Operativni SiSTEMi(Os1) -prvi Kolokvijum Viser

This image is most suitable for Unix/Linux operating system because Unix/Linux is known for its stability, security, and flexibility, making it a popular choice for servers and high-performance computing. Additionally, Unix/Linux is often used in development and programming environments, which is represented by the image's coding symbols.

The correct answer is MDA I PIC. MDA stands for Memory Direct Access, which allows the CPU to directly access memory without going through the CPU. PIC stands for Programmable Interrupt Controller, which manages and prioritizes interrupt requests from various devices. Both MDA and PIC contribute to the complete isolation of the CPU from I/O actions. MDA allows direct memory access, reducing the CPU's involvement in I/O operations, while PIC manages interrupts, ensuring that the CPU is not interrupted unnecessarily during I/O actions.

UNIX/LINUX is the most typical representative of timesharing systems (TS) because TS allows multiple users to share the resources of a single computer simultaneously. UNIX/LINUX is a multi-user, multitasking operating system that provides the necessary features and functionality for efficient timesharing. It allows multiple users to access the system, run programs, and perform tasks concurrently, making it an ideal choice for timesharing environments. MS Windows, DOS, Cloud computing, and Chrome are not specifically designed as timesharing systems, making UNIX/LINUX the correct answer.

The given answer suggests that the previous algorithm can serve N processes.

Sun Solaris je operativni sistem koji je razvio Sun Microsystems (sada deo Oracle korporacije). Ovaj operativni sistem koristi many-to-many model, što znači da omogućava više korisnika da pristupe i koriste resurse sistema istovremeno. Ovo je suprotno od one-to-one ili one-to-many modela, gde samo jedan korisnik može pristupiti resursima ili jedan korisnik može pristupiti više resursa.

The maximum internal fragmentation for this case is 1349. This means that out of the total segment size of 1350 bytes, only 1 byte will be wasted due to internal fragmentation.

The correct answer is Linked Lists. A linked list is a data structure that consists of a sequence of nodes, where each node contains a reference to the next node in the sequence. It is used to store and manipulate collections of data. In this context, the image is likely depicting a visual representation or illustration of linked lists.

This image most likely represents a screenshot or a reference to the MS-DOS operating system. MS-DOS, which stands for Microsoft Disk Operating System, was a popular operating system in the 1980s and early 1990s. It was primarily used on personal computers and was known for its command-line interface. The image may be suggesting that the operating system depicted in the image is MS-DOS.

The architecture seen in the picture is Parallel(NUMA) architecture.

The correct answer is "Samo proces." In the given situation, the red arrow indicates a transition that is caused by the process itself. This means that the process is responsible for initiating the change or transition shown in the picture.

The correct answer is Banker algorithm. The Banker algorithm is used to prevent deadlocks in a system. It ensures that resources are allocated in a safe manner by keeping track of the available resources, the maximum resources each process can request, and the resources currently allocated to each process. By using a series of checks and calculations, the Banker algorithm determines if granting a resource request will lead to a safe state or a potential deadlock. If a request will result in a safe state, the resource is allocated; otherwise, the process is made to wait.

The correct answer is PCB. The image shows a printed circuit board (PCB), which is a crucial component of an operating system (OS). PCBs are used to mechanically support and electrically connect electronic components using conductive pathways, tracks, or traces etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. They provide a platform for the various hardware components of an OS to communicate and work together efficiently.

Based on the given question and answer options, it can be inferred that the correct answer is "Sigurno ne" which translates to "Definitely not" in English. The question asks whether preemption occurred during the transition from "running" to "waiting" in the process state diagram. The correct answer states that preemption did not occur.

The correct answer is "segmentacija+straničenje u dva nivoa" because in IA-32 architecture, Intel processors implement a memory management scheme that combines both segmentation and paging in two levels. This means that the memory is divided into segments, and within each segment, it is further divided into pages. This allows for more efficient memory management and address translation.

In the given question, the correct answer is "CPU". This means that in the ready state, the process has all the resources except for the CPU. This implies that the process is waiting for the CPU to be available in order to execute its tasks.

The structure mentioned in the question serves to improve performance, which drastically decreases with the introduction of paging. Associative memory is a type of computer memory that enables fast searching and retrieval of information. It allows the CPU to quickly access data that is frequently used, reducing the time required for memory operations and improving overall performance.

