly used in data systems to express signaling speed?

Explanation

"When we express the term “bit” with regard to time, we have bits per second (b/s). This simply means that we can move a certain number of symbols, states, or conditions in 1 second. This method is commonly used in data systems to express signaling speed for equipment." Page 2-2

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24. What communications supervisory signal uses a continuous application of direct current voltage for signaling?

Explanation

"The loop-start or metallic loop signaling method uses a continuous application of direct current voltage." Page 2-13

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25. What is the power that is reflected back to an optical source in the time domain reflectometer (TDR)?

Explanation

"The part of the scattered energy that travels back toward the optical source is called the “backscatter,” and it’s the basis for optical time domain reflectometer" Page 3-20

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26. What converts analog signal information into a digital carrier signal?

Explanation

"The definition of digital modulation is the conversion of an analog signal (the information) into a digital signal (the carrier)." Page 1-3

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27. How many bits per character of a 16-step pulse-code modulation (PCM) system are used to describe the quantized analog sample?

Explanation

"The number of steps needed is equal to 2n, where (n) is the number of code bits needed for the largest character. Thus, the 16-step system requires 4 bits per character (24=16) and a 128-step system requires 7 bits per character (27=128) to describe the quantized analog samples." Page 1-31

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28. The two major types of frame structures are

Explanation

There are two major types of frame structures:
1. Low speed frame – used for rates below 384.2 kbps and is composed of a number of 8 bit slots with each slot holding one character
2. Consultative Committee for International Telephony and Telegraphy (CCITT) frame –used for data rates above 384.2 kilobytes per second (kb/s) and uses subframes (P1 and P2) to maintain sync during longer data frames.

Page 1-37

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29. What type of error is the result of two successive logic one pulses of the same polarity in violation of alternate mark inversion coding rules?

Explanation

"Bipolar violations can occur on an AMI coded signal due to noise hits, crosstalk, and bad cable connections. Each successive logic 1 (mark pulse) is supposed to be the opposite polarity from the preceding logic 1 as the AMI definition above explains. A noise hit on the circuit can either cause a previous logic 0 (space pulse) to be converted to a logic 1 (addition) or cause a previous logic 1 to be converted to a logic 0 (deletion). This results in two successive logic one pulses of the same polarity, which is a violation of AMI coding rules. The total number of BPVs that have occurred during the test is displayed on the front panel of the test set." Page 3-27

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30. In what type of signal is the information contained in the transition, and there is a transition from one state to the other only when a mark bit is sent?

Explanation

"NRZ-M (mark). The information is contained in the transition, and there’s a transition from one state to the other only when a mark bit is sent." page 2-8

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31. Jamming a portion of the frequency spectrum is an example of

Explanation

"electronic attack is “the component of EW involving the use of electromagnetic, directed energy, or anti-radiation weapons to attack personnel, facilities or equipment with the intent of degrading, neutralizing or destroying enemy combat capability.” This can be done by jamming a portion of the frequency spectrum, using anti-radiation missiles, noise jamming, or directed energy weapons." Page 3-9

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32. Wave-division multiplexing (WDM) creates the virtual channels for multiplexing them together for transmission by using different

Explanation

"using an optical device, it sends light through to create the virtual channels using different wavelengths or lambdas then it multiplexes them together for transmission." Page 1-39

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33. In common associated signaling (CAS), what is the seventh bit in frames 6 and 12 used to convey signaling information known as?

Explanation

"In CAS signaling, the seventh bit in frames 6 and 12 are “robbed” to convey signaling information. This is known as bit robbing. The pattern represented robbed bit is based on the type of signaling, such as loop-start, or E&M, and the signal being conveyed." Page 2-13

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34. What form of modulation is insensitive to signal variations?

Explanation

"One distinct advantage of BPSK is its insensitivity to level variations." Page 1-18

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35. Which statement best describes a binary with eight-zero substitution (B8ZS) signal?

Explanation

"B8ZS intentionally inserts bipolar violations (BPV) into a data signal to break up long strings of zeros." Page 2-9

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36. When a multimeter has three input terminal jacks, which jack is always used?

