What Are The Factors Promoting Venous Return Quiz

1. What is the muscle pump and how does it aid in venous return? How would this affect SV?

The muscle pump has no effect on venous return and SV.

The musclepump prevents pooling and edema. It also directs blood back towards the heart.It aids in venous return because venous return is the amount of blood goingback to the heart from the venous system, so the muscle pump does that. SV isenhanced by increased venous return during exercise.

The muscle pump only works during rest and does not play a role in venous return.

The muscle pump causes pooling and edema, leading to decreased venous return.

The muscle pump plays a crucial role in aiding venous return by preventing pooling and edema, directing blood back towards the heart, and enhancing SV during exercise.

Explanation

The muscle pump plays a crucial role in aiding venous return by preventing pooling and edema, directing blood back towards the heart, and enhancing SV during exercise.

2. What is cardiovascular drift during steady state exercise? Why might it be greater during exercise in the heat?

Cardiovascular drift is when the heart rate decreases gradually during steady state exercise.

Cardiovascular drift is the decrease in blood pressure during steady state exercise.

Cardiovascular drift is the sudden increase in heart rate during steady state exercise.

Cardiovasculardrift during steady state exercise is when the heart rate increases gradually.It is greater in heat because while exercising in the heat your heart rate goesup and stroke volume goes down. Stroke volume goes down because water isleaving blood through sweat.

Cardiovascular drift refers to the gradual increase in heart rate during steady state exercise, not a decrease. Additionally, the decrease in stroke volume during exercise in the heat is due to water leaving blood through sweat, not a sudden increase in heart rate or a decrease in blood pressure.

Explanation

Cardiovascular drift refers to the gradual increase in heart rate during steady state exercise, not a decrease. Additionally, the decrease in stroke volume during exercise in the heat is due to water leaving blood through sweat, not a sudden increase in heart rate or a decrease in blood pressure.

3. What are the major acute (during exercise) responses of the body to cardiovascular exercise?

-Heartrate (HR) increases as exercise intensity increases up to maximal heart rate. -Strokevolume (SV) increases up to 40% to 60% VO2 max in untrained individuals and upto maximal levels in trained individuals. -Increasesin HR and SV during exercise cause cardiac output (Q) to increase. -Bloodflow and blood pressure increase. -Resultin increased blood delivery to metabolically active tissue to: -reduce CO2 -bring in fuel as CHO and FAT -bring in O2 -bring in amino acids to build and repairmuscle

Blood flow and blood pressure decrease during cardiovascular exercise.

Cardiac output decreases with increasing exercise intensity.

Breathing rate decreases during exercise.

4. Describe the percent distribution of Q to the organ systems at rest. How does this change during exercise?

Duringrest, there is blood going to the brain, organs, muscles, heart and skin.During exercise, the blood to the brain decreases, stays the same in the heart,increases in the muscles, decreases to the skin, and decreases to the organs.

During rest, blood distribution is the same to all organ systems. During exercise, blood distribution increases evenly across all organ systems.

At rest, blood flow is highest to the organs. During exercise, blood flow is highest to the brain.

During rest, blood flow to the muscles is minimal. During exercise, blood flow to other systems decreases while it increases for muscles.

The correct answer describes the shift in blood distribution from rest to exercise, highlighting the changes in blood flow to brain, heart, muscles, skin, and organs.

Explanation

The correct answer describes the shift in blood distribution from rest to exercise, highlighting the changes in blood flow to brain, heart, muscles, skin, and organs.

5. Why do endurance athletes have lower resting HRs?

-decreased vagal tone/increased sympathetic drive

-decreased blood volume

Becausethey have: -increasedvagal tone/decreased sympathetic drive -increasedblood volume -increasedmyocardial contractility -increasedleft ventricular volume

-decreased myocardial contractility

Endurance athletes have lower resting heart rates due to a combination of factors such as increased vagal tone/decreased sympathetic drive, increased blood volume, increased myocardial contractility, and increased left ventricular volume. These factors work together to create a more efficient cardiovascular system in endurance athletes.