The correct answer is "User mod u kernel mod pod dejstom prekida i proces nije svestan te situacije". This is because the image represents a transition from user mode to kernel mode under the influence of an interrupt, and the process is unaware of this situation.

The correct answer is "Privilegovanih I/O instrukcija". This is because privileged I/O instructions are used to protect I/O in computer systems. These instructions can only be executed by privileged users or processes, providing an additional layer of security. By restricting access to privileged I/O instructions, the system can prevent unauthorized users or processes from performing potentially harmful or disruptive operations on input/output devices.

Each process requires 3k of private data, and there are 3 processes in total. Therefore, the total memory needed for private data is 3 * 3k = 9k. In addition to the private data, each process also uses the same text editor, which is 20k in size. So the total memory needed for the text editor is 3 * 20k = 60k. Adding the memory needed for private data and the text editor, we get 9k + 60k = 69k. Therefore, the correct answer is 69.

The given answer, Dynamic Loading, is the most appropriate choice because the image represents the concept of dynamic loading. Dynamic loading is a technique in which a program loads a library or module into memory only when it is needed, rather than loading it at the start of the program. This allows for efficient memory usage and faster program execution. The image may depict a program loading a module or library dynamically, indicating the concept of dynamic loading.

The correct answer is "Pool[n],count in,out". The given options are related to the shared data structure "buffer" in the Bounded Buffer problem. "Pool[n]" represents the array of elements in the buffer, "count" represents the number of elements currently in the buffer, "in" represents the index where the next element will be inserted, and "out" represents the index from where the next element will be removed. These variables are essential for managing the buffer and ensuring proper synchronization between the producer and consumer processes.

The correct answer is "Čisto softversko rešenje" which translates to "Pure software solution". This suggests that the algorithm mentioned (Bakery algorithm) is implemented solely through software, without the need for any additional hardware or external devices. It implies that the algorithm can be executed and run on a computer or any other software platform without any physical dependencies.

This question is asking to identify and evaluate a short term scheduler algorithm based on its performance. The given answer "5 odlican" suggests that the algorithm is excellent in terms of performance.

First fit is an algorithm used in memory management that allocates the first available block of memory that is large enough to accommodate a process. It starts searching from the beginning of the memory and selects the first block that meets the size requirement. This algorithm has a relatively fast search time compared to best fit and worst fit algorithms because it does not need to search through the entire memory space. Therefore, in terms of hole selection, First fit has the fastest search time among the given options.

The basis for the TLB (Translation Lookaside Buffer) is an associative memory. Associative memory allows for faster access to data by searching for a match in parallel rather than sequentially. In the context of TLB, it is used to store the virtual to physical address mappings, allowing for quicker translation of virtual addresses to physical addresses. This helps improve performance by reducing the time it takes to access memory, especially when there is a high rate of page faults and page swapping occurring due to paging.

The Banker algorithm is a resource allocation and deadlock avoidance algorithm. It requires processes to declare their maximum resource needs at the beginning of their execution. This allows the system to determine if granting the requested resources will result in a deadlock. If the resources can be allocated without causing a deadlock, they are granted; otherwise, the process is made to wait. This algorithm helps in preventing deadlocks by ensuring that resources are allocated in a safe manner.

The image represents the divisibility of segments.

The exit section in the code of Kod Deker Pitersona is located in Linija 8.

The Bakery algorithm can serve any number of processes (n) as it is a mutual exclusion algorithm that guarantees that no two processes can be in their critical section at the same time. It uses a ticket system to determine the order in which processes can enter the critical section, ensuring fairness and preventing starvation. Therefore, the algorithm can handle any number of processes effectively.

Dinamičko punjenje se odnosi na postupak u kojem se memorija ili resursi alociraju i oslobađaju tokom izvršavanja programa. Programer je glavni i odgovorni za dinamičko punjenje jer on određuje kada i kako će se resursi alocirati i osloboditi u programu. Programer može koristiti odgovarajuće funkcije ili metode za dinamičko alociranje memorije ili resursa, kao što su malloc() ili new() u jezicima poput C ili C++, kako bi efikasno upravljao memorijom i resursima tokom izvršavanja programa.

