3D152 Volume 1 UREs

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  • 1/69 Questions

    The information-carrying components that occur on either side of a carrier are called

    • Sidebands.
    • Sine waves.
    • Frequency translators.
    • Modulating frequencies.
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About This Quiz

The '3D152 Volume 1 UREs' quiz assesses knowledge in analog and digital modulation techniques, including PCM, CVSD, and SSBSC. It is designed for Air Force communications personnel to understand signal conversion and bandwidth requirements.

3D152 Volume 1 UREs - Quiz

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  • 2. 

    The only basic waveform in nature is a

    • Carrier wave.

    • Pure sine wave.

    • Resultant wave.

    • Composite wave.

    Correct Answer
    A. Pure sine wave.
    Explanation
    "The only basic waveform in nature is a pure sine wave; any other waveform is a “composite” or “resultant” wave." Page 1-9

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  • 3. 

    Three categories of synchronization used in digital data circuits are

    • Synchronous, asynchronous, and isochronous.

    • Isochronous, asynchronous, and bisynchronous.

    • Nonsynchronous, bisynchronous, and synchronous.

    • Asynchronous, bisynchronous, and nonsynchronous.

    Correct Answer
    A. Synchronous, asynchronous, and isochronous.
    Explanation
    "Timing for digital devices fall into three categories: synchronous, asynchronous, and isochronous. These terms characterize the methods used to synchronize the send and receive devices." Page 2-4

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  • 4. 

    What converts analog signal information into an analog carrier signal?

    • Delta modulation (DM).

    • Digital modulation.

    • Analog modulation.

    • Adaptive modulation.

    Correct Answer
    A. Analog modulation.
    Explanation
    "The definition of analog modulation is the conversion of an analog signal (the information) into another analog signal (the carrier). The type of modulation technique depends on the feature of the carrier signal that is used to represent the information." Page 1-2

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  • 5. 

    If 100 percent modulation is exceeded and there is distortion in the modulating signal, additional sidebands are generated. We identify these sidebands as what?

    • Transmitted intelligence.

    • Intensity of speech.

    • Composite waves.

    • Splatter.

    Correct Answer
    A. Splatter.
    Explanation
    "if 100-percent modulation is exceeded and/or there is
    distortion in the modulating signal, additional sidebands are generated because of the harmonic
    content of the distorted modulating signal. These additional sidebands, known as splatter, cause
    unwanted bandwidth and distortion in the transmitted AM signal." Page 1-10

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  • 6. 

    In Time Division Multiplexing (TDM), the transmitting multiplexer will put a bit or a byte from each of the incoming lines into a specifically allocated what?

    • Channel.

    • Trunk.

    • Time slot.

    • Port.

    Correct Answer
    A. Time slot.
    Explanation
    "The transmitting multiplexer will put a bit or a byte from each of the incoming lines into a specifically allocated time slot" page 1-36

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  • 7. 

    What term is associated with the delay or lag introduced in the application of voltage from one section to the next?

    • Latency.

    • Phase delay.

    • Propagation constant.

    • Phase delay distortion.

    Correct Answer
    A. Latency.
    Explanation
    "The transmission line presents a delay in each section, and the amount of delay is dependent upon the
    frequency of the information signal. Thus, a delay, also known as latency or lag, is introduced in the application of voltage from one section to the next" Page 3-6

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  • 8. 

    When using an ohmmeter to take a resistance reading, what preliminary precaution should you take?

    • Properly seat the test lead into the current input terminal jack.

    • Disconnect the power from the circuit being tested.

    • Place the meter in the frequency mode.

    • Set the range for maximum reading.

    Correct Answer
    A. Disconnect the power from the circuit being tested.
    Explanation
    "Disconnect all sources of voltage from the circuit before you connect an ohmmeter; if you connect it into a “hot” circuit, the meter may burn out." Page 3-12

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  • 9. 

    What is the main advantage of differential phase shift keying (DPSK)?

    • Carrier presence is required to detect changes.

