Methodologie-Übungsfragen

The correct answer is "eine Form des Experiments". The technique of "verlorenen Briefe" refers to a method used in social sciences research where researchers intentionally "lose" letters or messages to observe how they are handled or responded to by individuals or organizations. This method allows researchers to study real-life behaviors and reactions in a controlled experiment-like setting.

The text "Zur Lage der Ziegelarbeiter" by Victor Adler is categorized as a "Sozialreportage" because it provides a detailed account and analysis of the social conditions and issues faced by brickworkers. It focuses on describing the workers' living and working conditions, as well as the challenges they encounter. This type of reportage aims to shed light on social problems and stimulate public awareness and action.

Die Technik der verlorenen Briefe bezieht sich auf eine Form des Experiments. Bei dieser Technik werden Briefe absichtlich "verloren" oder an bestimmte Adressen geschickt, um Informationen über das Verhalten von Personen oder die Effektivität von Systemen zu sammeln. Durch die Analyse der Reaktionen und Handlungen der Empfänger können Schlussfolgerungen gezogen werden.

Frédéric Le Play's methodological approach involved calculating household budgets and creating household inventories. This allowed him to gain insight into the living conditions and family relationships during the 19th century. By analyzing the financial aspects of households, Le Play was able to paint a vivid picture of the economic circumstances and social dynamics of families during that time period.

Emile Durkheim entdeckte einen Zusammenhang zwischen sozialem Zusammenhalt und Selbstmordrate. Durkheim war ein französischer Soziologe, der sich intensiv mit dem Phänomen des Suizids befasste. Er führte umfangreiche Studien durch und stellte fest, dass Menschen in Gesellschaften mit einem geringen sozialen Zusammenhalt ein höheres Risiko für Selbstmord haben. Durkheim argumentierte, dass ein schwacher sozialer Zusammenhalt zu Gefühlen der Isolation, des Nicht-Eingebundenseins und der Hoffnungslosigkeit führen kann, die wiederum das Risiko für Suizid erhöhen. Daher ist die Antwort "sozialem Zusammenhalt und Selbstmordrate" korrekt.

Frédéric Le Play's methodological approach was to calculate household budgets and create household inventories. This allowed him to gain an understanding of the living conditions and family relationships during the 19th century. By analyzing the financial aspects of households and documenting their possessions, Le Play was able to paint a vivid picture of the time period. Additionally, this approach provided him with valuable data for synthesizing statistics and capturing the relevance systems of the families he studied.

A Panelstudie refers to a research design where the same group of individuals is repeatedly surveyed over a specific period of time. This design allows researchers to track changes and developments within the group over time, providing valuable insights into long-term trends and patterns. It is a useful method for studying the effects of certain factors or interventions on individuals or groups over an extended period.

An experiment is characterized by changing the independent variable and measuring its effect on the dependent variable. This allows for the examination of causality between the variables. The statement about results being unique and not repeatable is incorrect, as experiments are typically designed to be replicable. The statement about always needing a laboratory is also incorrect, as experiments can be conducted in various settings depending on the research question.

The given text excerpt suggests that the author believes in the importance of listening and observing in order to obtain information and answers to questions that may not have been considered through interviews alone. Based on this perspective, the most suitable author would be William F. Whyte.

Die in der "Marienthal-Studie" beteiligten Forscher sollten die Rolle eines für die Gemeinschaft nützlichen Mitglieds einnehmen. Dies bedeutet, dass sie sich darauf konzentrieren sollten, Forschungsergebnisse zu erzielen, die einen positiven Einfluss auf die Gemeinschaft haben und mögliche Lösungen für die sozialen Probleme in Marienthal bieten können. Sie sollten sich aktiv darum bemühen, die Lebensbedingungen der Menschen vor Ort zu verbessern und ihre Erkenntnisse für das Gemeinwohl einzusetzen.

According to Durkheim, the "praenotiones" or preconceived opinions and concepts of everyday life play a role in science by deceiving people about the true appearance of things and by being mistaken for the things themselves.

William F. Whyte schafft den Einstieg ins Feld, indem er viel Zeit mit den Leuten verbringt und indem er dort wohnt. Durch das Verbringen von viel Zeit mit den Menschen und dem Leben vor Ort kann er tiefe Einblicke gewinnen und ein besseres Verständnis für die Gemeinschaft entwickeln. Durch das Wohnen vor Ort kann er auch noch intensiver in das Leben der Menschen eintauchen und ihre Erfahrungen aus erster Hand kennenlernen.