Explanation

"Some models may have three input terminal jacks. The first (voltage) terminal jack is color-coded black and serves as the common terminal for all measurements and is always used." Page 3-10

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37. When using a multimeter, which mode should be used if the reading is unreadable due to fluctuations?

Explanation

"If the reading is unreadable due to fluctuations, the display hold mode freezes the display so that the reading can be obtained." Page 3-11

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38. The purpose of the miniature ON/OFF switches on a breakout box is to

Explanation

"Twenty-four miniature ON/OFF switches allow all interface conductors (except frame ground on pin 1) to be individually interrupted for isolated testing and observation." Page 3-29

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39. In quadrature-phase shift keying (QPSK) the radio frequency (RF) bandwidth for a quadriphase signal is what of that required by a bi-phase signal, given the same data rate.

Explanation

"The RF bandwidth for a quadriphase signal is half that required by a bi-phase signal, given the same data rate. Alternatively, twice as much data might be transmitted in the same bandwidth with a quadriphase signal as with a bi-phase signal." Page 1-19

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40. What principle of operation does the time domain reflectometer use to test cables?

Explanation

"The principle of operation for the time domain reflectometer is similar to that of radar. We apply a pulse from the time domain reflectometer to a cable under test. Any impedance changes in the cable causes a portion of that voltage or energy to be reflected back to the cable input." Page 3-12

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41. What communications control signal uses a two-frequency dialing combination?

Explanation

"Tone dialing uses a two-frequency combination that is associated with 12 push button keys. Each row and column of keys is associated with a predefined frequency." Page 2-12

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42. In what common channel signaling (CCS) mode are the messages relating to signaling between two points conveyed directly interconnecting these signaling points?

Explanation

1. Associated mode – The messages relating to signaling between two points are conveyed directly interconnecting these signaling points.
2. Nonassociated mode – The messages relating to signaling are conveyed over two or more links passing through one or more signaling points that are not the origin and the destination of the messages.
3. Quasi-associated mode – This is a subcase of the nonassociated mode. The path the messages take through the network is predetermined and fixed.

Page 2-14

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43. Electronic warfare support includes devices such as

Explanation

"ES includes devices such as radar warning receivers and intelligence platforms." Page 3-9

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44. Which option is a characteristic of synchronous data operation?

Explanation

"Synchronous operation requires no synchronizing pulses in the signal stream, and all bits are the same length in time." Page 2-4

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45. What communications information signal uses a continuous 350- and 440-Hz frequency pair?

Explanation

"A dial tone is a frequency pair used to convey informational signaling. For example, the generation of a continuous 350- and 440-Hz frequency pair by the switch equipment." Page 2-12

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46. What communications information signal uses a signal cycled on and off for 0.5 second and contains the generation of a 480- and 620-Hz frequency pair?

Explanation

"The local switch equipment generates a busy signal to the sender when the receiver’s line is in use. For example, a signal cycled on and off for 0.5 second and contains the generation of a 480- and 620-Hz frequency pair." Page 2-12

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47. The amount of phase shift in a phase modulation (PM) signal is directly proportional to the

Explanation

"The amount of phase shift is proportional to the amplitude of the modulating signal (that is, if a 10-volt signal causes a phase shift of 20 degrees, then a 20-volt signal causes a phase shift of 40 degrees)." Page 1-16

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48. What are the two principle weighting characteristics in use with telecommunication circuit noise?

Explanation

"The two principal weighting characteristics in current use are (1) CCITT (Consultative Committee for International Telephony and Telegraphy) psophometric, a noise weighting used in Europe with a noise (or level) meter called a psophometer, weighting and (2) C-message weighting." Page 3-2

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49. The process of coding pulse code modulation (PCM) quantized pulses to make them a constant duration and amplitude is

Explanation

"The capability for regeneration of quantized pulses can be further enhanced by coding the pulses to make them of constant duration and amplitude before transmission" Page 1-32

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50. The amount of deviation in a frequency modulation (FM) signal is directly proportional to the modulating signal's

Explanation

"Amount of deviation in FM is proportional to the amount (amplitude) of the modulating signal." Page 1-13

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51. What is an example of analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog techniques?