    • It requires a less complex receiver than a basic phase shift keying (PSK) signal.

    • It requires a more complex receiver than a basic PSK signal.

    • The demodulator needs to detect changes in absolute phase values.

    Correct Answer
    A. It requires a less complex receiver than a basic phase shift keying (PSK) signal.
    Explanation
    "DPSK encodes different digital values as changes in signal phase. DPSK is easier to implement and is more robust than PSK because DPSK looks for differences, rather than for specific values. This form of modulation can be found in local area network technologies." Page 1-3

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  • 10. 

    The method of multiplexing the T1 multiplexer uses is

    • Frequency division.

    • Binary division.

    • Pulse division.

    • Time division.

    Correct Answer
    A. Time division.
    Explanation
    "T1 uses the TDM process (fig. 1–38). These inputs can be a combination of digital, video, and audio signals." Page 1-38

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  • 11. 

    Individual pulses within a digital signal are

    • Bits.

    • Bytes.

    • Codes.

    • Blocks.

    Correct Answer
    A. Bits.
    Explanation
    "In digital signals, we call each condition, state, or pulse a binary digit. We shorten this term to “bit.”" Page 2-1

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  • 12. 

    In what type of signal does the signal level move to one of the discrete signal levels, but returns to the zero level after a predetermined time?

    • Non-return-to-zero (NRZ) level.

    • Non-return-to-zero mark.

    • Non-return-to-zero space.

    • Return-to-zero.

    Correct Answer
    A. Return-to-zero.
    Explanation
    "When a signal transition occurs, the signal level moves to one of the discrete signal levels, but after a predetermined time (normally 50 percent of a bit), it returns to zero voltage (RZ).Figure 2–5 shows the three most common signal formats in the DII." Page 2-8

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  • 13. 

    When is the voltage applied in loop-start signaling?

    • When dial tone is present.

    • On-hook condition.

    • Off-hook condition.

    • During the ringback signal.

    Correct Answer
    A. Off-hook condition.
    Explanation
    "The voltage or 48-volt battery is not activated until the telephone handset is lifted, off-hook." Page 2-13

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  • 14. 

    Which push-buttons would you select to get 125-ohm (Ω) impedance on the time domain reflectometer?

    • 50Ω, 75Ω, and 125Ω.

    • 75Ω and 125Ω.

    • 50Ω and 125Ω.

    • 50Ω and 75Ω.

    Correct Answer
    A. 50Ω and 75Ω.
    Explanation
    "When you push the 50Ω button in, that action selects the 50Ω impedance. Push in the 75Ω button when you require the 75Ω impedance. With both buttons pushed in, the time domain reflectometer receives 125Ω impedance. When both buttons are out, it receives 95Ω impedance." Page 3-13

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  • 15. 

    The upper sideband in a single-sideband suppressed carrier (SSBSC) modulation is eliminated by

    • Filtering.

    • Detection.

    • Compression.

    • Companding.

    Correct Answer
    A. Filtering.
    Explanation
    "This process is shown in figure 1–5. Here, we use a filter that passes only the signal components in
    the frequency range between fc – fH and fc – fL. Thus, the output of the filter contains only the lower
    sideband. In particular, if we modulate a 27-MHz carrier frequency (in the Citizen’s Band frequency
    range) with a voice signal band of 300 to 3400 Hz, the single-sideband suppressed carrier (SSBSC)
    output is a band of frequencies between 26.9966 and 26.9997 MHz." Page 1-8

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  • 16. 

    Which section of a bit error rate test (BERT) set measures the received test pattern?

    • Transmitter.

    • Emitter.

    • Detector.

    • Receiver.

    Correct Answer
    A. Receiver.
    Explanation
    "At the distant end, the receiver receives the test pattern. The received pattern is compared with an identical pattern generated by the receiving BERT set. Therefore, a BERT can measure all disrupting influences that may cause errors. The errors, if any, are counted and displayed. The test set determines the bit error rate (BER) by comparing the bits received in error with the total number of bits received." Page 3-25

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  • 17. 

