#2test

The currently most popular software development model in the industry is Agile. Agile methodology focuses on iterative development, collaboration, and flexibility. It emphasizes adaptive planning and continuous improvement throughout the development process. This approach allows for quick feedback, faster delivery of software, and the ability to respond to changing requirements. Agile is widely adopted in the industry due to its ability to deliver high-quality software products in a more efficient and customer-centric manner.

The correct answer is the Agilni model. This model is currently the most popular in the market. It is a flexible and iterative approach to software development that focuses on delivering small, incremental releases. The Agile model promotes collaboration, adaptability, and customer satisfaction by involving stakeholders throughout the development process. It allows for quick feedback and adjustments, enabling teams to respond to changing requirements and deliver high-quality products efficiently. This popularity can be attributed to the numerous benefits offered by the Agile model in terms of speed, flexibility, and customer-centricity.

The statement is correct. The goal of a tester is to find errors as early as possible and ensure that they are corrected. This is important in the software development process as it helps in identifying and fixing issues before they become more complex and costly to resolve. By detecting and confirming the correction of errors, testers contribute to improving the overall quality and reliability of the software. The statement does not mention any exceptions or dependencies on the type of software being tested, so the answer remains true in general.

The correct answer is the agile model. Agile methodology is currently the most commonly used model in software development. It emphasizes flexibility, collaboration, and iterative development. It allows for continuous feedback and adaptation, enabling teams to respond quickly to changes and deliver high-quality software efficiently. This approach promotes customer satisfaction and encourages teamwork, making it a popular choice among software development teams.

The correct answer is "Nezavisni testeri cesto vide drugacije defekte i generalno su nepristrasni i objektivni". Independent testers often identify different defects because they approach testing from a different perspective than developers. They are impartial and objective in their evaluation, which helps to ensure that all aspects of the software are thoroughly tested. This independence allows them to provide valuable insights and feedback on the quality of the product.

When an error is found later in the software development process, it becomes more expensive to fix because the error has propagated to other parts of the code, documentation, tests, etc. This means that not only the original error needs to be fixed, but also all the other areas affected by the error need to be corrected as well. This increases the time and effort required for bug fixing, leading to higher costs.

Alfa testing is conducted in the company that develops the software by the employees of that company, through the simulation of real users. This means that the testing is done internally by the development team using simulated real user scenarios to identify any issues or bugs in the software before it is released to the actual users.

The correct answer is "Testiranje sigurnosti" (Security testing). This type of testing focuses on exploring functions that are designed to detect threats such as viruses or other malicious intrusions. It aims to identify vulnerabilities in the system and ensure that it can withstand potential attacks. By testing the security measures, organizations can ensure the safety and protection of their data and systems.

The oldest model of software development, which was first introduced and is still used for some types of projects, is the Waterfall model. This model follows a linear and sequential approach, where each phase of the development process is completed before moving on to the next. It is characterized by its rigid structure and emphasis on thorough planning and documentation.

Beta testiranje je testiranje koje obavljaju klijenti na svojoj lokaciji. Ovo testiranje se obično sprovodi nakon alfa testiranja i ima za cilj da identifikuje greške i probleme koje korisnici mogu da primete i prijave. Kroz beta testiranje, klijenti mogu da pruže povratne informacije o proizvodu ili usluzi i pomognu u poboljšanju kvaliteta pre nego što bude pušten u širu upotrebu.

The best software development model in this scenario would be the Agile model. This is because Agile focuses on frequent communication and collaboration with the client, allowing for quick responsiveness and adaptability to changing requirements. It also emphasizes delivering working software in short iterations, which aligns with the need for the software to be operational quickly. The Agile model's iterative and incremental approach is well-suited for projects with high levels of client involvement and frequent changes in requirements.

The correct answer is "big bang". In software development, incremental integration is a method where the system is built and tested in small increments, gradually adding new functionality. This allows for early detection of issues and easier troubleshooting. Top-down and bottom-up are both examples of incremental integration, where the system is built and tested from the topmost or bottommost components respectively. "Big bang" integration, on the other hand, is a non-incremental approach where all components are integrated at once, making it difficult to identify and fix issues.

The Agile model allows the client to have constant insight and influence in the development process. This model emphasizes collaboration and flexibility, with regular feedback and iterations to ensure that the client's requirements and preferences are met. Unlike the V model and Waterfall model, which have more rigid and sequential approaches, the Agile model promotes adaptive planning and encourages the client's active involvement throughout the development cycle.

