3c251 CDC Ure's Set 2

Pulse-code modulation (PCM) is the least affected by noise compared to other types of pulse modulation. PCM converts analog signals into a digital format by sampling the amplitude of the signal at regular intervals and then quantizing and encoding it into binary code. This digital representation of the signal is more robust against noise interference because it can be accurately reconstructed at the receiver by decoding the binary code. Unlike other types of pulse modulation, PCM does not rely on the amplitude, duration, or position of the pulse, making it less susceptible to noise distortions.

The correct answer is 8 kHz because according to the Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem, the sampling rate should be at least twice the highest frequency in order to accurately reconstruct the original signal. Since the highest frequency in the TMD channel is 4 kHz, the minimum sampling rate required would be 8 kHz.

Space division multiplexing is a technique used to transmit multiple signals simultaneously by allocating different physical channels in space. In this method, channels are connected by a switch matrix, which is a network of switches that allows the signals from different channels to be routed to their respective destinations. The switch matrix ensures that each signal is directed to the correct channel, enabling the transmission of multiple signals simultaneously.

Synchronization ensures that the receive equipment can find its place in the bit stream. This means that the receive equipment is able to accurately identify and locate the incoming bits within the stream, allowing for proper decoding and processing of the data. Without synchronization, the receive equipment may struggle to correctly interpret the incoming bits, leading to errors and loss of data.

When using a polishing cloth, it is important to remove a little bit of the protruding fiber at a time. This is done until the fiber is flat and level. This ensures that the surface being polished is smooth and even, resulting in a polished finish that is free from any inconsistencies or imperfections. Removing the fiber gradually allows for more control and precision in achieving the desired flat and level surface.

Continuous variable slope delta modulation (CVSD) is a modulation technique that varies the step size in accordance with the magnitude of the input signal's amplitude. This means that as the input signal's amplitude increases, the step size also increases, allowing for a more accurate representation of the signal. CVSD is commonly used in applications where high-quality audio transmission is required, such as in telecommunications and voice recording systems.

An RZ AMI signal has three signal levels. In this type of signal, the voltage alternates between positive and negative values, with a zero voltage level representing a binary 0. The positive and negative voltage levels represent binary 1s, resulting in three signal levels in total.

The resistance of a line in telephone terminology is typically measured in terms of "loop miles". This unit of measurement refers to the resistance encountered in a telephone line over the distance of one mile. It is a standard unit used in the telecommunications industry to evaluate the quality and efficiency of telephone lines.

Pulse-duration modulation (PDM) is a form of pulse modulation where the pulse width is varied to convey intelligence. In PDM, the duration of the pulse represents the amplitude of the signal being transmitted. By varying the width of the pulses, different levels of the signal can be represented, allowing for the transmission of analog information. This is different from pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM), where the amplitude of the pulse is varied, and pulse-position modulation (PPM), where the position of the pulse within a fixed time interval is varied. Pulse-code modulation (PCM) is a digital modulation technique where the analog signal is sampled and quantized into a binary code.

The incoming and outgoing channels within the time slot interchange are connected based on time. This means that the channels are allocated specific time slots within the interchange, and the data from the incoming channels is transmitted during their respective time slots to the outgoing channels. This time-based connection allows for efficient and organized data transfer between channels within the interchange.

In pulse-code modulation (PCM) systems, synchronizing bits are inserted throughout a frame. This is done to ensure that the sender and receiver are in sync and can accurately interpret the transmitted data. By inserting synchronizing bits at regular intervals within the frame, the receiver can easily identify the start and end of each sample within the frame, allowing for accurate decoding of the PCM signal.

The correct answer is "non-return-to-zero mark". In a non-return-to-zero (NRZ) encoding scheme, the information is represented by the presence or absence of a signal level. In this case, the transition from one state to the other only occurs when a mark bit is sent, indicating the presence of a signal. Therefore, the information is contained in the transition and specifically in the "mark" state.

Loop start is a communications supervisory signal that uses a continuous application of direct current voltage for signaling. This signal is commonly used in telephone systems to indicate the start of a call. When a loop start signal is applied, it means that the telephone line is in an idle state and ready to receive or make a call. The continuous application of direct current voltage helps to establish and maintain the connection between the calling and receiving parties.

