Whap Chapters 1-4 Review

Early civilizations used literacy for various purposes. They used it for creating and appreciating poetry and literature, which played a significant role in their cultural and intellectual development. Additionally, literacy was utilized for praising rulers, as written texts were often used to glorify and celebrate the achievements of kings and emperors. Furthermore, literacy was crucial for the keeping of business records, allowing civilizations to maintain accurate records of trade, transactions, and economic activities. Therefore, all of the options mentioned - poetry and literature, praising rulers, and the keeping of business records - were valid uses of literacy in early civilizations.

In ancient Mesopotamia, all of the statements mentioned were true. Adultery was severely punished for women, often resulting in drowning, while men were allowed to have sexual relations with women other than their wives. Divorce was also easier for men to obtain compared to women, giving them more control over marital decisions. Additionally, respectable women were expected to veil themselves when they went outside the home, highlighting the importance of modesty and maintaining societal norms.

The term "domestication" refers to the process of taming and altering the behavior, genetics, and physical traits of plants and animals to make them more useful or beneficial to humans. This involves selectively breeding and controlling their reproduction, as well as modifying their natural habitats and behaviors. Through domestication, humans have been able to transform wild species into domesticated ones that serve various purposes, such as providing food, clothing, transportation, or companionship.

A Paleolithic society would have been able to settle down permanently in villages near the sea because the sea provided a permanent food supply. The sea would have offered a diverse range of seafood such as fish, shellfish, and seaweed, which could sustain the society's gathering and hunting lifestyle. Additionally, the sea would have provided a reliable source of water for drinking and irrigation, further supporting settlement and agriculture. The proximity to the sea would have also facilitated transportation and trade, enabling the society to interact with neighboring communities and expand their resources.

The spread of agriculture through diffusion and migration resulted in the spread of language groups. As people migrated and settled in new areas, they brought with them their agricultural practices and techniques. This led to the establishment of new communities and the development of new languages. The spread of agriculture also facilitated the growth of larger populations and the formation of complex societies, which further contributed to the diversification and spread of languages. Therefore, the spread of agriculture played a significant role in the expansion and evolution of language groups.

The correct answer is "conquer and rule other states." Empires are characterized by their ability to conquer and govern other territories or states. They expand their power and influence by subjugating other regions and establishing control over them. This process often involves military conquest, political dominance, and the imposition of their own laws and systems of governance. Empires are usually multi-ethnic and can vary in size, ranging from small to large. However, the defining feature of an empire is its ability to conquer and rule over other states.

The Hittite civilization cannot be defined as a First Civilization because it emerged much later than the other options listed. The Sumerian civilization, for example, is considered one of the earliest civilizations in human history, dating back to around 4500 BCE. The Hittite civilization, on the other hand, emerged around 1600 BCE in Anatolia (modern-day Turkey), making it a later civilization compared to the Sumerians, Egyptians, and Norte Chico civilization in Peru. Therefore, the Hittites do not fit the criteria of being a First Civilization.

In recent decades, there has been a celebration of Paleolithic life due to several reasons. Firstly, it is believed that Paleolithic peoples enjoyed greater gender equality compared to later societies. Secondly, their diet consisting of wild plants and animals is considered to be ideal and well-suited to human physiology. Lastly, Paleolithic societies were believed to value sharing and equality rather than competition and materialism. Therefore, all of the given options are valid reasons for celebrating Paleolithic life.

Agriculture developed separately and independently in Sub-Saharan Africa. This region has a long history of agricultural practices, with evidence of early cultivation dating back thousands of years. The indigenous people of Sub-Saharan Africa developed their own methods of farming and domesticating crops and animals, which were adapted to the local climate and environment. This independent development of agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa is significant because it demonstrates the ingenuity and resourcefulness of the people in this region, as well as their ability to sustain themselves through farming.

Domestication is the process by which plants and animals are selectively bred and managed by humans for their own purposes. This process typically leads to an increased impact of human beings on the environment, as they manipulate and control the reproduction and distribution of these domesticated species. Therefore, the statement "The impact of human beings on the environment declined" is not an outcome of domestication.