    The most common wave-division multiplexing (WDM) system uses how many wavelengths?

    • One wavelength.

    • Two wavelengths.

    • Three wavelengths.

    • Four wavelengths.

    Correct Answer
    A. Two wavelengths.
    Explanation
    "The most common WDM system uses two wavelengths, although four or more-wavelength systems are available." Page 1-40

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  • 18. 

    The definition of electronic attack can be found in which publication?

    • Air Force Doctrine Document 2–5.1.

    • Air Force Instruction 10–101.

    • Air Force Policy Memorandum 2–1.

    • Air Force Manual 2–5.1.

    Correct Answer
    A. Air Force Doctrine Document 2–5.1.
    Explanation
    According to Air Force Doctrine Document (AFDD) 2–5.1, Electronic Warfare Operations, dated 5 November 2002, electronic attack is “the component of EW involving the use of electromagnetic, directed energy, or anti-radiation weapons to attack personnel, facilities or equipment with the intent of degrading, neutralizing or destroying enemy combat capability.” Page 3-9

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  • 19. 

    What are the two major sections of a bit error rate test (BERT) set?

    • Emitter and detector.

    • Emitter and receiver.

    • Transmitter and detector generator.

    • Transmitter and receiver.

    Correct Answer
    A. Transmitter and receiver.
    Explanation
    "The test set consists of a data code generator (transmitter) section and a code detector (receiver)
    section." Page 3-25

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  • 20. 

    We can express the 6-to–1 improvement of the single-sideband suppressed carrier (SSBSC) modulation over conventional amplitude modulation (AM) as

    • 2 decibels (dB) of improvement.

    • 4 dB of improvement.

    • 6 dB of improvement.

    • 8 dB of improvement.

    Correct Answer
    A. 8 dB of improvement.
    Explanation
    "We can express the 6-to-1 improvement of SSBSC over DSBSC
    as 8 decibels (dB) of improvement." Page 1-9

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  • 21. 

    What unit is most commonly used in data systems to express signaling speed?

    • Baud.

    • Baudot.

    • Sense interface.

    • Bits per second.

    Correct Answer
    A. Bits per second.
    Explanation
    "When we express the term “bit” with regard to time, we have bits per second (b/s). This simply means that we can move a certain number of symbols, states, or conditions in 1 second. This method is commonly used in data systems to express signaling speed for equipment." Page 2-2

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  • 22. 

    How many bits are in the extended superframe format (ESF) framing sequence?

    • 8.

    • 12.

    • 24.

    • 48.

    Correct Answer
    A. 24.
    Explanation
    "The ESF frame is based on the D4 frame. The difference between ESF and D4 framing is that the ESF superframe consists of 24 frames to create a 24-bit framing sequence." Page 2-10

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  • 23. 

    Any actions we take to protect our forces, facilities, and equipment for electronic action that can destroy or degrade our capabilities is considered

    • Electronic combat.

    • Electronic protection.

    • Electronic attack.

    • Electronic warfare support.

    Correct Answer
    A. Electronic protection.
    Explanation
    "Any actions that we take to protect our people, facilities, and equipment from any EA action that can degrade or destroy our capabilities, fall under the heading of EP." Page 3-9

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  • 24. 

    What converts analog signal information into a digital carrier signal?

    • Delta modulation (DM).

    • Analog modulation.

    • Digital modulation.

    • Adaptive modulation.

    Correct Answer
    A. Digital modulation.
    Explanation
    "The definition of digital modulation is the conversion of an analog signal (the information) into a digital signal (the carrier)." Page 1-3

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  • 25. 

    What communications supervisory signal uses a continuous application of direct current voltage for signaling?

    • Record warning.

    • Fast busy signal.

    • Loop-start.

    • E and M.

    Correct Answer
    A. Loop-start.
    Explanation
    "The loop-start or metallic loop signaling method uses a continuous application of direct current voltage." Page 2-13

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  • 26. 

    What is the power that is reflected back to an optical source in the time domain reflectometer (TDR)?