Waterfall is considered the oldest software development model. It follows a linear and sequential approach, where each phase of the development process is completed before moving on to the next one. This model is characterized by its rigid structure and lack of flexibility, as it does not allow for changes or revisions once a phase is completed. It is often used in projects with well-defined requirements and where a clear understanding of the final product is possible from the beginning.

Smoke testiranje je kratko testiranje koje se obavlja kako bi se proverila osnovna funkcionalnost programa ili sistema pre nego što se detaljnije testiranje sprovede. Ova vrsta testiranja obično se izvodi nakon završetka razvoja ili promena u programu kako bi se brzo utvrdilo da li osnovne funkcionalnosti rade kako treba. Smoke testiranje nije namenjeno za detaljno ispitivanje svih funkcionalnosti, već samo za brzu proveru da li program prolazi osnovne testove pre nego što se pređe na detaljnije testiranje.

The correct answer is that system testing should verify both functional and non-functional requirements. System testing is a type of testing that evaluates the complete system to ensure that it meets the specified requirements. Functional requirements refer to the specific actions and behaviors that the system should perform, while non-functional requirements refer to the qualities and characteristics of the system, such as performance, reliability, and usability. Therefore, system testing should examine both types of requirements to ensure the overall effectiveness and quality of the system.

In agile methodology, the client has visibility into the software very early, already after the first phase. This means that the client is involved and can provide feedback and make necessary changes from the beginning of the development process. This early involvement allows for better collaboration between the development team and the client, ensuring that the final product meets the client's requirements and expectations.

In the agile model, short iterations are known as "Sprintovi". Sprintovi is a term commonly used in Scrum, which is an agile framework for managing and developing products. In Scrum, a sprint is a time-boxed iteration, usually lasting between 1 to 4 weeks, where a specific set of work is planned, executed, and reviewed. Sprintovi allow teams to focus on delivering a potentially shippable product increment at the end of each iteration, enabling continuous improvement and adaptation.

In order to ensure that testing is still carried out within the planned timeframe despite the delay in system delivery, the manager should prioritize the functionalities based on their risk level. By focusing more on testing critical functionalities, the manager can ensure that the most important aspects of the system are thoroughly tested within the given time constraints. This approach allows for efficient use of available resources without compromising the quality of testing.

The purpose of the requirements gathering phase is to understand the needs of the users. This phase involves gathering information about what the users want and need from the system or product being developed. It is important to have a clear understanding of the users' requirements in order to design and develop a solution that meets their needs effectively.

The correct answer is "Jedinicno, integraciono, sistemsko, acceptance." This is the normal order of activities in which software testing is organized. First, individual units of the software are tested independently (jedinicno). Then, the integration of these units is tested to ensure they work together properly (integraciono). Next, the overall system is tested to verify its functionality and performance (sistemsko). Finally, the acceptance testing is conducted to ensure that the software meets the requirements and is ready for deployment (acceptance).

The statement "Drajveri i stabovi predstavljaju dodatni trosak na projektu" translates to "Drivers and stubs represent an additional cost on the project." This statement is true because drivers and stubs are used in software development to simulate the behavior of components that are not yet developed or available. Creating and maintaining these drivers and stubs requires additional resources and effort, which adds to the overall cost of the project. The cost can vary depending on the type of project and the complexity of the components being developed.

Typically, around 40-50% of the total development costs of an application are allocated for software testing. This is because testing is an essential phase in the software development life cycle, ensuring that the application meets the required quality standards and functions as intended. It involves various activities such as test planning, test design, test execution, and defect management, which require resources, time, and effort. Therefore, a significant portion of the development budget is dedicated to testing to ensure the reliability and effectiveness of the software.

Beta testiranje se izvršava klijentima na njihovoj lokaciji. Ova vrsta testiranja se obavlja nakon što je softver već prošao interna testiranja i smatra se gotovim proizvodom. Klijenti koji su zainteresovani za softver dobijaju priliku da ga testiraju i pruže povratne informacije o njegovom funkcionisanju. Ovo omogućava proizvođaču softvera da identifikuje i ispravi potencijalne probleme pre nego što softver bude pušten u širu upotrebu.

Regression testing should be performed after any changes in the software or the application environment. This is because regression testing aims to ensure that the previously developed and tested functionalities of the software or application still work correctly after any modifications. By conducting regression testing after changes in the software or application environment, any potential issues or bugs introduced by these changes can be identified and addressed before they impact the overall functionality and stability of the system.