Explanation

"Finally, we have analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog conversions techniques like pulse code modulation (PCM) and continuous variable slope delta (CVSD) modulation." Page 1-2

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52. The form of pulse modulation in which the pulse is varied within a set range of positions is known as

Explanation

"Pulse-position modulation (PPM) is used in military TDM equipment. PPM uses a pulse time method that represents an analog signal by varying the positioning (the time displacement) of a discrete pulse within a bit interval. The position is varied according to the sampled value of an analog signal." Page 1-4

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53. A digital signal that contains synchronizing bits within the signal stream describes

Explanation

"An asynchronous signal is any signal that contains synchronizing bits within its signal stream." Page 2-5

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54. Which statement best describes an alternate mark inversion (AMI) signal?

Explanation

"In AMI, alternate marks (or logic ones) are inverted in polarity. If a logic one is transmitted, it is represented by a positive voltage if the previous logic one was negative. Conversely, it is represented by negative voltage if the previous one was positive. Logic zeros are represented by zero voltage. This results in a three-level digital signal." Page 2-9

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55. How many bits are in the D4 framing sequence?

Explanation

"One framing bit from 12 consecutive frames is added to create a 12-bit framing sequence. These 12 frames together are called a superframe." Page 2-10

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56. While timing makes sure the equipment is sending and receiving bits at the same time intervals, synchronization makes sure that the

Explanation

"While timing makes sure the equipment is sending and receiving bits at the same time intervals, synchronization makes sure that the receive equipment can find its place in the bit stream." Page 3-5

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57. Varying the pulse repetition frequency on a radar set is an example of

Explanation

"Since we know that the enemy forces can use EA principles to limit our use of the electromagnetic spectrum, we have to be prepared to protect our forces from these types of attacks. This is where EP comes into play. Any actions that we take to protect our people, facilities, and equipment from any EA action that can degrade or destroy our capabilities, fall under the heading of EP. Some EP examples that apply to our radar system would include active decoys to draw missiles off target, and the varying of pulse repetition frequency on a radar set." Page 3-9

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58. Bit count integrity problems are primarily caused by

Explanation

"Bit count integrity problems are primarily caused by system delay or timing faults." Page 2-4

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59. Which of the following is not considered an analog modulation techniques?

Explanation

"PAM, PDM, and PPM are true analog pulse-modulation techniques. Although PCM and DM are called pulse-modulation techniques; they are really digital-coding techniques." Page 1-24

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60. Quantized analog modulation is actually

Explanation

"Quantized analog modulation reduces the analog signals to discrete (digital) pulses that describe the analog signals according to various arbitrary rules. This process is actually analog-to-digital conversion rather than modulation" Page 1-29

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61. When using a multimeter, which mode should be used if the reading fluctuates and a more accurate reading is desired?

Explanation

"Minimum/Maximum (MIN/MAX): If the reading fluctuates and a more accurate reading is desired, this mode allows you to display the minimum reading, maximum reading, or average reading." Page 3-11

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62. What type of framing format should you use to conduct a bit error rate test (BERT) on a T1 circuit configured for binary with eight-zero substitution (B8ZS) coding?

Explanation

"Circuits configured for B8ZS coding must be configured for the ESF framing format." Page 3-26

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63. When performing a bit error rate test (BERT), what determines the size of a test pattern segment?

Explanation

"The size of the segments is determined by the number of bits that can represent the total number of bits in the test pattern." Page 3-26

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64. On a breakout box, how many RS–232 key interface signals can be monitored and accessed individually?

Explanation

"The unit monitors 12-key interface signals with EIA RS–232 sensing circuits that drive 12 LEDs to indicate the ON or OFF levels." Page 3-29

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65. A modulated waveform that contains a carrier plus two sidebands for each modulation frequency is a description of

Explanation

An amplitude modulation (AM) is a modulated waveform that contains a carrier plus two sidebands for each modulation frequency. In AM, the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied in accordance with the modulating signal, resulting in the formation of sidebands around the carrier frequency. These sidebands carry the information of the modulating signal. Therefore, AM is the correct answer as it matches the given description.