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This question is asking to identify the short-term scheduler algorithm and evaluate it based on preemption. The given answer is "Preemptive." Preemptive scheduling means that the scheduler can interrupt a running process and allocate the CPU to another process. Therefore, the identified short-term scheduler algorithm allows for preemption, meaning it can interrupt the execution of a process if necessary.

The image is showing the concept of divisibility in terms of pages. It is indicating that the segments, bits, bytes, and 32-bit words can be divided into pages.

The given image represents buddy systems. Buddy systems is a memory allocation technique in which memory is divided into fixed-size blocks and allocated to processes based on their memory requirements. Each block is a power of two in size, and blocks of the same size are grouped together to form "buddies". When a process requests memory, the system finds the smallest buddy that can satisfy the request and splits it into two equal-sized buddies. This allocation technique helps in reducing fragmentation and efficiently managing memory allocation.

Kada se poveća veličina stranice, tabela stranica se smanjuje. To se događa zato što veća veličina stranice omogućava smeštanje više podataka u jednu stranicu, što znači da će biti manje stranica potrebno za čuvanje podataka. Kada se tabela stranica smanji, smanjuje se i broj unosa u tabeli, što rezultira manjim zahtevima za memorijom za čuvanje same tabele stranica.

The given image is most suitable for the MS Windows (NT based) operating system. This is because MS Windows (NT based) is a widely used operating system that is known for its user-friendly interface and compatibility with various software applications. Additionally, the image may depict the Windows logo or any other visual element associated with MS Windows, further indicating its compatibility with this operating system.

The correct answer is "Smanjuju se 100%". When paging is introduced, the performance decreases because the system needs to constantly access the disk to load and unload pages from memory. This process of disk I/O slows down the overall performance of the system. Therefore, the performance is reduced by 100% when paging is implemented.

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The correct answer is "Čisto softverko rešenje" which translates to "Pure software solution" in English. This suggests that Deker Piterson algorithm is solely implemented using software without any hardware components involved.

The given question states that there are 3 processes running the same text editor, each of size 20k. Additionally, 3k of memory is required for private data. To determine the memory required for paging with a page size of 2k, we need to calculate the total memory required for all processes and private data.

Each process requires 20k of memory, so the total memory required for the processes is 3 * 20k = 60k.
In addition, 3k of memory is required for private data.

To calculate the memory required for paging, we need to round up the total memory required to the nearest multiple of the page size.

The nearest multiple of 2k greater than or equal to 63k (60k + 3k) is 64k.
Therefore, the memory required for paging with a page size of 2k is 64k, which is equivalent to 64 KB.

Hence, the correct answer is 32.

The correct answer is "Procesa i kernela". A system call is an interface between a process and the kernel of an operating system. When a process needs to access a resource or perform a privileged operation, it makes a system call to request the kernel to perform the task on its behalf. The kernel then handles the request and returns the result to the process. Therefore, system calls facilitate communication and interaction between processes and the underlying kernel of an operating system.

The correct answer is "Banker algoritam, ne moze mu se odobriti zahtev" which translates to "Banker's algorithm, the request cannot be granted." The Banker's algorithm is used for deadlock detection and prevention in resource allocation systems. In this case, the algorithm determines that the request P(0,2,0) cannot be granted without causing a deadlock.

The given answer suggests that the transition indicated by the red arrow is definitely not preemption.

The correct answer is RR, which stands for Round Robin. Round Robin is a short term scheduling algorithm that assigns a fixed time slice to each process in the system, allowing them to execute in a circular manner. This algorithm is considered to be the best in terms of Real-Time (RT) scheduling because it ensures fairness and prevents any single process from monopolizing the CPU for an extended period of time. It provides equal opportunity for all processes to execute and is commonly used in time-sharing systems.

The correct answer is "Uvek ima busy waiting." This means that the Deker Piterson algorithm always involves busy waiting. Busy waiting refers to a situation where a process continuously checks for a condition to be satisfied, without releasing the CPU to other processes. In the case of the Deker Piterson algorithm, busy waiting is used to ensure mutual exclusion between processes. Therefore, it can be concluded that the algorithm always includes busy waiting.

The correct answer is "Nedostatak podataka ili resursa koji se dugo čeka" which translates to "Lack of data or resources that are long awaited." This suggests that the transition indicated by the red arrow is caused by a delay in receiving the necessary data or resources.