Emile Durkheim konnte feststellen, dass es einen Zusammenhang zwischen dem Bildungsniveau und der Religionszugehörigkeit gibt. Er argumentierte, dass Menschen mit höherem Bildungsstand eher dazu neigen, ihre religiösen Überzeugungen aufzugeben oder sich von traditionellen religiösen Institutionen zu distanzieren. Durkheim fand auch einen Zusammenhang zwischen der Selbstmordrate und dem Bildungsniveau. Er stellte fest, dass Menschen mit niedrigerem Bildungsstand ein höheres Risiko für Selbstmord haben. Diese Zusammenhänge zeigen, dass soziale Faktoren wie Bildung und Religion einen Einfluss auf das Verhalten und die Einstellungen der Menschen haben können.

The researcher observes a pattern where multiple guests who consume large quantities of alcohol are observed to stumble when leaving the ski lodge. From this observation, the researcher infers that consuming large amounts of alcohol leads to stumbling. This is an example of induction, as the researcher generalizes from specific observations to make a broader conclusion.

In his study "Der Selbstmord," Émile Durkheim arrives at his findings through the analysis of official statistics. He examines data and information collected by government agencies or other authorized sources to understand the patterns and trends related to suicide. By analyzing these official statistics, Durkheim is able to draw conclusions and make interpretations about the social factors that may influence suicide rates.

The correct answer states that the social sciences have developed different research focuses and methods over time. This implies that the field has evolved and diversified, with researchers adopting various approaches and techniques to study different aspects of society. It acknowledges that there is no singular research agenda or theoretical framework in the social sciences, but rather a variety of perspectives and methodologies that have emerged and evolved over time.

The correct answer is "Erfahrungsgeleitetheit" which translates to "empiricism" in English. Empiricism is a philosophical approach that emphasizes the importance of experience and observation in gaining knowledge. It suggests that knowledge is derived from sensory experience and that evidence from the senses is crucial in forming beliefs and understanding the world. Therefore, "Erfahrungsgeleitetheit" accurately represents the concept of empiricism.

Emile Durkheim konnte auf gesamtgesellschaftlicher Ebene den Zusammenhang zwischen dem Bildungsniveau und der Religionszugehörigkeit sowie den Zusammenhang zwischen der Selbstmordrate und dem Bildungsniveau feststellen. Durkheim fand heraus, dass Menschen mit höherem Bildungsniveau eher dazu neigen, keiner Religion anzugehören, während Menschen mit niedrigerem Bildungsniveau eher religiös sind. Zudem stellte er fest, dass die Selbstmordrate bei Menschen mit niedrigerem Bildungsniveau höher ist als bei Menschen mit höherem Bildungsniveau. Diese Zusammenhänge zeigen, dass soziale Faktoren wie Bildung einen Einfluss auf religiöse und psychische Aspekte haben können.

The researcher in the scenario observes that multiple guests who consume a large amount of schnapps leave the ski hut staggering. Based on this observation, the researcher concludes that the consumption of large amounts of schnapps leads to people staggering. This is an example of induction, where a general conclusion is drawn based on specific observations or evidence.

According to Popper, theories and hypotheses that have not been falsified are considered "bewährt" or confirmed. This means that they have withstood rigorous testing and have not been proven wrong, increasing their credibility and reliability.

The correct answer is "Sie hielten engen Kontakt zur Bevölkerung." (They maintained close contact with the population). This suggests that the research team of Marie Jahoda and Paul Lazarsfeld actively engaged with the people of Marienthal during their study. They likely conducted interviews, surveys, and observations to gather data and gain a deeper understanding of the community's social and economic situation. This close contact would have allowed them to collect accurate and firsthand information for their research.

The lost-letter technique is characterized by the fact that the participants are unaware that they are part of a social science experiment. Additionally, the technique is based on an everyday action, which serves as the basis for measurement.

A good scientist, according to Max Weber's "Science as a Vocation," is characterized by their willingness to work hard and dedicate themselves to the cause of science. This implies that they are committed to putting in the necessary effort and time to conduct research and make meaningful contributions to their field. Additionally, they are willing to fully immerse themselves in the pursuit of knowledge and understanding, prioritizing the advancement of science over personal interests or biases.

The correct answer is "Wahlen und Wähler (The People's Choice)". This study uses a panel design, which means that the same group of individuals is surveyed or observed over a period of time to track changes and collect longitudinal data. In the case of "Wahlen und Wähler", the study followed a panel of voters during the 1940 presidential election in the United States, collecting data before, during, and after the election to analyze voting behavior and decision-making processes.

The given question presents a scenario where it is stated that according to a theory, people who watch horror movies are particularly fearful. It is also mentioned that Person A frequently watches horror movies. Based on this information, the conclusion can be drawn that Person A is particularly fearful. This type of reasoning, where a specific conclusion is derived from general premises, is known as deduction. Deductive reasoning involves drawing logical conclusions based on established principles or premises. In this case, the conclusion about Person A's fearfulness is deduced from the general premise about people who watch horror movies.