The end of the last Ice Age resulted in several changes, including the establishment of permanent settlements by some gathering and hunting communities, increased social inequality, and population growth. However, the statement that humans learned to sew, instead of wearing simple animal skins as clothing, is not a result of the end of the Ice Age. This is because humans had already been using sewing techniques to create clothing before the Ice Age ended.

The factors that made it more likely for hunting and gathering people to turn to agriculture are population pressure that placed a heavy demand on the environment and living in settled communities, which made heavier demands on the environment than gathering and hunting could supply. These factors suggest that the need for a more reliable and sustainable food source became necessary due to increasing population and the limitations of traditional hunting and gathering practices.

About 12,000 years ago, humankind began to deliberately cultivate plants and tame and breed wild animals. This marked a new global pattern of human life as people started to migrate and settle outside of Africa. This period, known as the Neolithic Revolution, led to the development of agriculture and the domestication of animals, which in turn led to the establishment of permanent settlements and the rise of civilizations. Both the cultivation of plants and the domestication of animals played crucial roles in this transformative period of human history.

The domestication of animals in Southwest Asia made it easier to fertilize fields because animals provided manure that could be used as a natural fertilizer. It also made it easier to develop plow technology as animals could be used to pull plows, making agriculture more efficient. Additionally, domestication of animals allowed people to rely less on hunting and fishing for food, as they could now raise and breed animals for meat, milk, and other products. Therefore, all of the given options are correct explanations for how animal domestication in Southwest Asia made life easier.

China is the correct answer because it did not rule Egypt at any point in ancient history. While Kush, Assyria, and Persia all had periods of ruling over Egypt, China had no direct political or territorial control over Egypt in ancient times.

Empires in world history were important for various reasons, such as the fact that very large numbers of people lived in empires and they were put together and sustained at great human cost. Additionally, empires established lengthy periods of peace and security. However, the one reason that does not apply to empires is that they limited the exchange of ideas. Empires often facilitated the exchange of ideas through trade, cultural diffusion, and the blending of different cultures within their borders.

Early gathering and hunting societies were characterized by small bands of people, seasonal mobility or nomadism, and relatively equal relationships between women and men. However, they did not have clearly defined social hierarchies. In these societies, decision-making was often based on consensus and cooperation rather than hierarchical authority.

The Paleolithic Era, also known as the Old Stone Age, existed from around 2.6 million years ago to about 10,000 years ago. During this time, humans relied on stone tools and weapons, as mentioned in the second statement. They were hunter-gatherers, meaning they obtained their food by hunting animals and gathering plants, which is stated in the third statement. Additionally, Paleolithic people did develop rituals to help them cope with their existence, as mentioned in the fourth statement. However, the first writing systems did not develop until much later in human history, during the Neolithic Era. Therefore, the statement "The first writing systems developed in this period of human history" is not true of the Paleolithic Era.

During the last Ice Age, lower sea levels caused by the formation of glaciers resulted in the creation of land bridges. These land bridges allowed early gatherer-hunters to travel to various regions of the earth that were previously inaccessible. This enabled them to explore new territories, find new resources, and potentially establish new settlements. The availability of these land bridges played a crucial role in expanding the geographical range and mobility of early human beings.

The Austronesian migrations to the Pacific Islands were distinct from earlier human migrations because they had a significant impact on their new environments, unlike earlier migrants. This means that, unlike previous migrations, the Austronesian migrations resulted in significant changes and transformations in the ecosystems and cultures of the Pacific Islands.

Gatherer-hunter societies were able to resist the encroachment of agricultural societies in Arctic environments, desert environments, and regions of particular natural abundance. This is because these environments posed challenges for agricultural societies in terms of limited resources, harsh climates, and difficult terrain. In contrast, gatherer-hunter societies had adapted to these environments over generations and possessed the necessary knowledge and skills to thrive in them. Therefore, they were able to resist the encroachment and maintain their way of life.

In a chiefdom, the unique feature that set it apart from a stateless agricultural village was the distinction between the elite and commoners based on birth. In a chiefdom, social status and power were inherited, meaning that individuals were born into their positions of authority. This distinction based on birth was replicated and expanded upon in later states and civilizations, where social hierarchies became more complex and entrenched. This system of social stratification based on birth became a defining characteristic of many ancient societies and continues to influence social structures in some societies today.