The correct answer is "User mode u kernelski mod pod dejstvom SC i proces je svestan te situacije." This is because the image shows a transition from user mode to kernel mode under the influence of a system call (SC), and the process is aware of this situation.

The correct answer is Bakery algoritam.

The given answer suggests that the number of memory cycles during one write cycle is not always the same. This implies that there may be variations in the performance when introducing paging. The introduction of paging involves dividing the memory into fixed-size pages and swapping them in and out of the main memory. Depending on the specific implementation and the size of the pages being swapped, the number of memory cycles required for a write operation may vary.

The best short term scheduler algorithm for time sharing systems like UNIX and Linux is Round Robin (RR). This algorithm is preferred because it ensures fairness by allocating equal time slices to each process in the system. It works by dividing the CPU time into small time intervals called time slices and each process gets to execute for one time slice before being preempted and moved to the back of the queue. This allows for efficient multitasking and prevents any single process from monopolizing the CPU for too long.

The correct answer is "Dispatcher." The given explanation states that the structure shown in the image is an important structure in the operating system, and it is usually manipulated by a kernel process. The term "Dispatcher" refers to the component responsible for transferring control of the CPU from one process to another. Therefore, it aligns with the information provided in the explanation.

The given correct answer states that the short term scheduler algorithm is "Odličan" (Excellent). This implies that the algorithm is highly efficient and effective in terms of avoiding deadlock situations. It suggests that the algorithm is capable of making optimal decisions in selecting processes for execution, ensuring smooth and uninterrupted operation of the system.

In computer systems, memory is typically protected using base and limit registers. These registers store the starting address (base) and the size (limit) of a memory segment. When a program tries to access memory, the base and limit registers are checked to ensure that the memory access is within the allowed range. This helps to prevent unauthorized access to memory and protects the system from potential security vulnerabilities.

The correct answer is RR, which stands for Round Robin. In this scheduling algorithm, each process is assigned a fixed time slice, known as a time quantum. The processes are executed in a circular order, where each process is given a chance to run for the duration of its time quantum. If a process cannot complete within its time quantum, it is moved to the back of the queue and the next process is given a chance to run. This algorithm ensures fairness among processes and prevents starvation.

Online communication with the system is not necessary in batching systems because these systems process tasks in batches, without requiring real-time interaction with users. On the other hand, online communication is necessary in interactive systems as these systems require real-time interaction with users to provide immediate responses or feedback. Therefore, the correct answer is that online communication is not necessary in batching systems, but it is necessary in interactive systems.

The correct answer is "Short term scheduler i dispatcher". In the given situation, the short term scheduler and dispatcher are involved. The short term scheduler is responsible for selecting which process should be executed next from the ready queue, while the dispatcher is responsible for actually switching the context and transferring control of the CPU to the selected process. These two components work together to efficiently manage the execution of processes in the operating system.

The correct answer suggests that using a Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB) can help improve performance when paging is introduced. A TLB is a hardware cache that stores recently accessed virtual-to-physical memory translations, allowing for faster memory access. By using a TLB, the system can quickly retrieve the physical memory addresses associated with virtual addresses, reducing the time needed for memory lookups and improving overall performance.

This answer suggests that the short term scheduler algorithm discussed has a negative impact on performance. It implies that the algorithm may slow down the system or reduce its efficiency.

The given correct answer is "Kontinualan." This suggests that when analyzing paging, the logical address space is continuous or contiguous. In other words, the logical addresses are allocated in a sequential manner without any gaps or interruptions. This allows for efficient memory management and allocation of resources.

Kada smanjite veličinu stranice, interna fragmentacija se smanjuje. Interna fragmentacija se odnosi na prostor unutar stranice koji ostaje neiskorišten. Kada je veličina stranice manja, manji je i prostor koji ostaje neiskorišten unutar svake stranice. Stoga, smanjenje veličine stranice smanjuje internu fragmentaciju.

The correct answer is "Linija broj 3 ili 4 (proveri tacno koja)". This suggests that the entry section of the code is located on either line 3 or line 4, but it is not specified which one exactly.

The correct answer is "Paralelnu multi-cpu arhitekturu". This answer suggests that the processor collection primarily shares RAM memory and utilizes multiple CPUs in parallel. This architecture allows for simultaneous processing of multiple tasks, enhancing overall performance and efficiency.