The correct answer is white/orange. This is because the EIA/TIA 568A standard specifies a specific color code for each pin in a connector. In this standard, the white/orange color combination is assigned to pin 1.

In a 16-step PCM system, there are 16 possible quantized analog samples. To describe these samples, 4 bits per character are used. Each bit can represent 2 possible values (0 or 1), so with 4 bits, there are a total of 2^4 = 16 possible combinations, which matches the number of quantized samples in the system. Therefore, 4 bits per character are used to describe the quantized analog sample in a 16-step PCM system.

The process of coding pulse code modulation (PCM) quantized pulses to make them a constant duration and amplitude is called encoding.

In synchronous data operation, all data bits are the same length in timing. This means that each bit of data is transmitted within a fixed and consistent time frame. This ensures that the receiving end can accurately interpret and decode the data. Having all data bits of the same length in timing allows for efficient and reliable communication between devices.

In loop-start signaling, the voltage is applied during the off-hook condition. When a telephone receiver is lifted off the hook, it indicates that the user wants to make a call. At this point, the voltage is applied to the line, allowing the user to dial a number and establish a connection. The off-hook condition is a crucial step in initiating a call in loop-start signaling.

A red distribution frame is used to connect patch panels containing clear text classified data circuits with local equipment. The use of a red distribution frame indicates that the data being transmitted is classified as sensitive or confidential. The red color is often used to designate secure or classified information in various systems and industries.

The given answer states that "they require less wiring than other types" is not an advantage of the punch-on terminal block. This implies that punch-on terminal blocks do not require less wiring compared to other types of terminal blocks. Therefore, this advantage does not apply to punch-on terminal blocks.

not-available-via-ai

Fiber-optic connectors use epoxy method to connect onto fiber because it offers ease of installation without compromising the quality. Epoxy connectors involve the use of epoxy adhesive to bond the fiber and connector together, ensuring a secure and reliable connection. This method allows for precise alignment and low insertion loss, resulting in high-quality signal transmission. Snap-on, crimp-on, and screw-on connectors may offer convenience but may not provide the same level of accuracy and performance as epoxy connectors.

Pulse stuffing is a synchronizing technique used to overcome propagation delay in time-division. It involves inserting extra pulses into the data stream to ensure that the receiving device stays synchronized with the transmitting device, compensating for any delays in the propagation of the signal. This technique helps to maintain the timing and accuracy of the data transmission, ensuring that it is synchronized and aligned properly.

The correct answer is the Aggregate module. The Aggregate module is responsible for supervising the internal high-speed bus and the transmission path to the remote unit. It is likely that this module is responsible for aggregating and managing data from multiple sources before transmitting it to the remote unit.

In a binary with eight-zero substitution (B8ZS) signal, bipolar violations are intentionally inserted into the data signal to break up long sequences of zeros. This is done to ensure that the receiver can accurately detect and interpret the data. By intentionally inserting bipolar violations, the signal is modified in a way that prevents long strings of zeros from causing synchronization issues or loss of data.

The correct answer is shell, insulator, and contacts. Electrical connectors consist of three main components: the shell, which provides mechanical support and protection; the insulator, which prevents electrical conductivity between the contacts and provides insulation; and the contacts, which allow the electrical current to flow between the connected devices. The hermetic seal is not a basic component of electrical connectors, as it is not always present and is used in specific applications to provide airtight sealing.

Current leakage between two conductors indicates a shunt metallic-line characteristic. Shunt refers to a connection that allows current to flow in a parallel path, bypassing the intended circuit. In this case, the current is leaking or flowing outside the desired path, indicating a shunt characteristic.

CVSD modulation is a technique used to encode analog signals into digital form. It works by continuously varying the slope of the signal waveform. In order to achieve this, a bandpass filter is used in the CVSD modulation circuitry. A bandpass filter allows only a specific range of frequencies to pass through while attenuating frequencies outside of that range. This is important for maintaining the integrity of the analog signal during the modulation process. Therefore, a bandpass filter is the correct choice for the CVSD modulation circuitry.