Explanation

Endurance athletes have lower resting heart rates due to a combination of factors such as increased vagal tone/decreased sympathetic drive, increased blood volume, increased myocardial contractility, and increased left ventricular volume. These factors work together to create a more efficient cardiovascular system in endurance athletes.

6. What variables affect resistance to blood flow? Why is the radius of the blood vessel such an important factor in determining resistance to blood flow?

Lung capacity, hair length, skin color

Resistanceincreased with: -/\blood viscosity: how thin or thick fluid is (more watery, easier to flow) - /\ vessel length: all lengths of thearteries - \/ vessel diameter (to the 4thpower): most important for determining resistance. Because resistance isgreater with bigger and smaller vessels, small changes in vessel diameter havelarge effects on resistance.

Temperature, shoe size, blood pressure

Blood color, heart rate, blood type

The factors that affect resistance to blood flow are blood viscosity, vessel length, and vessel diameter. Blood viscosity refers to how thin or thick the fluid is which affects ease of flow. Vessel length is a factor that impacts resistance in all lengths of arteries. Vessel diameter is the most important factor for determining resistance due to its impact on blood flow. Small changes in the diameter of blood vessels can have significant effects on resistance.

Explanation

The factors that affect resistance to blood flow are blood viscosity, vessel length, and vessel diameter. Blood viscosity refers to how thin or thick the fluid is which affects ease of flow. Vessel length is a factor that impacts resistance in all lengths of arteries. Vessel diameter is the most important factor for determining resistance due to its impact on blood flow. Small changes in the diameter of blood vessels can have significant effects on resistance.

7. How to calculate Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) during rest and exercise?

Rest: MAP= SBP + [0.5 (SBP-DBP)], Exercise: MAP= DBP + [0.333 (SBP-DBP)]

Rest: MAP= DBP + [0.5 (SBP-DBP)], Exercise: MAP= DBP + [0.333 (SBP-DBP)]

Rest: MAP= DBP + [0.333 (SBP-DBP)] Exercise: MAP= DBP + [0.5 (SBP- DBP)]

Rest: MAP= SBP + [0.333 (SBP-DBP)], Exercise: MAP= DBP + [0.5 (SBP-DBP)]

8. Why would blood pressure be higher during vigorous strength training than during endurance exercise?

Because during vigorous strength training, the veins in the arms and neck collapse, leading to a decrease in blood pressure.

Because endurance exercise leads to a significant increase in heart rate which in turn raises blood pressure.

Becauseduring resistance exercise straining compresses the vessels, peripheralresistance increases, and blood pressure increases in an attempt to perfusetissues. Also during resistance exercise blood systolic can go over 200, whichis why veins pop out of arms and neck (this is okay). During resistance youexhale to reduce the pressure. It requires large increase in systolic bloodpressure to maintain blood flow.

Because strength training results in a decrease in peripheral resistance, causing a drop in blood pressure.

During vigorous strength training, straining compresses the vessels and peripheral resistance increases, causing blood pressure to rise in an attempt to perfuse tissues. Additionally, blood systolic can go over 200 during resistance exercise, leading to visible veins in the arms and neck. This higher blood pressure is necessary to ensure adequate blood flow during strenuous exercise.

Explanation

During vigorous strength training, straining compresses the vessels and peripheral resistance increases, causing blood pressure to rise in an attempt to perfuse tissues. Additionally, blood systolic can go over 200 during resistance exercise, leading to visible veins in the arms and neck. This higher blood pressure is necessary to ensure adequate blood flow during strenuous exercise.

9. Why does myocardial oxygen uptake (MVO2) increase during exercise? How is oxygen delivered to the heart?

Myocardial oxygen uptake remains constant during exercise regardless of the increased demand for oxygen.

Myocardial oxygen uptake decreases during exercise as the heart requires less oxygen.