In segmentation, memory is divided into segments, and each segment can be shared between different processes. This allows different processes to access and use the same segment of memory simultaneously. Therefore, the correct answer is "segmenata."

The algorithms for MVT (Memory Variable Technique) that need to analyze existing holes during memory allocation are best fit and worst fit. Best fit algorithm searches for the smallest hole that is big enough to accommodate the process being allocated, while worst fit algorithm searches for the largest hole. Both algorithms analyze the available holes in order to find the most suitable one for the allocation.

When techniques such as hierarchical paging, hashing, or inverted page tables are used, the size of the page table decreases. This is because these techniques allow for more efficient mapping of virtual addresses to physical addresses, reducing the number of entries needed in the page table. As a result, the overall size of the page table is reduced.

The given answer "algoritmi za evidenciju slobodnog prostora u memoriji" is the correct answer because BitMap, LinkedLists, and Buddy systems are all algorithms used for managing and tracking free memory space in a computer's memory. These algorithms help in keeping track of which memory blocks are free and available for allocation, making it easier and faster to allocate and deallocate memory as needed.

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The MVT (Multiprogramming with a Variable number of Tasks) algorithm suffers from external fragmentation. External fragmentation occurs when free memory blocks are scattered throughout the memory, making it difficult to allocate contiguous blocks of memory to a process. In MVT, as tasks are loaded and unloaded, the memory becomes fragmented, resulting in inefficient memory utilization. This can lead to wasted memory space and decreased system performance.

The correct answer is hierarcical paging. Hierarchical paging is a memory management technique where the virtual address space is divided into multiple levels of page tables. Each level of the page table corresponds to a different level of the hierarchy. This allows for efficient memory management by reducing the size of the page table and improving lookup times.

Segmentacija je proces podeljavanja memorije u segmente radi efikasnog upravljanja resursima. Eksterna fragmentacija se javlja kada se slobodni segmenti memorije raspoređuju na nekontinuirane delove memorije, što može dovesti do toga da se neki segmenti ne mogu smestiti u slobodan prostor, iako ukupno ima dovoljno slobodne memorije. Dakle, segmentacija pati od eksterne fragmentacije.

The given question is asking for the best short term scheduler algorithm for a specific class of operating systems. The correct answer is "Priority." This suggests that the operating system class in question prioritizes tasks based on their importance or urgency. The Priority algorithm allows tasks with higher priority to be executed first, ensuring that critical tasks are completed promptly.

The explanation for the given correct answer is that the technique of aging in short-term scheduler algorithms is used to reduce or prevent deadlock situations. Deadlock occurs when two or more processes are unable to proceed because each is waiting for the other to release a resource. By using aging, the scheduler gives priority to processes that have been waiting for a longer time, which helps to break potential deadlocks and ensure that processes can continue running smoothly.

The correct answer is "paging" because the question is asking for the name of the MMU (Memory Management Unit) shown in the picture. Paging is a memory management technique used by the MMU to divide the memory into fixed-size pages and map them to corresponding frames in the physical memory. This allows for efficient memory allocation and retrieval, as well as providing protection and sharing of memory resources. Therefore, the correct answer is paging.

This question is asking to identify a short-term scheduler algorithm and evaluate it based on preemption. The answer "Non-preemptive" suggests that the identified algorithm does not allow preemption.

The correct answer is "Resource of allocation graph" because the structure depicted in the image is showing the allocation of resources. It is representing how different resources are allocated to various processes or entities. Therefore, it can be referred to as a "Resource of allocation graph."

In the given question, the correct answer is "Obavezno". This means that in the transition from running to exit to terminated in the state diagram of the process, the short-term scheduler is definitely called.

In a hierarchical structure of a computer system, the operating system (OS) is positioned directly below the system software and application software layers. The system software includes the OS itself, as well as other software components that provide essential functions for the computer system to operate effectively. The application software layer consists of programs and applications that are built on top of the OS to perform specific tasks and fulfill user requirements. Therefore, the OS is situated between the system software and application software layers in the computer system structure.

The correct answer is Dekker Peterson algorithm. This algorithm is named after its inventors, C. Dekker and T. Peterson. It is a mutual exclusion algorithm used in concurrent computing to solve the critical section problem. The algorithm allows multiple processes to access a shared resource without interference, ensuring that only one process can enter the critical section at a time. It is a classic algorithm in the field of parallel computing and is widely used in various applications to ensure synchronization and avoid race conditions.