The port carrier module provides the interface and termination capability for two pieces of data terminal equipment (DTE). It is designed to accept four plug-in sub modules that interface the DTE.

Binary with eight-zero substitution (B8ZS) is a coding technique used in digital communication to maintain ones density standards. Ones density refers to the number of consecutive ones in a data stream. By using B8ZS, ones density can be controlled and maintained, which is important for certain digital communication systems. This coding technique replaces long sequences of ones with a specific pattern of zeros and ones, ensuring that the ones density remains within the required standards. Therefore, the correct answer is that B8ZS helps maintain ones density standards.

The D4 framing sequence consists of 12 bits.

When equipment is inserted on the line, a mismatch of impedance can occur. Impedance refers to the opposition to the flow of electrical current in a circuit. When the impedance of the equipment does not match the impedance of the line, it can cause signal reflection. This means that some of the signal is reflected back towards the source instead of being transmitted smoothly along the line. This can result in signal degradation and interference.

When using a cable stripper, 5/8 inch of the jacket on the cable is removed in order to access the inner core.

When using a multimeter, the display hold mode should be used if the reading is unreadable due to fluctuations. This mode allows the meter to freeze the reading on the display, preventing it from constantly changing and making it easier for the user to read and record the measurement.

When using a multimeter, if the reading fluctuates and a more accurate reading is desired, the MIN/MAX mode should be used. This mode allows the multimeter to capture and display the minimum and maximum values of the fluctuating reading over a period of time. By doing so, it provides a more accurate representation of the range within which the reading is fluctuating, helping the user to determine the true value.

As temperature increases, the resistance of conductors increases because the increased thermal energy causes more collisions between the charge carriers, impeding their flow. On the other hand, the resistance of insulators decreases as temperature increases because the increased thermal energy allows more charge carriers to become mobile, enabling better conductivity.

When taking a voltage reading greater than 100 volts using a multimeter, it is important to take the meter reading without touching any part of the multimeter. This is because high voltage can be dangerous and can cause electric shocks. By not touching the multimeter, you ensure your safety and minimize the risk of electrical accidents.

In pulse-code modulation (PCM), code words are assigned to each sample, representing their amplitude. This means that the PCM system quantizes the amplitude of the analog signal into discrete levels and assigns a code word to each level. The code words are then used to reconstruct the original analog signal during decoding. The phase, time slot, and frequency are not directly related to the assignment of code words in PCM.

Impedance mismatch refers to a situation where the impedance of the sending and receiving devices in a digital data circuit do not match. This can result in signal reflections and distortions, leading to errors in data transmission. It is one of the three categories of synchronization issues that can occur in digital data circuits, along with system timing faults and improper equipment settings. Changes in atmospheric conditions, on the other hand, are not directly related to synchronization in digital data circuits.

A digital signal that contains synchronizing bits within the signal stream describes asynchronous operation. In asynchronous operation, the sender and receiver do not share a common clock signal, and instead rely on start and stop bits to synchronize the transmission. The presence of synchronizing bits within the signal stream indicates that the transmission is asynchronous, as it includes additional information to ensure proper synchronization between sender and receiver.

Phase jitter on a wire line is generated when additive amplitude noise is introduced. This noise disrupts the signal's amplitude, causing fluctuations that result in phase variations. As a result, the timing of the signal is affected, leading to phase jitter.

When building a modular cable, it is important to arrange the wires in a specific order that matches the pinpoint pattern for the cable purpose. This means that the wires should be arranged in a way that aligns with the intended function or purpose of the cable. This ensures that the cable will function correctly and transmit signals properly.

Asynchronous time-division multiplexing (TDM) does not require a clock signal to synchronize the transmission of data. Instead, each channel is allowed to transmit data at its own pace, and the receiver extracts the data based on start and stop bits. Therefore, asynchronous TDM does not recover the clock from the traffic signal.

The correct answer is white/orange. In a typical EIA/TIA 568B connector, pin 1 is assigned the color white/orange. This color coding system is used in Ethernet cables to ensure proper connectivity and consistency in wiring standards. The white/orange wire is connected to the positive terminal of the first pair in the cable, while the orange/white wire is connected to the negative terminal. This color coding helps technicians easily identify and connect the wires correctly, ensuring smooth data transmission.