    • Reflection.

    • Backscatter.

    • Scatter coefficient.

    • Reflection coefficient.

    Correct Answer
    A. Backscatter.
    Explanation
    "The part of the scattered energy that travels back toward the optical source is called the “backscatter,” and it’s the basis for optical time domain reflectometer" Page 3-20

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  • 27. 

    How many bits per character of a 16-step pulse-code modulation (PCM) system are used to describe the quantized analog sample?

    • 3.

    • 4.

    • 5.

    • 8.

    Correct Answer
    A. 4.
    Explanation
    "The number of steps needed is equal to 2n, where (n) is the number of code bits needed for the largest character. Thus, the 16-step system requires 4 bits per character (24=16) and a 128-step system requires 7 bits per character (27=128) to describe the quantized analog samples." Page 1-31

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  • 28. 

    The two major types of frame structures are

    • Low speed and high speed.

    • High speed and EBCDIC.

    • CCITT and low speed.

    • EBCDIC and CCITT.

    Correct Answer
    A. CCITT and low speed.
    Explanation
    There are two major types of frame structures:
    1. Low speed frame – used for rates below 384.2 kbps and is composed of a number of 8 bit slots with each slot holding one character
    2. Consultative Committee for International Telephony and Telegraphy (CCITT) frame –used for data rates above 384.2 kilobytes per second (kb/s) and uses subframes (P1 and P2) to maintain sync during longer data frames.

    Page 1-37

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  • 29. 

    What type of error is the result of two successive logic one pulses of the same polarity in violation of alternate mark inversion coding rules?

    • Cyclic redundancy check.

    • Bipolar violation.

    • Bit slip.

    • Frame.

    Correct Answer
    A. Bipolar violation.
    Explanation
    "Bipolar violations can occur on an AMI coded signal due to noise hits, crosstalk, and bad cable connections. Each successive logic 1 (mark pulse) is supposed to be the opposite polarity from the preceding logic 1 as the AMI definition above explains. A noise hit on the circuit can either cause a previous logic 0 (space pulse) to be converted to a logic 1 (addition) or cause a previous logic 1 to be converted to a logic 0 (deletion). This results in two successive logic one pulses of the same polarity, which is a violation of AMI coding rules. The total number of BPVs that have occurred during the test is displayed on the front panel of the test set." Page 3-27

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  • 30. 

    Wave-division multiplexing (WDM) creates the virtual channels for multiplexing them together for transmission by using different

    • Wavelengths or lambdas.

    • Wavelengths or gammas.

    • Frequencies or lambdas.

    • Frequencies or gammas.

    Correct Answer
    A. Wavelengths or lambdas.
    Explanation
    "using an optical device, it sends light through to create the virtual channels using different wavelengths or lambdas then it multiplexes them together for transmission." Page 1-39

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  • 31. 

    In what type of signal is the information contained in the transition, and there is a transition from one state to the other only when a mark bit is sent?

    • Non-return-to-zero (NRZ) level.

    • Non-return-to-zero mark.

    • Non-return-to-zero space.

    • Return-to-zero level.

    Correct Answer
    A. Non-return-to-zero mark.
    Explanation
    "NRZ-M (mark). The information is contained in the transition, and there’s a transition from one state to the other only when a mark bit is sent." page 2-8

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  • 32. 

    Jamming a portion of the frequency spectrum is an example of

    • Electronic combat.

    • Electronic protection.

    • Electronic attack.

    • Electronic warfare support.

    Correct Answer
    A. Electronic attack.
    Explanation
    "electronic attack is “the component of EW involving the use of electromagnetic, directed energy, or anti-radiation weapons to attack personnel, facilities or equipment with the intent of degrading, neutralizing or destroying enemy combat capability.” This can be done by jamming a portion of the frequency spectrum, using anti-radiation missiles, noise jamming, or directed energy weapons." Page 3-9

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  • 33. 

    What form of modulation is insensitive to signal variations?

    • Delta.