The term "diffusion" in this context refers to the gradual spread of agricultural techniques, as well as the potential spread of plants and animals, without the need for extensive movement of agricultural people. This means that the knowledge and practices of agriculture are shared and adopted by neighboring communities or regions, leading to the spread of agricultural practices and potentially the domestication of new plants and animals. This process allows for the expansion of agricultural productivity and the adaptation of new agricultural methods without the need for large-scale migration or colonization.

Early cities encouraged inequality and class distinctions because some citizens were able to acquire more wealth and status than others. This is a common characteristic of urban societies, where social hierarchies and economic disparities tend to emerge. The concentration of resources and opportunities in cities often leads to the accumulation of wealth and power by a few individuals or groups, resulting in social stratification and class divisions.

In both the collapse of the Roman Empire and the Han dynasty empire, rivalry among elite factions played a significant role in creating instability and weakening the authority of the imperial government. This internal strife and power struggle among the elites led to a loss of centralized control and contributed to the downfall of both empires.

Paleolithic people purposely altered the natural environment by deliberately setting fire to encourage the growth of particular plants. This practice, known as fire-stick farming, involved intentionally starting fires to clear vegetation and promote the growth of specific plant species. By doing so, they were able to create more favorable conditions for hunting and gathering, as well as for the cultivation of certain crops. This alteration of the natural environment demonstrates their understanding of fire as a tool for shaping and managing their surroundings.

Early agricultural people suffered from deadly diseases caught from domesticated animals. This is because the transition from a gatherer-hunter lifestyle to an agricultural one led to the domestication of animals, which increased the interaction between humans and animals. This close contact with domesticated animals increased the risk of diseases being transmitted from animals to humans. As a result, early agricultural people were more susceptible to deadly diseases compared to their gatherer-hunter counterparts who had less contact with domesticated animals.

Agricultural village societies were usually organized in terms of kinship groups or lineages. This means that the social structure and organization of these societies were based on familial relationships and descent. Kinship groups or lineages provided the framework for social interaction, economic cooperation, and political organization within these societies. This system allowed for the transmission of land, resources, and social status from one generation to the next, ensuring stability and continuity within the community.

The other factors mentioned in the options all contributed to the growing inequality between women and men in the age of the First Civilizations. Women being pregnant more often and spending more time on child care made them less able to support the family economically. The introduction of plow-based agriculture made women less able to do farm work, as it was heavier and farther away from home. As civilizations became more complex, men became the political specialists and were able to shape society to suit them. However, the custom of winning wives in war did not directly contribute to the growing inequality between women and men.

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Most rulers of the First Civilizations did not usually inherit their positions through election by a council of elders. Instead, they typically gained power through hereditary means, such as being born into a ruling family or being appointed by a previous ruler. This is evident from the fact that they had elaborate burials, lived in luxurious palaces, constructed monuments and statues, and used symbolic objects to emphasize their connection to divine forces, all of which suggest a strong sense of inherited power and authority.

Egypt is the correct answer because it is known for being shaped by the Nile River. The Nile River flooded annually, providing fertile soil for agriculture and ensuring a reliable water source for the fields. This allowed the ancient Egyptians to develop an advanced civilization with a strong agricultural economy and a sophisticated irrigation system. The Nile River was central to their way of life, influencing their culture, religion, and economy.

Modern scholars have used various sources to understand Paleolithic peoples, including the study of modern Paleolithic peoples for comparison, the study of Paleolithic art such as cave paintings and engravings, and the study of Paleolithic remains such as stone tools and fossils. However, the study of written ritual texts is not a source that modern scholars have used to understand Paleolithic peoples. This is because written language did not exist during the Paleolithic period, so there are no written records or texts from that time. Therefore, the study of written ritual texts is not applicable to understanding Paleolithic peoples.

The statement that is not true about ancient Sumer is that it was ruled by a single monarch or emperor who had authority over sub-kings in each city-state.