Sozialreportagen sind gekennzeichnet durch die Beschreibung gesellschaftlicher Missstände. Dies bedeutet, dass sie sich darauf konzentrieren, Probleme und Ungerechtigkeiten in der Gesellschaft aufzudecken und zu dokumentieren. Dies kann beispielsweise durch die Darstellung von Armut, Diskriminierung oder sozialen Ungleichheiten geschehen. Die Reportagen dienen dazu, das Bewusstsein für diese Missstände zu schärfen und möglicherweise Veränderungen anzustoßen. Der systematische Vergleich von Bevölkerungsgruppen, das Ziehen deduktiver Schlüsse oder die Einführung moralstatistischer Erhebungen sind keine spezifischen Merkmale von Sozialreportagen.

According to Max Weber, the profession of a scientist is characterized by two factors: "brennende Leidenschaft" (burning passion) and "strengste Spezialisierung" (strict specialization). This means that scientists should have a strong passion for their work, being deeply committed and enthusiastic about their research. Additionally, they should also possess a high level of specialization, focusing on a specific area of study and becoming experts in that field. These two characteristics are essential for scientists to excel in their profession and make significant contributions to their respective fields of research.

The correct answer is "eine Zufallsstichprobe gezogen wurde." This means that the results of the research are representative if a random sample was drawn. A random sample is a subset of individuals from a larger population that is selected in such a way that each individual has an equal chance of being chosen. By using a random sample, the researcher can minimize bias and increase the likelihood that the findings can be generalized to the larger population.

The given scenario involves a researcher who knows that the apartments of people who watch Western movies are particularly dusty. The researcher observes that Person A frequently watches Western movies. Based on this observation, the researcher concludes that Person A has a particularly dusty apartment. This type of reasoning is known as deduction, as the researcher is using a general premise (people who watch Western movies have dusty apartments) to draw a specific conclusion about Person A.

In his description of the "History of the Ethnographic Gaze," Rüdiger Dammann draws attention to the fact that human perception is pre-structured by expectations.

The study "Die Arbeitslosen von Marienthal" aimed to investigate the impact of unemployment on political interest and family life.

In the given question, the correct answer is "die unabhängige Variable verändert" and "die Kausalität zwischen den Variablen überprüft". This means that in the experiment, the independent variable is changed and the causality between the variables is being tested. This suggests that the experiment is designed to manipulate one variable (independent variable) and observe the effect on another variable (dependent variable) in order to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between them.

The correct answer is that the sample used by "Literary Digest" in their election forecast for the 1936 US presidential elections had an overrepresentation of high-income groups. This means that the survey did not accurately reflect the demographics of the entire population, leading to an incorrect prediction.

The question asks which methods should be used to clarify the main questions of the study "Die Arbeitslosen von Marienthal". The answer "Teilhabe am Leben der Gemeinschaft" (participation in community life) suggests that one method should involve observing and understanding the involvement of the unemployed individuals in the community. The answer "Miteinbeziehung amtlicher Statistiken" (inclusion of official statistics) suggests that another method should involve analyzing and incorporating official statistics into the study. These two methods can provide valuable insights into the lives and experiences of the unemployed individuals in Marienthal.

According to Thomas Kuhn, a "Paradigma" is a scientific theoretical framework or a guiding principle in the field of science. It is a set of fundamental beliefs and concepts that shape the way scientists approach and understand a particular subject or field of study. This paradigm provides a framework for interpreting data, conducting experiments, and formulating theories within a specific scientific community. It is not an axiom, research approach, type of experiment, or scientific anomaly.

Émile Durkheim is the correct answer because he was a sociologist who criticized the human thinking and advocated for the use of sociological facts as objects of study. He believed that instead of analyzing realities, we should focus on ideological analysis. Durkheim's ideas were influential in the field of sociology and his work emphasized the importance of studying social facts and their impact on individuals and society.

A Soziogramm is a graphical representation of the relationships between group members. It shows the connections and interactions between individuals within a group, highlighting the social dynamics and patterns of communication. This visual tool is commonly used in sociology to analyze social networks and understand the social structure within a group. Soziogramm is the correct answer because it specifically refers to the graphical representation of group relationships, while the other options are either incorrect or unrelated to this concept.

The first statement is correct because the lab situation concentrates the fundamental factors in a way that allows for scientific investigation. The second statement is also correct because the lab situation provides a high level of control over the social situation and the factors at play. The "Weil-Verknüpfung" (because-link) is justified because the second statement provides a reason or explanation for the first statement.