    • Frequency shift keying (FSK).

    • Pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM).

    • Binary-phase shift keying or bi-phase shift keying (BPSK).

    Correct Answer
    A. Binary-phase shift keying or bi-phase shift keying (BPSK).
    Explanation
    "One distinct advantage of BPSK is its insensitivity to level variations." Page 1-18

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  • 34. 

    In common associated signaling (CAS), what is the seventh bit in frames 6 and 12 used to convey signaling information known as?

    • Bit robbing.

    • Bit stuffing.

    • Frame correction.

    • Frame enhancement.

    Correct Answer
    A. Bit robbing.
    Explanation
    "In CAS signaling, the seventh bit in frames 6 and 12 are “robbed” to convey signaling information. This is known as bit robbing. The pattern represented robbed bit is based on the type of signaling, such as loop-start, or E&M, and the signal being conveyed." Page 2-13

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  • 35. 

    Which statement best describes a binary with eight-zero substitution (B8ZS) signal?

    • The information is transmitted in three different voltage levels.

    • A logic one is transmitted as positive voltage if the previous logic one was negative.

    • The level always returns to zero for 50 percent of the bit cycle after every transition.

    • Bipolar violations are intentionally inserted into a data signal to break up long strings of zeros.

    Correct Answer
    A. Bipolar violations are intentionally inserted into a data signal to break up long strings of zeros.
    Explanation
    "B8ZS intentionally inserts bipolar violations (BPV) into a data signal to break up long strings of zeros." Page 2-9

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  • 36. 

    When a multimeter has three input terminal jacks, which jack is always used?

    • Voltage terminal.

    • Common terminal.

    • Voltage and current terminal.

    • Common and current terminal.

    Correct Answer
    A. Voltage terminal.
    Explanation
    "Some models may have three input terminal jacks. The first (voltage) terminal jack is color-coded black and serves as the common terminal for all measurements and is always used." Page 3-10

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  • 37. 

    When using a multimeter, which mode should be used if the reading is unreadable due to fluctuations?

    • Range.

    • Frequency.

    • Display hold.

    • Minimum/maximum (MIN/MAX).

    Correct Answer
    A. Display hold.
    Explanation
    "If the reading is unreadable due to fluctuations, the display hold mode freezes the display so that the reading can be obtained." Page 3-11

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  • 38. 

    The purpose of the miniature ON/OFF switches on a breakout box is to

    • Measure the individual interface signals.

    • Change the voltage of individual interface signals.

    • Allow the interruption of the individual interface conductors.

    • Allow the cross-patching of the individual interface conductors.

    Correct Answer
    A. Allow the interruption of the individual interface conductors.
    Explanation
    "Twenty-four miniature ON/OFF switches allow all interface conductors (except frame ground on pin 1) to be individually interrupted for isolated testing and observation." Page 3-29

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  • 39. 

    In quadrature-phase shift keying (QPSK) the radio frequency (RF) bandwidth for a quadriphase signal is what of that required by a bi-phase signal, given the same data rate.

    • Four times.

    • Double.

    • Half.

    • The same.

    Correct Answer
    A. Half.
    Explanation
    "The RF bandwidth for a quadriphase signal is half that required by a bi-phase signal, given the same data rate. Alternatively, twice as much data might be transmitted in the same bandwidth with a quadriphase signal as with a bi-phase signal." Page 1-19

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  • 40. 

    What principle of operation does the time domain reflectometer use to test cables?

    • Amplitude.

    • Frequency.

    • Audio.

    • Radar.

    Correct Answer
    A. Radar.
    Explanation
    "The principle of operation for the time domain reflectometer is similar to that of radar. We apply a pulse from the time domain reflectometer to a cable under test. Any impedance changes in the cable causes a portion of that voltage or energy to be reflected back to the cable input." Page 3-12

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  • 41. 

    What communications control signal uses a two-frequency dialing combination?

    • Pulse dialing.

    • Tone dialing.

    • Digit dialing.

    • Address dialing.