The correct answer is "Kratki svakodnevni sastanak u trajanju od 15 minuta." This is because a stand-up meeting, also known as a daily scrum, is a brief meeting that takes place every day and lasts for about 15 minutes. It is a key component of the Agile methodology, where team members provide updates on their progress, discuss any challenges or roadblocks, and coordinate their work for the day. This daily meeting helps to improve communication, collaboration, and transparency within the team.

The Waterfall model can be used for small projects with clear requirements and is easy to understand and use. It is not suitable for projects with expected and welcomed changes in requirements or for very complex projects that require constant interaction with the client.

In the given options, the correct answer is "Potreban je veliki broj stubova" which means "A large number of stubs are needed" and "Najcesce nisu potrebni drajveri" which means "Drivers are usually not needed". These statements suggest that in the integration from top to bottom, a large number of stubs are required and drivers are usually not needed.

The correct answer is "Test opterecenja (load test)". This type of testing is used to evaluate the performance of a system under real-life conditions of load and stress. It involves simulating a large number of users or transactions to measure the system's response time, throughput, and resource utilization. By conducting a load test, organizations can identify performance bottlenecks, determine the system's capacity limits, and ensure that it can handle the expected workload without any degradation in performance.

The biggest problem with the Waterfall model is that a large number of bugs are reported at the end of the development, leading to a high cost of fixing them. This is because in the Waterfall model, testing starts late in the development process, and by the time bugs are discovered, a significant amount of work has already been done. This can result in delays and increased expenses for bug fixing, making it a major drawback of the Waterfall model.

Record/playback je tipičan alat koji se koristi za automatizaciju regresionog testiranja. Ovaj alat omogućava snimanje korisničkih interakcija sa sistemom i reprodukciju istih interakcija tokom testiranja. Na taj način se mogu automatizovati ponavljajući testovi i osigurati da se funkcionalnost sistema nije promenila nakon izvršenih promena.

The correct answer is "Big bang". Big bang integration testing is a type of integration testing where software and hardware components, if present, are combined and integrated together all at once instead of in phases. This approach allows for a comprehensive testing of the entire system as a whole, simulating real-world conditions and interactions between different components. It is called "big bang" because it involves a sudden and complete integration of all components, similar to the sudden expansion of the universe in the big bang theory.

Testeri treba da budu ljubazni, konstruktivni i spremni da pruže pomoć koliko je to moguće, kao i diplomatski nastrojeni kako bi bili spremni na preosetljive reakcije programera na kritike. Ovo je važno jer testeri i programeri trebaju da sarađuju kako bi rešili defekte u programu. Ljubaznost, konstruktivnost i spremnost za pomoć pomažu u održavanju pozitivne radne atmosfere, dok diplomatski stav pomaže u prevazilaženju potencijalnih konflikata između testera i programera.

The correct answer is "Testiranja performansi" (Performance testing). Performance testing is conducted to measure the responsiveness, speed, and stability of an application under a specific workload. It helps identify any bottlenecks or performance issues that may impact the user experience. By measuring the response time of the application during performance testing, any delays or inefficiencies can be detected and addressed to optimize the application's performance.

Testiranje oporavka sistema nije deo testiranja performansi sistema. Testiranje performansi sistema se fokusira na generisanje velikog broja transakcija, merenje vremena odziva sistema i simuliranje velikog broja korisnika sistema kako bi se procenila brzina, efikasnost i stabilnost sistema u realnim uslovima opterećenja. Testiranje oporavka sistema se odnosi na proveru sposobnosti sistema da se oporavi od neželjenih događaja ili kvarova, kao što su hardverski kvarovi, prekidi napajanja ili gubitak podataka.

To test a specific function, a programmer needs to write a "Drajver" (driver) which will call the function being tested and pass it the test data.

Regresiono testiranje se odnosi na ponovno testiranje programa nakon modifikacije kako bi se otkrili novi defekti koji su se pojavili usled promene u softveru ili drugim komponentama sistema. Ova vrsta testiranja ima za cilj da obezbedi da prethodno ispravno funkcionisani delovi softvera i dalje rade ispravno nakon modifikacija.

The given correct answer is the Agile model. This is because the Agile model emphasizes individuals and interactions over processes and tools. It prioritizes collaboration and adaptability, allowing for frequent feedback and changes throughout the software development process. This approach values the input and expertise of individuals and encourages effective communication and teamwork.