The correct answer is Banker algoritam. The given question is asking for the name of the schema shown in the picture. Out of the given options, the Banker algorithm is the only one that is a valid schema related to deadlock management. Therefore, the correct answer is Banker algoritam.

The correct answer is "Page table frame". On Intel processors, the last address is resolved in the page table frame. This means that the page table frame is responsible for translating the virtual address to the physical address. The page table frame contains the necessary information to map the virtual address to a physical address, such as page table entries and page directories. Therefore, the page table frame plays a crucial role in the address resolution process on Intel processors.

In the context of paging, memory is divided into fixed-size blocks called pages. Each process is allocated a certain number of pages for its execution. The question asks about the level at which memory sharing between different processes is possible. The correct answer is "Stranice" which means "Pages" in English. This means that different processes can share memory at the page level, allowing them to access and modify the same pages of memory. Sharing memory at the page level is a common technique used in operating systems to optimize memory usage and improve performance.

The Round Robin (RR) scheduling algorithm is the worst in terms of Average Turnaround Time (ATAT). This is because RR assigns a fixed time slice to each process, regardless of its execution time. This can lead to inefficient scheduling, as longer processes may not be able to complete within a single time slice, resulting in frequent context switches and increased overhead. This can significantly increase the turnaround time for processes, making RR the worst choice in terms of ATAT.

When you have to allocate more memory to a process than it requested, it results in internal fragmentation. This means that there is unused memory within a allocated block, leading to inefficient memory utilization.

The exit section in the code is at line number 15.

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The given correct answer is "deadlock detection algorithm". This algorithm allows the system to cross both safe and unsafe lines, and even enter the white zone. It is designed to identify and detect deadlocks in a system.

The correct answer is "samo 1 proces proizvodjac i samo 1 proces potrosaca" because in a bound buffer, there is typically only one producer process that produces items and one consumer process that consumes those items. This ensures that the producer and consumer do not interfere with each other and prevents any race conditions or data inconsistencies. Having multiple producer or consumer processes could lead to synchronization issues and make it difficult to manage the buffer effectively.

The correct answer is "internu fragmentaciju". This means that the segmentation does not have internal fragmentation. Internal fragmentation occurs when allocated memory blocks are larger than the actual data they hold, resulting in wasted space within the block. In this case, the segmentation does not have this type of fragmentation, indicating that the allocated memory blocks are appropriately sized for the data they hold.

The correct answer is Eksterna fragmentacija. This is because when there is enough free memory in the system but it cannot be allocated to the process that requested it, it leads to external fragmentation. External fragmentation occurs when free memory blocks are scattered throughout the memory space, making it difficult to allocate contiguous blocks of memory to processes. This can result in inefficient memory utilization and can cause performance issues in the system.

The correct answer states that in the case of some processes entering a deadlock, the system detects the deadlock by identifying a cycle and breaks the cycle by performing a roll back for one or more processes. This means that the system identifies the processes involved in the deadlock and rolls back their progress to a previous state, allowing them to continue execution and resolving the deadlock situation.

The technique shown in the picture is used in the Shortest Remaining Time First (SRTF) algorithm. In this algorithm, the process with the shortest remaining burst time is given the CPU for execution. It is a preemptive scheduling algorithm where the CPU can be taken away from a running process if a new process with a shorter burst time arrives. This ensures that the process with the shortest remaining time is always given priority, resulting in improved response time and reduced waiting time for processes.

The given options are related to graphs and waiting for something. "Graph of process" and "memory allocation graph" are not commonly used phrases, making them less likely to be the correct answer. "Resource allocation graph" could be a possibility, but "Wait for graff" seems like the most appropriate answer as it suggests waiting for a graph, possibly indicating that the graph is being generated or loaded.

Since the semaphore flag is initialized to 0, when process Pi encounters the instruction wait(flag), it will be blocked until another process signals the flag. In this case, process Pj will execute the instruction signal(flag) before process Pi reaches the instruction wait(flag), allowing process Pi to continue its execution. Therefore, event B (signal(flag)) will always occur before event A (wait(flag)), ensuring that event A is executed after event B.