The considerations for selecting electrical connectors include evaluating their electrical performance, such as conductivity and insulation properties, to ensure they meet the required specifications. Mechanical factors, such as the connector's durability, ease of installation, and resistance to vibration and shock, are also important to consider. Additionally, environmental considerations, such as the connector's ability to withstand exposure to moisture, temperature variations, and chemicals, are crucial to ensure reliable performance in different operating conditions. Cost is another important factor to consider, as it affects the overall feasibility and budget of the project.

TSI is a technique used in digital communication systems to rearrange the order of time slots in a signal. Pulse code modulation (PCM) is a digital modulation format that converts analog signals into digital signals by encoding the amplitude of the analog signal at regular intervals. PCM is commonly used with TSI because it allows for the efficient transmission and manipulation of digital signals, making it suitable for rearranging time slots in a communication system.

A stable pattern or path that light may take as it propagates through a fiber is referred to as the mode. The mode represents the specific distribution of light intensity and the variation of electromagnetic field within the fiber. It determines how the light waves travel and interact with the fiber's core and cladding. The mode can be characterized by parameters such as the number of modes supported by the fiber and the shape of the intensity distribution.

After the wire lead is stripped of insulation, the shiner portion of the wire is inserted into the slot of the wire wrap bit.

When grounding a communication cable, it is important to choose the ground that gives a lower overall systems noise and signal distortion. This is because a lower overall systems noise and signal distortion will ensure better signal quality and reduce the chances of interference or disruptions in the communication. The other options, such as the length of the cable or the shielding from elements, may be important factors to consider but they do not directly impact the noise and signal distortion levels. Therefore, selecting the ground that provides a lower overall systems noise and signal distortion is the most appropriate choice for grounding a communication cable.

A busy signal is a communications information signal that is cycled on for 1.0 second and off for 1.0 second. It is used to indicate that the called number is currently in use or unavailable. The generation of a 480 and 620 Hz frequency pair is commonly associated with a busy signal.

A rollover cable is typically used to manage network equipment. This type of cable is specifically designed to connect a computer terminal to a router or switch console port. It is called a "rollover" cable because the pinouts on one end of the cable are reversed from the pinouts on the other end, allowing for a direct connection between the devices. This type of cable is commonly used for initial configuration, troubleshooting, and management of network equipment.

The voltage terminal is always used in a multimeter with 3 input terminal jacks. This is because the voltage terminal is used to measure the electrical potential difference between two points in a circuit. The other two terminals, the common terminal and the voltage and current terminal, may be used for measuring current or resistance, but the voltage terminal is always necessary for voltage measurements.

Permanent wiring is connected to the left side of vertical terminal boards and the bottom of horizontal terminal boards within the distribution.

Supervisory signaling information is transferred in common channel signaling (CCS) through a separate network channel. This means that the signaling information is transmitted separately from the voice or data channels, ensuring that it does not interfere with the main communication channels. By using a separate network channel, the CCS system can efficiently transmit and receive supervisory signals without causing disruptions or delays in the overall communication process. This method allows for more reliable and effective signaling in CCS systems.

The current practical bandwidth limitation for a 10-km fiber optic cable is 50 MHz. This means that the cable can transmit data at a maximum frequency of 50 million cycles per second. This limitation is determined by factors such as the quality of the cable, the transmission equipment used, and the signal degradation over distance.

The correct answer is electrical resistance and ability to withstand breakdown. Insulators used in connectors need to have high electrical resistance to prevent the flow of electric current. Additionally, they should be able to withstand breakdown, meaning they should not easily break or fail when subjected to high voltage or other electrical stresses.

The processor module is responsible for transferring data between the local AN/FCC-100(V) 9 operation and communicating with all the other AN.FCC-100(V) 9 modules and subassemblies. It acts as the central processing unit and controls the flow of information within the system.

Nonremovable contacts are used for full hermetic seal applications. This means that the contacts cannot be removed once they are installed, ensuring a tight and secure seal that prevents any leakage or ingress of moisture or contaminants. This method is necessary in applications where maintaining a hermetic seal is critical for the proper functioning and longevity of the electrical connectors.