Oxygen is delivered to the heart exclusively through the respiratory system and not through the bloodstream.

Itincreases during exercise because myocardial blood flow must increase to meetO2 demand. Flow may increase 4-6 times. Oxygen is delivered to the heart byblood in the coronary arteries.

During exercise, the heart needs more oxygen to meet the increased demand from the body. This leads to an increase in myocardial oxygen uptake, which is achieved through increased blood flow to the heart. Oxygen is delivered to the heart through the bloodstream in the coronary arteries, not solely through the respiratory system.

Explanation

During exercise, the heart needs more oxygen to meet the increased demand from the body. This leads to an increase in myocardial oxygen uptake, which is achieved through increased blood flow to the heart. Oxygen is delivered to the heart through the bloodstream in the coronary arteries, not solely through the respiratory system.

10. What is atherosclerosis? Give two reasons why it is bad, one related to death, one related to exercise performance.

Atherosclerosis is a term used to describe an abnormal heart rhythm.

Atherosclerosis is a condition caused by excessive intake of sugar and salt.

Atherosclerosis is a condition where the bones weaken and become brittle.

Atherosclerosisis when fat, cholesterol, and other substances build up in thewalls of arteries and form hardstructures called plaques. It is bad related to death because it increases resistance,which lowers the blood flow. If that builds up too much eventually it will stopblood flow all together. Related to exercise, it will make it so that yourmuscles cannot get enough blood and oxygen to them, therefore they cannotperform.

Atherosclerosis is a specific medical condition related to the build-up of fat, cholesterol, and other substances in the arteries. It is not caused by sugar and salt intake, an abnormal heart rhythm, or bone weakening.

Explanation

Atherosclerosis is a specific medical condition related to the build-up of fat, cholesterol, and other substances in the arteries. It is not caused by sugar and salt intake, an abnormal heart rhythm, or bone weakening.

11. Describe a myocardial infarction.

It is a genetic disorder affecting the heart rhythm.

It is ablock of blood flow in the coronary artery. It is an area of ischemia (reducedblood flow) due to blocked artery.

It is a viral infection of the heart muscle.

It is a condition where the heart muscle becomes inflamed.

A myocardial infarction specifically refers to a blockage of blood flow in the coronary artery, leading to reduced blood flow to a part of the heart muscle. It is not related to inflammation, viral infections, or genetic disorders affecting heart rhythm.

Explanation

A myocardial infarction specifically refers to a blockage of blood flow in the coronary artery, leading to reduced blood flow to a part of the heart muscle. It is not related to inflammation, viral infections, or genetic disorders affecting heart rhythm.

12. What are the main functions of the respiratory system?

-maintain electrolyte balance in the body

-supply glucose to the body for energy production

-bringin O2 to the body for aerobic energy production +electron transport chain inmitochondria -remove CO2 and maintain pH +tricarboxylic acid cycle (Krebs) +bicarbonate buffering of acids -speech

-provide water to the body for hydration

13. What is the difference between ventilation and respiration?

Ventilation: the process of breathing in Respiration: the process of breathing out

Ventilation: supplying oxygen to the body Respiration: removing carbon dioxide from the body

Ventilation:moving air in and out of the lungs Respiration:gas exchange (air in the blood)

Ventilation: gas exchange (air in the blood) Respiration: moving air in and out of the lungs

Ventilation refers to the physical act of moving air in and out of the lungs, while respiration involves the exchange of gases, specifically oxygen and carbon dioxide, in the blood.

Explanation

Ventilation refers to the physical act of moving air in and out of the lungs, while respiration involves the exchange of gases, specifically oxygen and carbon dioxide, in the blood.

14. Which of the following accurately describes the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs, blood, and muscle based on partial pressures?

To pulmonary vein from lungs: PO2= 40, PCO2=40. Left atrium and ventricle to muscle in systemic arteries: PO2= 40, PCO2=40. From muscle to systemic veins: PO2=40, PCO2=40. From right atrium and ventricle to pulmonary arteries: PO2=40, PCO2=40. In the lungs: PO2=40, PCO2=40.

