Cardiovascular Development and Anomalies Quiz

Coronary sinus dilation is primarily caused by factors that increase right heart pressure and volume, such as pulmonary hypertension or tricuspid valve stenosis. Atrial septal defect, aortic valve stenosis, or left atrial enlargement are not direct causes of coronary sinus dilation.

The correct answer explains the physiological reason for the radiation of pain from the chest to the left shoulder and arm in the context of myocardial infarction, while the incorrect answers provide unrelated or inaccurate explanations that do not apply to this specific scenario.

This question addresses the common issue of supine hypotension in pregnant patients due to compression of the inferior vena cava by the gravid uterus in the third trimester. Proper positioning, such as lying on the left side or using a pillow under the right hip, can help alleviate symptoms by relieving pressure on the IVC.

The correct structure that can result in a defective coronary sinus is the Left horn of the sinus venosus.

If primitive Ventricle couldn't develop properly there will be defect in Trabeculated part of Left and Right Ventricle. Thus, the defective development of Primitive Atria would result in defective Trabeculated part of Left and Right atria.

Endocardial cushion develops into semilunar valves, AV valves, Atrial septum, and membranous part of interventricular septum, not into Pulmonary veins, Mitral valve, or Left ventricle.

Persistent truncus arteriosus is a congenital heart defect where a single trunk arises from both ventricles instead of the normal division into pulmonary trunk and ascending aorta. The failure in proper development leads to mixing of deoxygenated and oxygenated blood, causing symptoms like cyanosis and difficulty breathing.

Improper development of Bulbus cordis affects the outflow tracts of the right and left ventricles, leading to potential cardiac issues.

Just imagine pulmonary veins entering left atrium and it will make sense. Also make sure that you know that it is SMOOTH part. Remember that Most of the left atrium is located at the base(Up) of the heart and is the most posterior part of the heart (enlargement can compress esophagus causing Dysphagia of SOLIDS). But also know that Auricle of the left atrium is actually visible anteriorly (Between pulmonary trunk and ventricle).

Congenital abnormalities of SVC can result from improper development of specific cardinal veins. Defects often become apparent during the placement of Central venous catheter.

During development, the Nucleus Pulposus originates from the NOTOCHORD.

The Ligament teres hepatis is contained in the falciform ligament and is derived from the Umbilical VEIN, serving as a remnant of fetal circulation. This ligament is important in certain conditions such as severe Portal hypertension.

The median umbilical ligament is derived from the allantois (urachus) which connects the umbilicus with the bladder. If it is not obliterated after the embryonic period, it can lead to urine leakage from the umbilicus. On the other hand, the medial umbilical ligament is derived from the umbilical artery which carries deoxygenated blood in the fetus.

Before birth, the right atrium has higher pressure as the baby is not breathing and shunt is from right to left through the foramen ovale. After birth, as the baby starts to breathe, the left atrium pressure increases leading to left to right shunting. The closure of the foramen ovale is facilitated by the increase in left atrial pressure post-birth due to the change in pulmonary vascular resistance.

The correct values for partial pressure of oxygen and oxygen saturation in umbilical veins are Po2 = 30 mm Hg and Oxygen saturation = 80%. This is because umbilical veins carry oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus, resulting in higher oxygen levels compared to umbilical arteries.

The correct answer highlights the physiological changes that trigger the closure of ductus arteriosus after birth, while the incorrect answers present inaccurate reasons to confuse the reader.

Ductus venosus plays a crucial role in bypassing the liver and allowing oxygenated blood to flow directly to the fetal heart for circulation.

In a fetus, oxygenated blood travels from the placenta through the umbilical vein, through the ductus venosus and into the inferior vena cava. From there, it goes to the right atria, gets shunted to the left atria through the foramen ovale, then goes to the left ventricle and out to the aorta.

Deoxygenated blood from the body does not go directly to the placenta for oxygenation. The process involves specific pathways and vessels to carry the blood back to the placenta for reoxygenation.

The correct answer is the heart, as it starts functioning by week 4 of gestation in Vertebrate Embryos. This is when the left-right polarity is also established by the looping of the primary heart tube.

The correct answer ties together the different conditions present in the baby to explain the specific manifestation of a shortened left arm. The incorrect answers either misinterpret the relationship between the conditions or provide inaccurate reasons for the arm shortening.

The correct answer explains the relationship between papillary muscle rupture, vessel supply, and infarct appearance. The incorrect answers provide common misconceptions or distractors related to myocardial infarction to challenge the test-taker.

Correct answer provides a detailed explanation of the inheritance patterns associated with different manifestations of Long QT syndrome. The incorrect answers are designed to test the understanding of the concepts discussed in the correct answer.

Constriction Band syndrome is the second most common congenital abnormality of the upper extremity that results in the interruption of fetal blood supply to the distal limbs, leading to amputation of fingers or involvement of the foot.

The missing structure in the umbilical cord that is associated with increased risk of congenital/chromosomal anomalies/cardiovascular problems is one of the umbilical arteries. This contrasts with the single umbilical vein, which carries oxygenated blood to the fetus.

When evaluating an aneurysm of the descending thoracic aorta, it is important to turn the probe posteriorly as the descending part of the aorta is located behind the esophagus.

Correct auscultation points for heart valve sounds are determined by their anatomical locations relative to where sound waves are best heard, not where the valves are directly located. The specific landmarks for each valve are important for accurate heart sound assessment.