18.3 The Later Middle Ages

Explanation
Saint Thomas Aquinas believed that studying natural law was essential for understanding how to live in accordance with God's will. He believed that God had created a moral order in the natural world, and by studying and understanding this order, individuals could discern the right way to live. Aquinas emphasized the importance of reason and rationality in interpreting and applying natural law, and he believed that by following natural law, individuals could achieve true happiness and fulfillment in their lives.

Explanation
Canterbury is the correct answer because the question states that the holy site is located near London, England. Canterbury is a city located in southeast England, approximately 56 miles east of London. It is famous for its cathedral, which is a popular pilgrimage site for Christians. The mention of Paris, London, and France are all distractors and not relevant to the question.

Explanation
The correct answer is clergy. Clergy refers to the collective body of officials within a religious organization, particularly in Christianity. They are responsible for leading religious services, providing spiritual guidance, and administering sacraments. Friars, priests, and monks are all specific types of clergy members, but clergy is a more general term that encompasses all church officials.

Explanation
Friars were religious individuals who lived and worked among the public to teach people how to live Christian lives. Unlike monks who typically lived in secluded monasteries, friars actively engaged with the community, preaching, providing education, and offering assistance to those in need. They were known for their commitment to poverty, humility, and service to others. Friars played a crucial role in spreading the teachings of Christianity and guiding people towards a more devout and moral way of life.

Explanation
The Roman Catholic Church was one of the largest landholders in Europe. Throughout history, the Church acquired vast amounts of land through donations, purchases, and political alliances. This land ownership provided the Church with significant wealth and power, allowing it to exert influence over political and social affairs in Europe. The Church's landholdings were spread across various regions, making it one of the largest landowners on the continent during medieval times.

Explanation
The church established universities in order to teach people about religion. Universities were important institutions during the medieval period and played a crucial role in educating individuals not only in religious matters but also in various other disciplines such as philosophy, arts, and sciences. These institutions were often affiliated with religious organizations and provided a platform for the study and dissemination of religious teachings and doctrines, thus serving as centers of religious education and scholarship.

Explanation
During religious ceremonies, monks used beautifully decorated books. These books are often considered sacred texts and are used for reciting prayers, chants, and religious teachings. They are adorned with intricate designs, calligraphy, and illustrations to enhance their aesthetic appeal and reverence. Monks may read from these books or use them as a visual aid during rituals and ceremonies, making them an integral part of religious practices.

Explanation
During the Middle Ages, the Church played a central role in people's lives. It was not only a place of worship but also a social and cultural hub. The Church provided spiritual guidance, organized community events, and offered support to the local population. It was a place where people gathered, socialized, and found a sense of belonging. Therefore, it is reasonable to conclude that for most people during this time period, life revolved around the local Church.

Explanation
Cathedrals are large and beautiful churches where bishops hold religious services. They are often grand and architecturally impressive structures, serving as the central place of worship for a diocese. Cathedrals are significant religious and cultural landmarks, known for their intricate designs, stained glass windows, and towering spires. Bishops use cathedrals as their seats or thrones, symbolizing their authority within the church. These churches play a vital role in the community, hosting important ceremonies, such as ordinations and special religious events.

Explanation
In the 1100's, a new style of architecture called Gothic was started. Gothic architecture is characterized by pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses. It originated in France and spread throughout Europe, becoming the dominant architectural style for churches and cathedrals during the medieval period. Gothic architecture is known for its grandeur, height, and intricate detailing, and it represented a shift away from the earlier Romanesque style. The use of Gothic architecture allowed for the construction of larger and more elaborate buildings, with a focus on verticality and light.