Crimped connections require extra space around the contact area to create a secure connection. This means that more room is needed compared to other types of connections, such as soldering. This can be seen as a disadvantage as it may limit the options for placement or installation in tight spaces.

The characteristics of electrical contacts include retention, engagement, and termination. Retention refers to the ability of the contacts to stay in place and maintain a secure connection. Engagement refers to the physical connection between the contacts, ensuring that they are properly aligned and making contact with each other. Termination refers to the method used to connect the contacts to the circuit, such as soldering or crimping. These three characteristics are crucial for ensuring a reliable and efficient electrical connection.

The expected loss in the short optical fiber wavelength region per kilometer of cable is between 3.0 to 4.0 dB.

Shunt conductance refers to the flow of current through insulation to other wires or ground. It is a measure of how easily current can pass through the insulation material. This can occur when there is a leakage path or a fault in the insulation, allowing current to bypass the intended circuit and flow through other paths. Shunt conductance can cause unwanted current flow and lead to issues such as electrical shorts or ground faults.

The advantage of using an avalanche positive-intrinsic-negative diode (APD) is that it generates a current gain many times that of a positive-intrinsic-negative (PIN) diode. This means that for the same amount of incident light, the APD will produce a much larger output current compared to a PIN diode. This increased current gain makes the APD more sensitive and allows it to detect weaker signals with higher accuracy.

Pin plates are used in connectors to provide polarization and float-mount action for rectangular connectors. Polarization ensures that the connectors can only be connected in a specific orientation, preventing incorrect connections. Float-mount action allows the connectors to have some movement or flexibility, reducing stress on the pins and preventing damage during use. Pin plates combine these two functions to ensure proper alignment and secure connections in rectangular connectors.

Loading coils equalize the capacitance and inductive reactance in a voice-frequency-cable transmission line. By adding inductance to the line, the loading coils help to compensate for the capacitance and inductive reactance that cause line loss. This improves the overall transmission efficiency by reducing the distortion and signal loss caused by these reactive components.

The bandwidth of a multi-node step-index optical fiber cable is typically in the range of 10MHz to 100MHz per kilometer. This means that the cable is capable of carrying signals within this frequency range over a distance of one kilometer.

The purpose of moisture proofing connectors is to provide a moisture seal between the connector and equipment. This is important because moisture can cause damage to the electrical connections and equipment, leading to malfunctions or even safety hazards. By creating a moisture seal, the connectors prevent any moisture from entering and causing harm to the electrical system.

Delta modulation (DM) was developed to reduce signal loss and noise in a tactical environment. This modulation technique samples the difference between the input signal and the quantized version of the previous sample, resulting in a stream of pulses that represent the changes in the signal. By only transmitting the changes in the signal, DM reduces the amount of information that needs to be transmitted, minimizing the impact of signal loss and noise in a tactical environment.

A dial tone is a communication information signal that is used to indicate that a telephone line is working and ready to make a call. It typically consists of a continuous 350- and 440- Hz frequency pair. When a user picks up the phone and hears a dial tone, it means they can start dialing a phone number. Therefore, the given answer of "dial tone" is correct as it accurately describes the communication information signal that uses a continuous 350- and 440- Hz frequency pair.

The first pair in a typical four-pair cable is usually denoted by the colors white/blue. This means that the wires in this pair are typically white and blue in color.

The correct answer is "a logic one is transmitted in three different voltage levels". This means that when a logic one is transmitted, it is represented by three different voltage levels. This is a characteristic of a specific type of signal where the level moves to one of the discrete signal levels but returns to the zero level after a predetermined time.

not-available-via-ai

Bit count integrity problems are primarily caused by improper equipment settings. When the equipment settings are not configured correctly, it can lead to errors in counting the number of bits transmitted or received. This can result in data corruption and integrity issues. It is important to ensure that the equipment settings are properly configured to maintain the accuracy and integrity of the bit count.

Rectangular connectors are used in rack panel applications and have no coping mechanism. This means that they are specifically designed to be used in panels and do not require any additional coping mechanism for their installation. Additionally, rectangular connectors are easier to produce and less expensive compared to circular connectors.