Topulmonary vein from lungs: PO2= 100, PCO2=40. Left atrium and ventricle tomuscle in systemic arteries: PO2= 100, PCO2=40. From muscle to systemic veins:PO2=40, PCO2=40. From right atrium and ventricle to pulmonary arteries: PO2=40,PCO2=40. In the lungs: PO2=100, PCO2=40. Onlyexchange gas at capillary level. Oxygen moves from blood into muscle. By thetime it leaves the muscle oxygen goes down (it goes to the mitochondria). Gasesgo down their concentration gradient. Carbon dioxide flows from the venousblood to the alveoli then you breath it out.

To pulmonary vein from lungs: PO2= 100, PCO2=100. Left atrium and ventricle to muscle in systemic arteries: PO2= 100, PCO2=100. From muscle to systemic veins: PO2=100, PCO2=100. From right atrium and ventricle to pulmonary arteries: PO2=100, PCO2=100. In the lungs: PO2=100, PCO2=100.

To pulmonary vein from lungs: PO2= 40, PCO2=100. Left atrium and ventricle to muscle in systemic arteries: PO2= 40, PCO2=100. From muscle to systemic veins: PO2=100, PCO2=40. From right atrium and ventricle to pulmonary arteries: PO2=100, PCO2=40. In the lungs: PO2=40, PCO2=100.

15. Describe the structure of hemoglobin and the red blood cell. How many O2 molecules can each hemoglobin carry?

Red blood cells do not contain hemoglobin and cannot carry any oxygen molecules.

There are 3 hem groups per hemoglobin, each binding 2 oxygen molecules, totaling 6 oxygen molecules per hemoglobin.

Structureof hemoglobin: iron is in the center of a hemoglobin molecule. Iron is whatgives blood its color and binds to oxygen. There are also 4 hem groups perhemoglobin. Each hem can bind 1 oxygen, so in total hemoglobin can bind 4oxygen. Structureof red blood cells: they are sacs of hemoglobin. They are concaved shape sothat they have more surface area. 1mL of blood has 5 million red blood cells.Each RBC contains 250 million hemoglobin molecules. So each RBC can carry 1billion oxygen molecules.

Each hemoglobin can carry 2 O2 molecules.

16. Draw the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve with appropriate axes, axis titles, and values.

Create a pie chart showing the distribution of oxyhemoglobin in the body.

See image

Sketch a line graph with the temperature on the x-axis and heart rate on the y-axis.

Draw a bar graph representing blood oxygen levels over time.

The correct answer requires the creation of a specific type of curve with particular axes, titles, and values to represent the relationship between oxygen saturation and partial pressure of oxygen in the blood.

Explanation

The correct answer requires the creation of a specific type of curve with particular axes, titles, and values to represent the relationship between oxygen saturation and partial pressure of oxygen in the blood.

17. How does the relationship between PO2 and oxyhemoglobin saturation help facilitate the movement of oxygen from the lungs to the tissues?

The movement of oxygen from lungs to tissues is solely dependent on the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood.

Oxyhemoglobin saturation remains constant throughout the circulatory system, unaffected by PO2 levels.

Higher PO2 in the lungs leads to lower oxyhemoglobin saturation, promoting oxygen delivery to the tissues.

The pH inthe lungs is generally high, so hemoglobin passing through the lungs has astrong affinity for oxygen, encouraging high saturation. At the tissue level,the pH is lower, causing oxygen to dissociate from hemoglobin, therebysupplying oxygen to the tissues.

The relationship between PO2 and oxyhemoglobin saturation is not important for oxygen transport from the lungs to the tissues.

The correct answer highlights the importance of pH variation in different tissues and how it affects the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin.

Explanation

The correct answer highlights the importance of pH variation in different tissues and how it affects the binding of oxygen to hemoglobin.