Scholars have found evidence that salinization caused by repeated irrigation was an important factor in the collapse of the Indus Valley civilization. Salinization refers to the accumulation of salt in the soil, which can lead to decreased agricultural productivity and ultimately the collapse of a civilization heavily dependent on agriculture. The Indus Valley civilization was known for its advanced agricultural practices, including extensive irrigation systems. However, over time, the repeated irrigation led to the buildup of salt in the soil, rendering it infertile and causing crop failures. This, in turn, would have put immense strain on the economy and food supply of the civilization, ultimately contributing to its collapse.

The settling down of human populations changed the way societies were organized in two main ways. First, it led to increasing inequality as some individuals were able to accumulate more goods than others. This can be attributed to factors such as access to resources or skills. Second, societies became more complex as people settled together in larger numbers than before. This increased population density led to the development of more intricate social structures and systems of governance. Overall, both of these factors had a significant impact on the organization and dynamics of societies.

The Agricultural Revolution resulted in significant technological developments. This is because the shift from a hunter-gatherer society to an agricultural one led to the development of new tools and techniques for farming, such as the invention of the plow and the domestication of animals for labor. These technological advancements allowed for increased food production, population growth, and the establishment of settled communities. It also paved the way for further advancements in agriculture and other industries, leading to the development of civilizations and the progression of human society.

Ancient Egypt had a strong cultural influence on Nubians, Minoans, and the Hyksos. However, it did not have a significant influence on the Indus Valley civilization. The Indus Valley civilization, which thrived in present-day Pakistan and northwest India, had its own distinct culture and civilization, with unique architectural styles, writing system, and trade networks. While there may have been some limited contact and trade between Egypt and the Indus Valley, there is no evidence to suggest that Egypt had a significant cultural influence on the Indus Valley civilization.

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In sub-Saharan Africa, agriculture developed in a greater variety of environments compared to Southwest Asia. This means that sub-Saharan Africa was able to domesticate crops in different types of climates, terrains, and soil conditions. This diversity in agricultural practices allowed for a wider range of crops to be cultivated and sustained in sub-Saharan Africa. In contrast, the development of agriculture in Southwest Asia, specifically in the Fertile Crescent, focused primarily on the domestication of grain crops. Additionally, it is stated that crops from the Fertile Crescent spread across Eurasia, while no crop from sub-Saharan Africa spread beyond Africa, further highlighting the differences in agricultural development between the two regions.

Stone axes and scrapers were not first developed by Neolithic peoples. The Neolithic period is characterized by the development of agriculture and the transition from hunting and gathering to settled farming communities. During this time, Neolithic peoples developed the creation of pottery, weaving of textiles, and metallurgy. Stone axes and scrapers, on the other hand, were tools that were used by earlier Paleolithic peoples for hunting and gathering purposes.

Mesopotamia is believed to have developed a negative view of life and the afterlife due to its harsh physical setting. The region was located in the arid and unpredictable floodplain of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, which often caused devastating floods and droughts. These environmental challenges would have made life difficult for the people of Mesopotamia, leading them to view the world as unpredictable and hostile. Additionally, the lack of natural resources in the region may have contributed to a sense of scarcity and a belief in a difficult afterlife.

The correct answer is a sustained campaign by Greek rulers after Alexander to destroy the temples and disperse the priests dedicated to the local gods. This answer suggests that the destruction of temples and dispersion of priests was not a way in which Alexander the Great's conquest of Persia facilitated the spread of Greek culture. The other options, such as the foundation of Greek cities, the migration of Greek settlers, and the widespread use of the Greek language, all indicate ways in which Greek culture spread as a result of Alexander's conquest.

Pastoral societies differed from agricultural village societies in multiple ways. They relied more heavily on animals for their livelihoods and were more mobile compared to agricultural societies. Additionally, agricultural village societies were more prevalent in the Americas than pastoral societies. The only statement that does not accurately describe the difference between the two societies is that pastoral societies benefited from exchanges with agricultural societies, but agricultural societies did not benefit from exchanges with their pastoral counterparts.

The Olmec civilization is known for their significant contributions to later Mesoamerican civilizations, such as ritual sacrifice, bloodletting by rulers, and a game played with a rubber ball. However, the concept of a unified territorial state under a single ruler was not a contribution made by the Olmec. This concept emerged later with civilizations like the Aztecs and the Mayans. The Olmec civilization did not have a centralized political structure or a single ruler governing over a unified territory.