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66. Digital coding techniques such as binary with eight-zero substitution (B8ZS) are becoming more popular because they are designed to

Explanation

"Because of the ones density problem, coding techniques such as B8ZS are getting more popular." Page 2-9

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67. Attenuation distortion is caused by

Explanation

"Differing attenuation rates for the various frequency components comprising a voice frequency
transmission causes attenuation distortion" Page 3-6

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68. The major difference between conditioned di-phase (CDI) and other schemes is the

Explanation

"CDI is a binary, polar, state transition encoding scheme that is used almost exclusively in military tactical applications. One major difference in this scheme is the use of mid-bit transitions for timing." Page 2-10

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69. Amplitude modulation (AM) requires a bandwidth that is

Explanation

"In general, AM requires twice the bandwidth to transmit as does the modulating signal alone." Page 1-8

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The information-carrying components that occur on either side of a...
Three categories of synchronization used in digital data circuits are
The only basic waveform in nature is a
What converts analog signal information into an analog carrier signal?
What term is associated with the delay or lag introduced in the...
When using an ohmmeter to take a resistance reading, what preliminary...
In Time Division Multiplexing (TDM), the transmitting multiplexer will...
If 100 percent modulation is exceeded and there is distortion in the...
What is the main advantage of differential phase shift keying (DPSK)?
In what type of signal does the signal level move to one of the...
When is the voltage applied in loop-start signaling?
Which push-buttons would you select to get 125-ohm (Ω) impedance...
The method of multiplexing the T1 multiplexer uses is
Individual pulses within a digital signal are
The upper sideband in a single-sideband suppressed carrier (SSBSC)...
Which section of a bit error rate test (BERT) set measures the...
The definition of electronic attack can be found in which publication?
What are the two major sections of a bit error rate test (BERT) set?
The most common wave-division multiplexing (WDM) system uses how many...
How many bits are in the extended superframe format (ESF) framing...
Any actions we take to protect our forces, facilities, and equipment...
We can express the 6-to–1 improvement of the single-sideband...
What unit is most commonly used in data systems to express signaling...
What communications supervisory signal uses a continuous application...
What is the power that is reflected back to an optical source in the...
What converts analog signal information into a digital carrier signal?
How many bits per character of a 16-step pulse-code modulation (PCM)...
The two major types of frame structures are
What type of error is the result of two successive logic one pulses of...
In what type of signal is the information contained in the transition,...
Jamming a portion of the frequency spectrum is an example of
Wave-division multiplexing (WDM) creates the virtual channels for...
In common associated signaling (CAS), what is the seventh bit in...
What form of modulation is insensitive to signal variations?
Which statement best describes a binary with eight-zero substitution...
When a multimeter has three input terminal jacks, which jack is always...
When using a multimeter, which mode should be used if the reading is...
The purpose of the miniature ON/OFF switches on a breakout box is to
In quadrature-phase shift keying (QPSK) the radio frequency (RF)...
What principle of operation does the time domain reflectometer use to...
What communications control signal uses a two-frequency dialing...
In what common channel signaling (CCS) mode are the messages relating...
Electronic warfare support includes devices such as
Which option is a characteristic of synchronous data operation?
What communications information signal uses a continuous 350- and...
What communications information signal uses a signal cycled on and off...
The amount of phase shift in a phase modulation (PM) signal is...
What are the two principle weighting characteristics in use with...
The process of coding pulse code modulation (PCM) quantized pulses to...
The amount of deviation in a frequency modulation (FM) signal is...
What is an example of analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog...
The form of pulse modulation in which the pulse is varied within a set...
A digital signal that contains synchronizing bits within the signal...
Which statement best describes an alternate mark inversion (AMI)...
How many bits are in the D4 framing sequence?
While timing makes sure the equipment is sending and receiving bits at...
Varying the pulse repetition frequency on a radar set is an example of
Bit count integrity problems are primarily caused by
Which of the following is not considered an analog modulation...
Quantized analog modulation is actually
When using a multimeter, which mode should be used if the reading...
What type of framing format should you use to conduct a bit error rate...
When performing a bit error rate test (BERT), what determines the size...
On a breakout box, how many RS–232 key interface signals can be...
A modulated waveform that contains a carrier plus two sidebands for...
Digital coding techniques such as binary with eight-zero substitution...
Attenuation distortion is caused by
The major difference between conditioned di-phase (CDI) and other...
Amplitude modulation (AM) requires a bandwidth that is
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