    Correct Answer
    A. Tone dialing.
    Explanation
    "Tone dialing uses a two-frequency combination that is associated with 12 push button keys. Each row and column of keys is associated with a predefined frequency." Page 2-12

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  • 42. 

    In what common channel signaling (CCS) mode are the messages relating to signaling between two points conveyed directly interconnecting these signaling points?

    • Associated mode.

    • Nonassociated mode.

    • Quasi-associated mode.

    • Multi-associated mode.

    Correct Answer
    A. Associated mode.
    Explanation
    1. Associated mode – The messages relating to signaling between two points are conveyed directly interconnecting these signaling points.
    2. Nonassociated mode – The messages relating to signaling are conveyed over two or more links passing through one or more signaling points that are not the origin and the destination of the messages.
    3. Quasi-associated mode – This is a subcase of the nonassociated mode. The path the messages take through the network is predetermined and fixed.

    Page 2-14

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  • 43. 

    Electronic warfare support includes devices such as

    • Anti-radiation missiles and directed energy weapons.

    • Intelligence platforms and noise jamming systems.

    • Radar warning receivers and intelligence systems.

    • Directed energy weapons and radar warning receivers.

    Correct Answer
    A. Radar warning receivers and intelligence systems.
    Explanation
    "ES includes devices such as radar warning receivers and intelligence platforms." Page 3-9

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  • 44. 

    The amount of deviation in a frequency modulation (FM) signal is directly proportional to the modulating signal’s

    • Phase.

    • Amplitude.

    • Frequency.

    • Amplitude and frequency.

    Correct Answer
    A. Amplitude.
    Explanation
    "Amount of deviation in FM is proportional to the amount (amplitude) of the modulating signal." Page 1-13

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  • 45. 

    The amount of phase shift in a phase modulation (PM) signal is directly proportional to the

    • Modulation index.

    • Rate of phase shift.

    • Frequency of the modulating signal.

    • Amplitude of the modulating signal.

    Correct Answer
    A. Amplitude of the modulating signal.
    Explanation
    "The amount of phase shift is proportional to the amplitude of the modulating signal (that is, if a 10-volt signal causes a phase shift of 20 degrees, then a 20-volt signal causes a phase shift of 40 degrees)." Page 1-16

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  • 46. 

    The process of coding pulse code modulation (PCM) quantized pulses to make them a constant duration and amplitude is

    • Encoding.

    • Companding.

    • Uniform quantizing.

    • Nonuniform quantizing.

    Correct Answer
    A. Encoding.
    Explanation
    "The capability for regeneration of quantized pulses can be further enhanced by coding the pulses to make them of constant duration and amplitude before transmission" Page 1-32

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  • 47. 

    Which option is a characteristic of synchronous data operation?

    • Timing pulses are transmitted within the signal stream.

    • Start and stop pulses control data transmission.

    • System timing is not of critical importance.

    • All data bits are the same length in time.

    Correct Answer
    A. All data bits are the same length in time.
    Explanation
    "Synchronous operation requires no synchronizing pulses in the signal stream, and all bits are the same length in time." Page 2-4

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  • 48. 

    What communications information signal uses a continuous 350- and 440-Hz frequency pair?

    • Dial tone.

    • Ringback signal.

    • Off-hook alert.

    • Call waiting.

    Correct Answer
    A. Dial tone.
    Explanation
    "A dial tone is a frequency pair used to convey informational signaling. For example, the generation of a continuous 350- and 440-Hz frequency pair by the switch equipment." Page 2-12

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  • 49. 

    What communications information signal uses a signal cycled on and off for 0.5 second and contains the generation of a 480- and 620-Hz frequency pair?

    • Dial tone.

    • Busy signal.

    • Off-hook alert.

    • Call waiting.

    Correct Answer
    A. Busy signal.
    Explanation
    "The local switch equipment generates a busy signal to the sender when the receiver’s line is in use. For example, a signal cycled on and off for 0.5 second and contains the generation of a 480- and 620-Hz frequency pair." Page 2-12

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