The Persian state included a system of imperial spies spread throughout the empire. This suggests that the Persian government had a network of spies in place to gather information and maintain control over its vast territory. These spies would have been responsible for reporting any potential threats or rebellions, as well as monitoring the actions and loyalty of provincial governors and local officials. This system of espionage would have allowed the Persian state to maintain its power and authority over its subjects.

Northern India possessed a unique social organization known as the caste system. This system divided society into distinct social groups based on hereditary occupations and social status. The caste system was a defining characteristic of Indian society and played a significant role in shaping social relationships, economic opportunities, and cultural practices. Unlike China, which did not have a comparable social structure, northern India's caste system provided a distinct social organization that influenced various aspects of life in the region.

The warming period at the end of the last Ice Age helped make agriculture possible by permitting cereal grasses to flourish. This is because the warmer temperatures created more favorable conditions for the growth of these grasses, which are the basis of many agricultural crops. The increased availability of cereal grasses allowed early humans to cultivate and harvest them, leading to the development of agriculture as a reliable food source. The other options, such as creating drier conditions or contributing to the flourishing of large mammals, are not directly related to the emergence of agriculture.

The Indus Valley civilization is the correct answer because it is known for its well-planned cities with streets laid out in a gridlike pattern. They had standardized houses, a complex sewage system, and grand public buildings, including public baths. This civilization, which existed around 2600-1900 BCE, is considered one of the earliest urban civilizations in the world.

The correct answer is representative assemblies. In the First Civilizations, state authority was not derived from representative assemblies. Instead, state authority was primarily derived from the recognition that life in cities was complex and required organization, the use of force to maintain order and control, and the belief that kingship was associated with the sacred. Representative assemblies, where individuals are elected to represent the interests of the people, were not a source of state authority in the First Civilizations.

During the postclassical period, Northern India was similar to Western Europe in no longer being ruled by an emperor for any extended period of time. This means that both regions experienced a lack of centralized imperial rule during this period. It is important to note that China, Persia, and Egypt still had emperors or similar rulers during this time, making Northern India the correct answer.

The correct answer is "relied on conquest to take shape." This is because all classical empires, such as the Roman Empire and the Persian Empire, were formed through the process of conquering and assimilating other territories and peoples. They expanded their territories through military conquest and incorporated the conquered peoples into their empires, often imposing their own laws, culture, and governance systems. This process of conquest was essential for the formation and expansion of classical empires.

The correct answer is that the creation of the Roman Empire was motivated in part by the desire to secure the wealth of the eastern Mediterranean basin and the resources and food supplies of the western Mediterranean basin. This suggests that the Romans were driven by economic considerations in their expansion and conquest of territories. They recognized the strategic importance of controlling these regions for their economic prosperity and stability. By securing the wealth and resources of the Mediterranean basin, the Romans were able to strengthen their empire and establish a dominant presence in the region.

During the Roman Republic, the conflict between the rich and the poor intensified. In response to this, several reforms were implemented to address the grievances of the lower classes. The new office of tribune was established, which represented the poor and gave them the power to block unfavorable legislation. Public assemblies were created, providing the lower classes with the opportunity to influence public policy. A written law code was introduced to protect the poor from abuse. However, the drawing of lots for appointment to public office, which allowed the poor to become senators for the first time, did not occur as a reform.

The establishment of agriculture in the Americas faced several challenges compared to the Afro-Eurasian world. One of these challenges was the lack of rich cereal grains to domesticate. Cereal grains, such as wheat and barley, were staple crops in the Afro-Eurasian world but were not readily available in the Americas. Another challenge was the lack of large mammals suitable for domestication. In the Afro-Eurasian world, animals like horses and cattle were domesticated for various purposes, but the Americas lacked such animals. Additionally, the north/south orientation of the Americas posed a challenge as it affected the distribution of crops and trade routes. However, the lack of other crops to supplement a diet of maize was not a challenge in the establishment of agriculture in the Americas.

