ข้อสอบวิทยาศาสตร์พื้นฐาน (หน่วยการเรียนรู้ที่ 1 )

The study of genetics has several benefits for humans. It helps in solving genetic diseases by understanding their causes and developing treatments. It also helps in reducing medical expenses by preventing diseases through genetic testing and counseling. Additionally, genetics plays a crucial role in improving the breeding of plants, animals, and microorganisms, leading to better agricultural practices and food production. Therefore, all of the options mentioned in the question are correct, as humans benefit from studying genetics in multiple ways.

The correct answer is "ยีน" (genes). Genes are the units of heredity that control and transmit genetic traits from one generation to the next. They are segments of DNA that contain instructions for building and maintaining an organism. Genes determine various characteristics and traits, such as physical appearance, behavior, and susceptibility to diseases.

The correct answer is ก. นิวเคลียส (nucleus). The nucleus is the central part of a cell that contains genetic material, including chromosomes. Therefore, it is the area where students are most likely to find chromosomes.

The correct answer is "ข. พบลักษณะนั้นๆ บางชั่วรุ่น" which means "The characteristic is found in some generations". This suggests that the trait is not consistently present in all generations, indicating that it is likely influenced by a recessive gene.

In human cells, "autosomes" refer to pairs of chromosomes numbered 1 to 22. These chromosomes contain genes that determine various traits and characteristics in an individual. Therefore, the correct answer is "1-22" as it represents the range of autosomes in human cells.

Autosome หมายถึงโครโมโซมที่ควบคุมลักษณะทั่วไปของร่างกาย ซึ่งเป็นโครโมโซมที่ไม่เกี่ยวข้องกับการกำหนดเพศ ในมนุษย์มีโครโมโซมออโตโซมเป็นคู่ ซึ่งมีทั้งหมด 22 คู่ โดยทั้งสองสมาชิกในคู่นี้มีขนาดเท่ากันและมีลักษณะที่คล้ายกัน โครโมโซมออโตโซมมีบทบาทในการควบคุมลักษณะทั่วไปของร่างกาย เช่น สีผม สีผิว สีตา รูปร่าง และความสูง แต่ไม่มีส่วนเกี่ยวข้องกับการกำหนดเพศของบุคคล

โรคดาวน์ซินโดรมเกิดจากความผิดปกติของออโทโซม โรคนี้ทำให้เกิดความผิดปกติในการพัฒนาทางกายภาพและสติปัญญา ผู้ป่วยจะมีปัญหาในการเรียนรู้และพัฒนาการทางสังคม โดยทั่วไปจะมีอาการที่แสดงออกมาในช่วงเด็กหรือวัยเรียน อาการที่พบบ่อยได้แก่ ความล่าช้าในการพูด ความไม่สามารถเข้าใจคำพูดของผู้อื่น และความไม่สามารถเข้าใจและใช้ประโยคที่มีความซับซ้อนได้ ดังนั้น คำตอบที่ถูกต้องคือ ข. ดาวน์ซินโดรม

The individual described in the question has characteristics that are similar to both males and females, such as enlarged breasts and being mostly sterile. This is a characteristic of individuals with XXY chromosomes, also known as Klinefelter syndrome.

The correct answer states that abnormalities in chromosomes result in genetic abnormalities. This aligns with the understanding that chromosomes carry genetic information, and any abnormalities or mutations in the chromosomes can lead to genetic disorders or abnormalities.

The given answer states that genetic diseases in humans can be cured, which is not true. Genetic diseases are caused by mutations or abnormalities in the genes, and they cannot be completely cured. However, some treatments and therapies can help manage the symptoms and improve the quality of life for individuals with genetic diseases.

If the father has a smiling trait but carries a recessive gene for no smiling, and the mother does not have a smiling trait, there is a 50% chance that the child will inherit the recessive gene from the father and not have a smiling trait. This is because the child has a 50% chance of inheriting the recessive gene from the father and a 0% chance of inheriting the smiling trait from the mother.

The correct answer is ข. 1, 2 และ 4. This is because the traits mentioned in options 1, 2, and 4 (สีของตา, สายตาสั้น, and ตาบอดสี) can be inherited through genetics. Option 3 (ตาบอดกลางคืน) is a condition caused by a deficiency in the rod cells of the retina and is not directly related to genetics. Option 5 (ตาเป็นต้อ) is not a specific trait or condition related to the eyes.

The correct answer is ตอบข้อ ค. because if the father is normal but carries the recessive hemophilia gene, there is a 50% chance that he will pass on the gene to his children. If the mother is also normal, there is a 0% chance that the child will have hemophilia. However, if the mother is a carrier of the hemophilia gene, there is a 50% chance that the child will inherit the gene and have hemophilia.

The correct answer is ตอบข้อ ก. This is because if the father has normal vision and the mother has normal vision but carries a hidden color blindness gene, there is a possibility that their child will inherit the color blindness gene from the mother.

Chromosomes are composed of DNA, which is made up of nucleic acids called nucleotides. Nucleotides consist of a sugar molecule (ribose or deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. The nitrogenous bases in DNA are adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G). These bases form pairs (A with T, and C with G) and create the genetic code. Proteins, on the other hand, are composed of amino acids and are involved in various cellular functions. Therefore, the correct answer is "กรดนิวคลีอิกและโปรตีน" (nucleic acids and proteins).