In Émile Durkheim's study "Der Selbstmord," he examines the social causes of suicide and conducts synchronous comparisons of official statistics. This means that he analyzes and compares data from different time periods to identify patterns and trends in suicide rates. Additionally, Durkheim investigates the societal factors that contribute to suicide, such as social integration and moral regulation.

The correct answer is "die Wahl von aussagekräftigen Objekten" and "die Bestimmung von Funktion und Alter von Objekten". These options highlight methodological problems in collecting objects. The first problem refers to the difficulty in selecting objects that are meaningful and relevant to the research or collection. The second problem relates to determining the function and age of the objects, which can be challenging due to limited information or conflicting evidence.

The project "Camelot" highlights the issue of not questioning the intentions of the clients. This suggests that the project team did not thoroughly investigate or analyze the motivations and objectives of the clients before proceeding with the project. This lack of inquiry can lead to misunderstandings, misalignment of goals, and potential problems in the project's execution and outcomes.

The correct answer is "ein Laborexperiment" because the Milgram Experiment was conducted in a controlled laboratory setting. It involved participants being instructed to administer electric shocks to another person, and it aimed to study the influence of authority figures on obedience. The experiment focused on cause-and-effect relationships by examining how the participants' obedience was influenced by the instructions given by the experimenter.

The correct answer is that the first statement is correct, the second statement is correct, and the causal relationship is justified. This means that Emile Durkheim's study "Der Selbstmord" follows the paradigm of explanation, as it focuses on discovering and analyzing cause-effect relationships. Durkheim's study indeed aims to understand the factors that contribute to suicide rates and the social factors that influence this phenomenon. Thus, the study follows the paradigm of explanation by exploring the causal connections between variables and providing explanations for the observed patterns.

The correct answer is "die Moralstatistik, die Volkszählungen." These two options are considered as predecessors of modern empirical social research. Moralstatistik refers to the statistical analysis of moral behavior and attitudes, which was an early attempt to study social phenomena systematically. Volkszählungen, or population censuses, were conducted to gather demographic data and provide a basis for understanding social structures and trends. Both of these practices laid the foundation for the development of empirical social research methods that are used today.

George Gallups revolutionäre Entwicklungen in der Meinungsforschung bestanden darin, Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnungen einzusetzen und repräsentative Stichproben zu ziehen. Durch den Einsatz von Wahrscheinlichkeitsrechnungen konnte Gallup zuverlässige Vorhersagen über Meinungen und Einstellungen der Bevölkerung treffen. Darüber hinaus war er einer der ersten, der repräsentative Stichproben verwendete, um die Meinungen einer großen Bevölkerungsgruppe zu erfassen. Dadurch konnte er genaue und aussagekräftige Daten liefern, die als Grundlage für politische Entscheidungen und Meinungsbildung dienen konnten.

The correct answer is "Dieselben Personen wurden wiederholt befragt., Es wurden empirische Daten erhoben., Anhänger unterschiedlicher politischer Parteien wurden befragt." This means that the same individuals were interviewed multiple times, empirical data was collected, and supporters of different political parties were interviewed.

Eine repräsentative Stichprobe wird durch ein Zufallsverfahren ausgewählt. Dabei haben alle Elemente der Grundgesamtheit eine gleiche Chance, in die Stichprobe aufgenommen zu werden. Dies gewährleistet eine objektive und unverzerrte Auswahl der Stichprobe, sodass die Ergebnisse auf die gesamte Grundgesamtheit verallgemeinert werden können.

Whyte nennt als Lösung die Organisation der Notizen nach den untersuchten sozialen Gruppen. Dies bedeutet, dass das gesammelte Material entsprechend den verschiedenen sozialen Gruppen, die untersucht wurden, strukturiert und organisiert werden sollte. Durch diese Organisation wird es einfacher, die Informationen zu analysieren und Muster oder Zusammenhänge innerhalb bestimmter Gruppen zu identifizieren. Dies ermöglicht eine effektivere Auswertung der Daten und eine bessere Interpretation der Ergebnisse.

The given text excerpt talks about the boundless and sobering nature of our ignorance, and how with every step forward and problem solved, we not only discover new and unsolved problems but also realize that what we thought was solid ground is actually uncertain and unstable. This idea aligns with the philosophy of Karl Popper, who emphasized the importance of acknowledging and questioning our own ignorance in the pursuit of knowledge. Therefore, the text excerpt can be attributed to Karl Popper.

The study "People's Choice" by Lazarsfeld/Berelson/Gaudet involved surveying followers of different political parties, conducting repeated interviews with the same individuals, and collecting empirical data.