Quipus were a writing system used by the Inca civilization. They consisted of a series of knotted cords that were used to record numerical data. While their primary function was to record numbers, it is believed that they may have also been used to record words and ideas. Compared to other writing systems developed in the First Civilizations, such as cuneiform and hieroglyphs, quipus were considered to be the least developed in terms of their ability to express all human thought.

The helots of Athens voluntarily giving up their control of the Council of Elders did not contribute to the increased participation of free males in the government of Greek city-states. The helots were a class of unfree individuals who were enslaved by the Spartans and did not have political rights or the ability to participate in the government. Therefore, their actions would not have had an impact on the participation of free males in the government.

The correct answer is that the Chinese process of empire-formation occurred over a much shorter period than the centuries-long Roman effort. This means that the Chinese were able to establish and consolidate their empire more quickly compared to the Romans.

The correct answer is that only Greek civilization experimented with the idea of free people running the affairs of state. This is because classical Greek civilization is known for its development of democracy, where citizens had the opportunity to participate in decision-making and hold public office. In contrast, Persia was ruled by a monarchy and did not have a system that allowed for the direct involvement of its citizens in governing. The other options mentioned in the question do not fully capture the unique aspect of Greek political culture in terms of citizen participation and self-governance.

The failed Persian invasions of Greece in 490 and 480 B.C.E. led to the emergence of a golden age of culture and democracy in Athens. These invasions, particularly the Battle of Marathon in 490 B.C.E., showcased the military strength and resilience of the Greek city-states, boosting their confidence and promoting a sense of unity among them. This newfound unity and confidence in their abilities led to the flourishing of arts, literature, philosophy, and democratic governance in Athens. The defeat of the Persians marked a turning point in Greek history, paving the way for the cultural and democratic achievements that characterized the Golden Age of Athens.

The creation of an empire threatened republican government in Rome because it empowered a small group of military leaders whose fierce rivalries brought civil war to Rome. As the empire expanded, these military leaders gained more power and influence, leading to conflicts and power struggles among them. These rivalries eventually resulted in civil wars, destabilizing the republic and undermining its democratic institutions.

Cities are necessary for a society to be defined as a "civilization" in the traditional scholarly sense because they represent a complex social organization and a high level of cultural development. Cities are characterized by a dense population, specialized labor, centralized political and economic systems, and the presence of various social institutions. They serve as centers for trade, commerce, governance, and cultural activities, and are often associated with the development of art, architecture, literature, and science. Therefore, the presence of cities is a key criterion in defining a society as a civilization.

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Agriculture is the correct answer because it did develop with the First Civilizations. The development of agriculture was a significant achievement of the First Civilizations, as they transitioned from a nomadic hunting and gathering lifestyle to settled farming communities. Agriculture allowed for the domestication of plants and animals, leading to the establishment of permanent settlements and the development of complex societies. It also played a crucial role in the rise of social inequality and hierarchy, as surplus food production enabled the emergence of specialized labor and the concentration of wealth and power. Slavery and the subordination of women were also social phenomena that developed alongside agriculture.

The Mauryan Empire was known for its efficient and extensive spy network that provided rulers with local information. It was also a vast empire that encompassed almost the entire Indian subcontinent, except for the southern tip. The state operated various industries, which contributed to its economic prosperity. However, the statement that its rulers rejected and ruthlessly persecuted Buddhism is not true. In fact, Emperor Ashoka, one of the most famous Mauryan rulers, converted to Buddhism and promoted its teachings throughout the empire. He even sent missionaries to spread Buddhism to other parts of the world.

Both the classical Roman and Chinese empires invested heavily in public works, such as roads, that were designed to integrate their respective domains militarily and commercially. Both empires also absorbed a foreign religious tradition. Additionally, military force played a critical role in the construction of both empires. However, the statement that powerful emperors were critical in the creation of both empires is not true. While powerful emperors did play a significant role in the creation of the Chinese empire, the Roman empire was initially established as a republic and only later transitioned into an empire under the rule of emperors. Therefore, the statement does not apply to both empires.

The correct answer is "None of the above" because the given statement does not provide any information about the consequences of the failure of India to reunite under one central political authority after the collapse of the Mauryan Empire.