Metodologia CientÍfica

The given statement is true. According to Lakatos and Marconi (2003), a method is defined as a set of systematic and rational activities that allow one to achieve a goal with greater safety and economy. It involves tracing the path to be followed, detecting errors, and assisting in decision-making. Therefore, the statement "Verdadeiro" (True) is correct.

A técnica é o modo de fazer de forma hábil, mais segura e correta algum tipo de atividade.

The correct answer is "senso comum, científico, filosófico e teológico." This is because these four types of knowledge are commonly recognized and accepted as fundamental. "Senso comum" refers to knowledge that is acquired through everyday experiences and observations. "Científico" refers to knowledge that is obtained through scientific methods and research. "Filosófico" refers to knowledge that is derived through philosophical reasoning and contemplation. "Teológico" refers to knowledge that is based on religious beliefs and teachings. These four types of knowledge cover a wide range of perspectives and sources, making them essential in understanding the world and its complexities.

According to Silva (2003, p. 36), theological knowledge is the product of human faith, understanding faith as a belief in facts without expecting proof of events, without being able to see them.

The correct answer is "métodos e técnicas". This is because scientific knowledge relies on investigation, verification, and analysis, but it also requires the application of specific methods and techniques in order to obtain reliable and valid results. These methods and techniques are designed to ensure that the scientific process is rigorous, systematic, and objective, allowing researchers to gather and interpret data in a systematic and reliable manner.

The given explanation states that the method used starts from the general to the specific. It uses the example of the author stating that all metals are conductors of electricity. The deductive reasoning is then applied, stating that if metals belong to the group of conductors of electricity and if silver conducts electricity, then it can be concluded that silver is a metal. This explanation aligns with the concept of deductive reasoning, where specific conclusions are drawn from general principles or premises.

The correct answer is "conhecimento do senso comum" because the sentence describes a type of knowledge that is acquired through daily life experiences or by chance, and is based on the experiences of others. This aligns with the concept of "senso comum" or common sense knowledge, which is gained through everyday observations and interactions.

The given statement is true. The method is indeed present in any scientific research as it provides researchers with guidelines and instructions that help facilitate their work. The method can be seen as a set of rules that determine the essential steps of the research process.

The given passage describes a type of knowledge that is organized, methodical, and seeks to describe and explain facts or events. It also emphasizes the constant search for explanations, solutions, revisions, and reevaluations of results. This aligns with the characteristics of scientific knowledge, which is a continuous process of constructing knowledge and is not considered as something final or definitive. Therefore, the correct answer is "conhecimento científico" (scientific knowledge).

The correct answer explains that the difference between method and technique lies in the fact that a method is a set of ordered steps that need to be followed in a research investigation to achieve the research objective, indicating what needs to be done. On the other hand, a technique refers to the specific ways or tools used to collect data, indicating how to do it. The answer also mentions some examples of techniques for data collection, such as questionnaires, interviews, observations, forms, and group discussions.

The given passage talks about the pursuit of understanding reality in its universal context and the search for meaning and justification in human existence. It mentions that there are no definitive solutions to many questions, but the knowledge of philosophy enables individuals to use their faculties to better comprehend the concrete sense of life. Therefore, the correct answer is "O conhecimento filosófico" (Philosophical knowledge), as it aligns with the description provided in the passage.

The given statement states that "___________, segundo Galliano (1986, p. 6), é um conjunto de etapas, ordenadamente dispostas, que devem ser vencidas, na investigação da verdade, para se alcançar determinado objetivo." This translates to "___________, according to Galliano (1986, p. 6), is a set of orderly arranged stages that must be overcome in the search for truth in order to achieve a specific objective." Based on this statement, the correct answer would be "Método" which translates to "Method" in English. The statement describes a systematic process or approach that is followed in order to achieve a specific goal.

The correct answer states that scientific knowledge is systematic, referring to knowledge that is controlled by records and observations. It also states that scientific knowledge involves questioning and seeking explanations about facts through procedures that can lead to verified results. This explanation highlights the characteristics of scientific knowledge, emphasizing its systematic nature and the use of evidence-based procedures for understanding and explaining phenomena.

The given statement follows the structure of a deductive reasoning, where a general statement (all men are rational) is combined with a specific statement (all Brazilians are men) to draw a logical conclusion (all Brazilians are rational). This is a classic example of deductive reasoning, where the conclusion is necessarily true if the premises are true.

The given explanation suggests that the correct answer is "indutivo" because the method described in the passage involves reasoning from specific observations to general notions. The passage explains that based on the empirical observation that silver is a conductive mineral and belongs to the group of metals, we can infer through inductive analysis that silver is a conductor of electricity. Therefore, the method described in the passage aligns with the process of induction.

The correct answer is "esquema" because creating a schema allows the reader to have a complete visualization of the text by establishing a hierarchy between the main idea of the author and important details. A schema helps to organize and structure the information, making it easier for the reader to understand the overall message of the text.

This example demonstrates the use of inductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning involves making generalizations or conclusions based on specific observations or evidence. In this case, the observation that approximately 80% of the grains in a sample of rice are extra-fine leads to the conclusion that the entire bag of rice is also extra-fine. This conclusion is based on the specific observation and is not necessarily guaranteed to be true for all bags of rice. Therefore, it is an example of inductive reasoning.

The options "Nasce da dúvida e se consolida na certeza demonstrada.", "É rigorosa, crítica, objetiva, tem uma linguagem clara, sem ambiguidades.", and "Adquirido por especialistas das diversas áreas." classify as science because they describe characteristics and processes that are commonly associated with scientific inquiry. Science often begins with doubt and uncertainty, but seeks to find evidence and demonstrate certainty through rigorous analysis and clear, objective language. It is also a field that is pursued by experts in various areas who acquire specialized knowledge and skills.

A afirmativa "Uma referência indicada para a pesquisa na área de marketing é: KOTLER, Philip; ARMSTRONG, Gary. Princípios de marketing. 12. ed. São Paulo: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2007." se refere corretamente ao conhecimento científico, pois apresenta uma fonte confiável e verificável para a pesquisa na área de marketing. Além disso, a citação "Um dos analfabetismos mais sutis e que mais estragos causa é o analfabetismo científico, ou seja, a ignorância sobre os conhecimentos mais básicos de ciência e tecnologia." também se refere corretamente ao conhecimento científico, pois destaca a importância de ter conhecimentos básicos de ciência e tecnologia para evitar a ignorância nessa área.

A good reader is someone who has a good vocabulary, is able to understand and analyze the text in units of thought, and is able to discuss and engage with what they have read.

The first statement is an example of theological knowledge because it refers to a belief in an invisible being considered supreme. The second statement is an example of scientific knowledge because it mentions a specific standard (NBR 14724) used for academic work, which falls under the realm of scientific research and methodology.

The correct answer states that taking notes on main points in reading cards, in the form of quotations or summaries, including the reference of the consulted work, is a way to compile data for research. It also states that when selecting reading material, one can identify the text by its title, introduction or preface, back cover (when it comes to a book), author, edition, and year, giving preference to reading the original author of the subject. Additionally, it mentions that a direct transcription card refers to quotations from authors as proposed in their original work and can be a source of research for academic papers throughout the course.

The correct answer includes important points to consider when reading a text, such as exploring the text by checking the title, table of contents, and book flaps; analyzing the cataloging information to determine the author's qualifications and the publication year for checking the relevance of the work; understanding that it is not necessary to analyze the meanings of individual words or study the vocabulary extensively, as the complete reading of the text should provide enough understanding; and using the practice of analyzing all the parts of the work before writing and incorporating them into a project.