The correct order of phases in the Waterfall model is: Requirement gathering, Design, Implementations, Testing, Deployment, Maintenance. In this model, the requirements are gathered first, followed by the design phase where the system architecture and design are planned. Then, the implementation phase takes place where the actual coding and development of the system occur. Testing is done to ensure that the system functions correctly. After testing, the system is deployed and finally, the maintenance phase involves ongoing support and updates to the system.

A smoke test is typically performed on an early build and a highly unstable application in the initial stages of development. This test is conducted to quickly identify any major issues or failures in the software. It helps in ensuring that the basic functionalities of the application are working properly before proceeding with further testing.

The biggest problem with component integration is their mutual connection. This suggests that the main issue lies in how the components are interconnected and how they communicate with each other. It implies that there may be challenges in establishing seamless communication and coordination between the components, which can hinder the overall integration process.

Integration testing should be performed after unit testing. This is because unit testing focuses on testing individual components or units of code in isolation, while integration testing verifies the interaction and interoperability between these components when they are combined. Therefore, it is important to ensure that the individual units have been thoroughly tested before moving on to integration testing.

The correct answer is "Big bang". Big bang is not a type of incremental integration. Incremental integration is a software development approach where different modules or components of a system are integrated and tested incrementally, one at a time. This allows for early detection of issues and easier troubleshooting. In contrast, the big bang approach involves integrating all the components at once, which can make it difficult to identify and fix problems.

The given correct answer suggests that the main reason why programmers have difficulty testing their code is due to a lack of objectivity. This means that programmers may have a bias or subjective perspective when it comes to evaluating their own code, which can hinder their ability to identify and fix errors or bugs. Without objectivity, programmers may overlook certain issues or fail to thoroughly test their code, leading to potential problems in the final product.

Alfa testiranje je testiranje pre isporuke sistema od strane predstavnika korisnika sistema na lokaciji firme koja je razvijala softver. Ovo testiranje se obično sprovodi kako bi se proverilo da li sistem zadovoljava sve zahteve i specifikacije korisnika pre nego što bude isporučen. Predstavnici korisnika testiraju sistem i daju povratne informacije o eventualnim greškama ili nedostacima koje treba ispraviti pre konačne isporuke. Ovo je važan korak u razvoju softvera kako bi se osiguralo da sistem radi ispravno i zadovoljava potrebe korisnika.

The main focus of acceptance testing is to ensure that the system is acceptable or suitable for all users. This type of testing aims to validate whether the system meets the requirements and expectations of the end-users. It involves testing the system's functionality, usability, and performance to ensure that it meets the needs of the users and is user-friendly. The goal is to verify that the system is acceptable and can be successfully used by all intended users.

One of the biggest problems with poor data validation that the user enters is code injection. This refers to the vulnerability where an attacker can insert malicious code into an application, potentially leading to unauthorized access, data breaches, or other security issues. It is important to properly validate and sanitize user inputs to prevent code injection attacks.

Funkcionalno sistemsko testiranje se odnosi na testiranje funkcionalnosti sistema kao celine, od početka do kraja. Ovo uključuje testiranje svih funkcija sistema kako bi se osiguralo da sistem radi ispravno i da zadovoljava sve zahteve. Testiranje se vrši na nivou sistema, a ne na nivou pojedinačnih komponenti ili interakcija sa drugim sistemima. Cilj je proveriti da li sistem funkcioniše ispravno i da li obavlja sve tražene funkcije u zahtevanom vremenskom roku.

Temeljno testiranje, ili opsežno testiranje, može identifikovati i ukloniti većinu defekata iz programa pre isporuke klijentu, ali ne može garantovati otkrivanje i uklanjanje svih defekata. Potpuno eliminisanje svih defekata je teško jer testiranje ne može pokriti sve moguće scenarije i kombinacije koje se mogu javiti u stvarnom svetu. Takođe, neki defekti mogu biti suptilni ili se javljati samo u određenim uslovima koji nisu obuhvaćeni testiranjem. Stoga, tvrdnja da temeljno testiranje može garantovati otkrivanje i uklanjanje svih defekata je netačna.

The least important skill for a good tester is the ability to write code. While it can be beneficial for a tester to have some coding skills, it is not essential for their role. Testers primarily focus on identifying and reporting bugs, ensuring the quality of the software, and verifying that it meets the specified requirements. While coding skills can be helpful in certain situations, other skills such as precision, attention to detail, diplomacy, and reliability are more crucial for a tester's success in their role.