If the father has a smiling gene (but not a dominant gene), and the mother does not have a smiling gene, there is a 50% chance that the child will have a smiling gene expressed as a prominent characteristic.

The correct answer is 25%. Hemophilia is a recessive disorder controlled by a gene located on the sex chromosome. If the father is normal but carries a hidden hemophilia gene and the mother is normal, each child has a 50% chance of inheriting the hidden hemophilia gene. However, since hemophilia is a sex-linked disorder, it primarily affects males. Therefore, the chance of a child being affected by hemophilia is 50% for males and 0% for females. This means that the overall chance of any child having hemophilia is 25%.

The correct answer is ค. ตาปกติ 50% ตาบอดสี 50%. This means that there is a 50% chance that the son will have normal vision and a 50% chance that he will have color blindness.

If the father is normal but carries a hidden hemophilia gene, and the mother is also normal, there is a 50% chance that the father will pass on the hemophilia gene to his child. However, since the question asks about the probability of each child being a carrier of the hemophilia gene, the correct answer is 25%. This is because only the daughters of the father who carries the hidden hemophilia gene will be carriers themselves, while the sons will not be carriers. Therefore, out of all the children, only 25% will be carriers of the hemophilia gene.

During cell division, chromosomes are visible and have a rod-like structure. This is represented by the answer choice "ก. มีลักษณะเป็นแท่งๆ" which means "have a rod-like shape". This choice accurately describes the appearance of chromosomes during cell division.

The correct answer states that "All autosomes have the same size". This statement is incorrect because autosomes, which are non-sex chromosomes, can vary in size.

This answer states that in living organisms, genes that are paired will separate independently when reproductive cells are formed, and they will come back together again when there is reproduction. This is a correct statement about the principles of genetics.

If a man with hemophilia marries a normal woman and there is no family history of the disease, the most likely outcome is that none of their sons will have hemophilia, but all of their daughters will be carriers of the disease. This is because hemophilia is a sex-linked genetic disorder, meaning it is carried on the X chromosome. Males have one X and one Y chromosome, while females have two X chromosomes. Since the man has hemophilia, he can only pass on his Y chromosome to his sons, which does not carry the gene for hemophilia. However, he will pass on his X chromosome to his daughters, making them carriers of the disease.

The correct answer is ค. โครโมโซม. The structure within a cell that serves as a carrier for transferring genes from one generation to another is the chromosome. Chromosomes are made up of DNA and proteins, and they contain the genetic information that is passed on from parent cells to daughter cells during cell division. Therefore, the chromosome is the correct answer as it is the structure responsible for carrying genes from one generation to another.

The correct answer is ตอบข้อ ค. because hemophilia is a sex-linked genetic disorder that is carried on the X chromosome. Since the man has hemophilia, he must have inherited the affected X chromosome from his mother. If he marries a woman who does not carry the hemophilia gene, none of their sons will inherit the disorder because they will receive the unaffected X chromosome from their mother. However, all of their daughters will be carriers of the hemophilia gene.

If the mother is a carrier of hemophilia and has the genotype XX, and the father is normal with the genotype XY, the possible genotypes of the offspring are XX, XY, XX, and XY. This means that all the daughters will be normal (XX), all the sons have a 50% chance of inheriting the hemophilia gene (XY), and all the offspring have a 50% chance of being carriers of the hemophilia gene. Therefore, the correct answer is ง. ลูกของชาย-หญิงมีโอกาสเป็นไปตามข้อ ก, ข และ ค.

The correct answer is ตอบข้อ ค. because if the father is normal but carries a hidden hemophilia gene, there is a 50% chance that he will pass on the gene to his children. This means that there is a possibility that the children will inherit the hemophilia gene from the father and develop the disease.

If a man with hemophilia marries a normal woman and there is no family history of the disease, the correct answer would be option ข. This is because hemophilia is a sex-linked genetic disorder that is carried on the X chromosome. Males have one X and one Y chromosome, while females have two X chromosomes. In this scenario, the man with hemophilia would pass his affected X chromosome to his daughters, who would then become carriers of the disease but not show symptoms. His sons, on the other hand, would inherit his Y chromosome and not be affected by hemophilia.

Since hemophilia is a genetic disease caused by a recessive gene on the sex chromosome, if a man with hemophilia marries a normal woman and there are no relatives with this disease, their children will not have hemophilia. This is because the man will pass on his Y chromosome to his sons, which does not carry the gene for hemophilia, and the daughters will receive the normal X chromosome from the mother. Therefore, none of their children will inherit the disease.

If the father is normal but carries a recessive hemophilia gene, and the mother is also normal but carries a recessive hemophilia gene, there is a 25% chance that each child will inherit both recessive genes and have hemophilia. However, there is a 50% chance that each child will inherit only one recessive gene and be a carrier of hemophilia, and a 25% chance that each child will inherit neither recessive gene and be completely normal. Therefore, the correct answer is 75% chance that each child will either have hemophilia or be a carrier of the disease.